Júlia Pereira de Oliveira Silva , Renato de Almeida Pereira , Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes , Cláudio Neves , Adriano Cruz de Oliveira Novaes , Matheus Bolutari Nascimento , Lippy Faria Marques
{"title":"Lanthanide luminescent markers in hollow-point projectiles to facilitate post-mortem ballistic analysis","authors":"Júlia Pereira de Oliveira Silva , Renato de Almeida Pereira , Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes , Cláudio Neves , Adriano Cruz de Oliveira Novaes , Matheus Bolutari Nascimento , Lippy Faria Marques","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hollow-point ammunition represents a substantial segment of the global arms market and is employed by law enforcement agencies in multiple countries. Its widespread adoption is primarily attributed to the greater extent of tissue damage it produces, combined with its reduced likelihood of over-penetration. Upon impacting the human body, the projectile deforms, often undergoing multiple deviations in its trajectory and, in some instances, fragmenting. These ballistic characteristics present significant challenges during autopsy procedures, frequently making it impossible to accurately reconstruct the projectile's path or recover it for subsequent ballistic comparison. In this study, we propose the incorporation of lanthanide-based luminescent markers into the cavities of .40 S&W hollow-point projectiles, which, upon deformation, gradually release these markers. Experimental tests were performed on various target media, including ballistic gelatin, ballistic clay, and fresh porcine hind limbs. In all cases, entrance wound, tissue disruption, and projectile trajectories were clearly visualized using a standard forensic light source. Furthermore, a forensic scenario was simulated involving a victim inside a vehicle. In this scenario, the projectile penetrated the car door and deformed only upon striking the victim's body, thereby releasing the marker. The developed markers do not alter the ballistic performance of the ammunition, are chemically inert, and remain stable under conditions of high temperature and pressure. They can be readily recovered from biological matrices and subsequently analyzed via infrared vibrational spectroscopy. The results of the tests indicate a significant potential for facilitating faster and more accurate autopsy examinations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102991"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cath White , Glen P. Martin , Harriet Smailes , Rabiya Majeed-Ariss
{"title":"An analysis of non-fatal strangulation in adult males reporting rape or sexual assault between 2017 and 2024","authors":"Cath White , Glen P. Martin , Harriet Smailes , Rabiya Majeed-Ariss","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102992","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102992"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sami Ben Jomaa , Ines Trabelsi , Oumeima Bouzid , Elaa Chebbi , Nidhal Haj Salem
{"title":"Sudden death due to aortic dissection: autopsy study (2011–2023)","authors":"Sami Ben Jomaa , Ines Trabelsi , Oumeima Bouzid , Elaa Chebbi , Nidhal Haj Salem","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Aortic dissection is a life-threatening cardiovascular condition that can result in sudden death. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological and thanatological features of sudden deaths due to aortic dissection.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of autopsy-confirmed cases over a 12-year period (2011–2023). Aortic dissection accounted for 3.28 % of all sudden deaths. The mean age of the deceased was 54.7 years (range: 19–82 years), with a male predominance (sex ratio M/F = 9). Hypertension was identified in 37.5 % of cases, and Marfan syndrome in 10 %, all in individuals under 40 years of age. Chest pain was reported in 25 % of cases, while discomfort was the most frequent symptom (30 %). The ascending aorta was involved in 60 % of cases. Cardiac tamponade was the most common cause of death (62.5 %), mainly related to type A dissections (92 %). The events occurred predominantly in the morning. In 48 % of cases, individuals were found deceased at home.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Sudden death due to aortic dissection occurs most often without prior diagnosis and affects a relatively young, predominantly male population. Autopsy findings provide crucial data to improve early detection and emergency management of this fatal condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 102979"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fatal mechanical asphyxia: a comprehensive forensic review with an illustrative case","authors":"Guodong Qin , Pengfei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fatal asphyxia is one of the most diagnostically complex categories of sudden death because its macroscopic signs are often subtle, heterogeneous and easily confounded with post-mortem artefacts. We reviewed 38 English-language publications (2000–2025) that contained autopsy-confirmed asphyxial fatalities and re-coded every case into a five-group typology—mechanical, electrical, toxic (chemical), ambient-hypoxia