Journal of Industrial Ecology最新文献_第10页

City-scale assessment of the material and environmental footprint of buildings using an advanced building information model: A case study from Canberra, Australia 利用先进的建筑信息模型对建筑物的材料和环境足迹进行城市规模的评估：澳大利亚堪培拉案例研究

IF 5.9 3区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Industrial Ecology Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13456

Natthanij Soonsawad, Raymundo Marcos-Martinez, Heinz Schandl

{"title":"City-scale assessment of the material and environmental footprint of buildings using an advanced building information model: A case study from Canberra, Australia","authors":"Natthanij Soonsawad, Raymundo Marcos-Martinez, Heinz Schandl","doi":"10.1111/jiec.13456","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jiec.13456","url":null,"abstract":"As cities grow, demand for urban materials is set to rise. Meeting sustainability targets will require transformative changes to how cities are constructed. Yet, accurate information on embodied building materials and their environmental impacts at the city scale is still lacking. We use Light Detection and Ranging data, building archetype information, and statistical models to estimate the embodied materials in buildings in Canberra, Australia, and their energy, carbon, and water footprint. In 2015, 57 million tonnes (Mt) of materials were embodied in 140,805 buildings. By weight, concrete was the most used material (44%), followed by sand and stone (32%), and ceramics (11%). Current population growth and building construction trends indicate a need for 2.4 times the building materials stock of 2015 by 2060. Producing such materials would require 1.6 thousand TJ of energy and 793 thousand megaliters of water and emit 48 Mt of CO2e—an environmental footprint 1.6 times the one in 2015. If the additional population were to live only in new single houses, material demand would be 4% higher than under current trends and the environmental footprint 5% higher. Housing new residents in low-rise apartments would reduce from current trends the material demand by 5% and the environmental footprint by 12%. Using only apartments of four or more stories would reduce material demand by 28% and the environmental footprint by 14%. This research can inform circular economy efforts to improve building materials management by helping estimate the implications of alternative configurations of the urban built environment.","PeriodicalId":16050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","volume":"28 2","pages":"247-261"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jiec.13456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139518296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatial patterns of built structures co-determine nations’ level of resource demand 建筑结构的空间模式共同决定了国家的资源需求水平

IF 5.9 3区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Industrial Ecology Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13470

Juan Antonio Duro, Alejandro Perez-Laborda, Markus Löw, Sarah Matej, Barbara Plank, Fridolin Krausmann, Dominik Wiedenhofer, Helmut Haberl

{"title":"Spatial patterns of built structures co-determine nations’ level of resource demand","authors":"Juan Antonio Duro, Alejandro Perez-Laborda, Markus Löw, Sarah Matej, Barbara Plank, Fridolin Krausmann, Dominik Wiedenhofer, Helmut Haberl","doi":"10.1111/jiec.13470","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jiec.13470","url":null,"abstract":"Societies’ use of material resources is increasingly recognized as a key factor behind sustainability problems. The mass of materials used per capita and year differs substantially between countries. However, a limited range of variables (mostly per-capita gross domestic product [GDP]) were analyzed to explain this variation. Spatial patterns of cities influence their resource use, but the role of patterns of settlements and infrastructures as co-determinants of national-level material use is unknown, mainly due to lacking data to investigate their effects at that scale. Here we start closing this gap by systematically analyzing a broad set of potential determinants of national per-capita material demand, including built structures. Material demand is represented by both production- and consumption-based indicators. Among its potential determinants, we analyze eight novel indicators representing extent and spatial patterns of settlements and transport infrastructures in each country, along with GDP and other indicators considered so far. Analyzing 123 countries inhabited by 91% of the world population and accounting for 92% of world GDP, we show that built structures strongly co-determine resource use. Indicators of extent and spatial patterns of built structures have substantial additional explanatory power beyond GDP and other conventional indicators for both production- and consumption-based material flow indicators. The area of built-up land per capita emerges as the strongest predictor, but several other indicators representing built structures are also highly relevant. Limiting built-up land and designing spatial patterns of built structures hence deserve attention in attempts to reduce societies’ resource throughput.","PeriodicalId":16050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","volume":"28 2","pages":"289-302"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jiec.13470","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139556302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing circularity of wastewater treatment systems: A critical review of indicators 评估废水处理系统的循环性：对指标的严格审查