and pathological (endogenous). Recurrent external findings, internal soft-tissue lesions and ancillary toxicological or histochemical markers were extracted, and the literature trends were anchored to day-to-day practice by a single illustrative non-homicidal thoracocervical-compression case from our regional medicolegal institute. Within the pooled dataset, neck compression accounted for 55 % of mechanical fatalities, yet petechial haemorrhages were absent in 38 % of those victims, and potential toxicological co-factors (ethanol, opioids or sedatives) were documented in almost one-third of all cases. These discrepancies expose blind spots in death-scene reconstruction and in the routine dissection of deep cervical tissues. Accordingly, we propose a pragmatic classification framework that forces explicit consideration of scene context, mandates layer-by-layer dissection of the neck and anterior thorax, and incorporates targeted toxicology to resolve ambiguous mechanisms. By integrating narrative evidence with real-world autopsy experience, the review delineates where current diagnostic protocols succeed and where they fail, providing forensic pathologists with a clearer decision pathway when evaluating suspected asphyxial deaths.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102988"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards automation of human stage of decay identification: An artificial intelligence approach","authors":"Anna-Maria Nau , Phillip Ditto , Dawnie Wolfe Steadman , Audris Mockus","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Determining the stage of decomposition (SOD) is one of the first steps necessary to estimate the postmortem interval, which may aid in identifying human remains. Currently, labor-intensive manual scoring methods are used for this purpose, but they are subjective and do not scale for the emerging large-scale archival collections of human decomposition photos. This study explores the feasibility of automating two human decomposition scoring methods proposed by Megyesi and Gelderman using artificial intelligence (AI). We evaluated two popular deep learning models, Inception V3 and Xception, by training them on a large dataset of human decomposition images to classify the SOD for different anatomical regions, including the head, torso, and limbs. Additionally, an interrater study was conducted to assess the reliability of the AI models compared to human forensic examiners for SOD identification. The Xception model achieved the best classification performance, with macro-averaged F1 scores of .878, .881, and .702 for the head, torso, and limbs when predicting Megyesi's SODs, and .872, .875, and .76 for the head, torso, and limbs, respectively, when predicting Gelderman's SODs. The interrater study results supported AI's ability to determine the SOD at a reliability level comparable to a human expert. This work demonstrates the potential of AI models trained on a large dataset of human decomposition images to automate SOD classification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102987"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gongji Wang , Jianliang Luo , Zhengyang Zhu , Yuqian Li , Xinggong Liang , Hao Wu , Xin Wei , Zuan Deng , Kai Zhang , Zhenyuan Wang
{"title":"A continuous forensic spectral analysis study to identify antemortem and postmortem muscle contusions by chemometrics","authors":"Gongji Wang , Jianliang Luo , Zhengyang Zhu , Yuqian Li , Xinggong Liang , Hao Wu , Xin Wei , Zuan Deng , Kai Zhang , Zhenyuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The differentiation between antemortem and postmortem mechanical injuries constitutes a critical challenge in forensic pathology, particularly given the scarcity of reliable diagnostic markers for severely autolyzed or decomposed cadavers. This study pioneers an integrative methodology combining advanced morphological characterization, infrared spectroscopy, and chemometric modeling to identify molecular signatures distinguishing antemortem from postmortem trauma. The spectral analysis revealed distinct biomarker patterns associated with proteins (1643 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1560 cm<sup>−1</sup>), phospholipids (1402 cm<sup>−1</sup>), and carbohydrate complexes (1011 cm<sup>−1</sup>). These molecular fingerprints demonstrate significant discriminative potential in trauma vitality assessment. Through systematic pattern recognition, we developed optimized partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models achieving superior classification accuracy in both cross-validation and external validation cohorts. The established protocol demonstrates three critical advantages: enhanced diagnostic reliability in advanced decomposition states, quantitative spectral interpretation through chemometric processing, and methodological standardization for prolonged postmortem intervals. This multimodal approach addresses a persistent forensic limitation, offering a scientifically robust framework for trauma vitality determination in challenging postmortem contexts. In the future, by further simplifying the complexity of the method and integrating forensic examination comprehensive analysis, this method has promising applications in forensic investigations requiring vitality assessment with differentiation of antemortem from postmortem injury, including after extended postmortem intervals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102986"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145183729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefano Tambuzzi , Guendalina Gentile , Michele Boracchi , Ranjit Immanuel James , Raffaella Calati , Riccardo Zoja
{"title":"Is self-immolation still a contemporary phenomenon? Forensic evidence from the case studies of Milan (Italy) and literature review","authors":"Stefano Tambuzzi , Guendalina Gentile , Michele Boracchi , Ranjit Immanuel James , Raffaella Calati , Riccardo Zoja","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-immolation is one of the most extreme methods of suicide and is characterized by an extremely varied framework, with different profiles of forensic and psychopathological relevance in different areas of the world. It can underline social, cultural, religious, protest motivations or develop in the context of psychiatric pathologies and mental alterations. In this context, cases of suicide by self-immolation that occurred between 2017 and 2024 in Milan (Italy) were analyzed and compared with an earlier study from 1993 to 2016 in the same geographical area. Almost a decade has passed since then, society has experienced periods of major crisis, including the Covid 19 pandemic, and migration flows have increased. Suicide by self-immolation appears to be a slightly increasing phenomenon (+18 % compared to the past), confirming a greater involvement of men in particular, but with a prevalence in an older decade (70–79 years compared to 50–59 years). Furthermore, the number of foreigners has quadrupled (31 % compared to 3 %). In 77 % of the cases, they were subjects suffering from psychiatric pathologies and the main reasons given were attributed to mental health problems, family disputes, sentimental, economic problems and existential distress. There was no motivation attributable to religious, cultural or political reasons. In our view, suicidal burns should be considered a mental health issue in the vast majority of cases. The pathological-forensic starting point has thus made it possible to identify further elements that contribute to the enrichment of knowledge about this phenomenon, which is still relevant in the current society.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102985"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploration of “out of hours” calls to the Child and Adolescent Sexual Assault Treatment Service in Galway over a one-year period to quantify need for continued extended hours service","authors":"Erica Lahoud , Joanne Nelson , Cathy Bergin","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The Galway Child and Adolescent Sexual Assault Treatment Service (CASATS) operates within a Barnahus model on site on weekdays from 08.00 to 16.00 h with 24/7/365 out of hours on call availability. The service is localised to West and Mid-West Ireland for “in hours” examinations but covers the whole of Southern Ireland for “out of hours” examinations. Whilst CASATS supports children under 18 years of age, “out of hours” forensic medical examinations (FME) are predominantly children under 14 years of age as the adult sexual assault treatment units (SATU) in Ireland offer acute FME to patients from 14 years up. The overlapping 14–18 age group between adult SATU and CASATS makes commissioning challenging. Service specifications in Ireland recommend working towards provision of a 12/7 (08.00–20.00 h) service for paediatric FME, but do not detail recommendations for “out of hours” care for children under 14 years after 20.00 h. This review sought to quantify the number of “out of hours” telephone queries from professionals exploring the need for a paediatric FME for suspected sexual harm and the number of children subsequently examined “out of hours” by Galway CASATS in 2024 to determine the need for a continued extended hours service. “Out of hours” included Saturdays, Sundays, bank or public holidays and between 16.00 and 08.00 on weekdays.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data were collected anonymously through retrospective review of medical notes and from records of telephone queries received from January 01, 2024 to December 31, 2024. Inclusion criteria were <em>(a)</em> All telephone queries to Galway CASATS (“in” and “out of hours”) relating to the need for FME in children (<18 years) where sexual harm had been disclosed, witnessed or strongly suspected <em>(b)</em> All “in” and “out of hours” FMEs undertaken in Galway CASATS for children (<18 years) including those where agreement had been reached that FME would be beneficial, following discussion (“in hours”) at Barnahus West Interagency planning meetings. Exclusion criteria were <em>(i)</em> Children for whom FME was not indicated, following “in hours” interagency Barnahus discussion <em>(ii)</em> The 41 Children 14–18 years in 2024 supported through the adult sexual assault treatment units, all eligible for Barnahus support.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The number of telephone queries and requests for FME arising from Barnahus West in 2024 related to 126 children. Thirty-eight telephone queries concerning 42 children were received outside of Galway CASATS’ normal workday of 08.00–16.00 h. Seventeen calls concerning 20 children were received outside the 08.00–20.00 h 12/7 paediatric FME service specifications for Ireland. Of the 93 children who attended for FME in Galway CASATS in 2024, 19 (19/93 = 20 %) required urgent “out of hours” examination (outside of 08:00–16:00 Monday to Friday workweek) of whom 5 (5/93 = 5 %) required examination ou","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102978"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145254326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maartje L. Goudswaard , Joyce N. Cuijpers , Manon Ceelen , Solange M. Hoogerheide , Udo J.L. Reijnders , H. Ibrahim Korkmaz , Dionne S. Kringos
{"title":"Public prosecutors' perspectives on forensic medical information in non-fatal injury cases in the Netherlands: practices, barriers and recommendations","authors":"Maartje L. Goudswaard , Joyce N. Cuijpers , Manon Ceelen , Solange M. Hoogerheide , Udo J.L. Reijnders , H. Ibrahim Korkmaz , Dionne S. Kringos","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Public prosecutors in the Netherlands play a crucial role in ensuring that criminal cases are supported by evidence. This study surveyed public prosecutors to examine current practices, barriers, and recommendations related to the use and availability of forensic medical reports in cases involving non-fatal injuries, including the use of injury dating.</div><div>Twelve prosecutors with specific injury-related expertise from 8 out of the 10 police regions completed the online survey. Medical information was viewed as contributing to criminal law proceedings. Forensic medical information was considered particularly important in serious cases such as severe abuse, attempted manslaughter, sexual assault, and domestic violence. Information from treating physicians specifically in cases involving permanent injuries or repeated incidents, especially in the context of domestic violence. However, use of the latter was often limited by concerns about quality, completeness, and accessibility.</div><div>Key barriers included time constraints, a shortage of forensic doctors, unclear procedures within the police, privacy concerns among treating physicians, and limited awareness among prosecutors. To address these issues, prosecutors emphasized the need for improved training, the appointment of specialized personnel, stronger interdisciplinary collaboration, and the development of clear procedural guidelines.</div><div>In conclusion, this study offers concrete recommendations to enhance the integration of forensic medical expertise into criminal proceedings, contributing to a more effective, efficient, and equitable judicial process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102976"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145260223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Atypical gunshot injuries: A review of case reports and case series","authors":"Alok Atreya , Bijeta Pokharel , Dipika Khadka , Prerana Basnet , Sharmila Gurung , Neelu Hirachan , Ritesh G. Menezes","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aim</h3><div>Gunshot injuries are important public health concerns that contribute significantly to disability and mortality, but atypical cases remain underexplored. This review synthesizes the published literature to identify factors that experts/authors use to classify gunshot injuries as atypical, intending to deepen insights and improve forensic interpretations and clinical outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following a scoping review framework, we searched PubMed using keywords related to the terms “atypical,” “gunshot,” and “case report.” We included peer-reviewed case reports and case series in English with no date restrictions. We excluded reviews, typical injury studies, animal studies, and non-English publications. Data were extracted into an Excel spreadsheet to identify patterns in injury characteristics and forensic/clinical implications.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From the 390 records identified, 237 records spanning 1977–2024 were analyzed after screening. Cases were predominantly concentrated in North America and Europe. The classifications of atypical entities fall into four main categories or themes: unusual anatomical locations, aberrant wound patterns, unconventional weapons or ammunition, and unanticipated clinical presentations or complications and unique treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings challenge standard ballistic and clinical assumptions and emphasize the need for enhanced forensic tools and individualized treatment approaches in the management of such patients. This scoping review addresses a critical gap by providing forensic experts with better interpretation frameworks and clinicians with refined care strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102981"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145234669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}