IF 5.9 3区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Industrial Ecology Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13457

Caroline Samberger, Sanaz Imen, Katerina Messologitis, Arthur Umble, Joseph G. Jacangelo

{"title":"Assessing circularity of wastewater treatment systems: A critical review of indicators","authors":"Caroline Samberger, Sanaz Imen, Katerina Messologitis, Arthur Umble, Joseph G. Jacangelo","doi":"10.1111/jiec.13457","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jiec.13457","url":null,"abstract":"Global energy demand, water demand, and raw materials extraction are major challenges for society as population grows. While a traditional linear economy approach leads to depletion of finite resources, damage to the Earth's ecosystems, and adverse impacts on human health, a paradigm shift toward implementation of circular economy principles is paramount to the reversal of world resources' exhaustion. The wastewater, or “used water,” sector can contribute to offsetting resource scarcity challenges by adopting circular economy principles to recover and reintroduce recovered resources into the economy. Transitioning to a circular economy model requires monitoring and tracking progress via metrics in the form of indicators. In this paper, a bibliometric analysis followed by a systematic literature review was conducted on available circular economy indicators in the used water treatment sector. Over 200 indicators were categorized into three impact categories: environmental, social, and economic to identify gaps in the existing literature. Results showed that less than 50% of the available circularity indicators are applied in the used water sector and environmental indicators represent the highest percentage among the potential applicable indicators. Research gaps in the circular economy literature in relation to used water treatment systems were identified and future research directions discussed.","PeriodicalId":16050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","volume":"28 2","pages":"262-276"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139518062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Australia's circular economy metrics and indicators 澳大利亚的循环经济衡量标准和指标

IF 5.9 3区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Industrial Ecology Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13458

Alessio Miatto, Nargessadat Emami, Kylie Goodwin, James West, Mohammad Sadegh Taskhiri, Thomas Wiedmann, Heinz Schandl

{"title":"Australia's circular economy metrics and indicators","authors":"Alessio Miatto, Nargessadat Emami, Kylie Goodwin, James West, Mohammad Sadegh Taskhiri, Thomas Wiedmann, Heinz Schandl","doi":"10.1111/jiec.13458","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jiec.13458","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a comprehensive economy-wide material flow analysis of the Australian economy in 2019, examining the domestic extraction, trade, end-of-life flows, and recycling for all materials. The results highlight Australia's role as a natural resource supplier, with metals and fossil fuels being primary contributors. Through material flow analysis, we found that in 2019 Australia extracted 2587 Mt of natural resources, exported a substantial fraction (1459 Mt), and used 917 Mt to fulfill domestic needs. The recycling flows and circularity metrics are also explored, with an end-of-life recycling rate of 51.1% and an overall circularity rate of 5.1%. An additional assessment of Australia's consumption-based material footprint highlights mobility and housing as the dominant material-using sectors. These results contribute to understanding Australia's material consumption patterns, indicating significant reliance on foreign semifinished and finished products, and provide insights into the potential for enhancing economic circularity.","PeriodicalId":16050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","volume":"28 2","pages":"216-231"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jiec.13458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139495665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electric and gasoline vehicle total cost of ownership across US cities 美国各城市电动汽车和汽油汽车的总拥有成本

IF 5.9 3区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Industrial Ecology Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13463

Maxwell Woody, Shawn A. Adderly, Rushabh Bohra, Gregory A. Keoleian

{"title":"Electric and gasoline vehicle total cost of ownership across US cities","authors":"Maxwell Woody, Shawn A. Adderly, Rushabh Bohra, Gregory A. Keoleian","doi":"10.1111/jiec.13463","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jiec.13463","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle electrification can significantly decarbonize the transportation sector. Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) depends on their cost relative to conventional alternatives. Here we compare the total cost of ownership (TCO) of gasoline, hybrid, and electric vehicles. First, we review previous TCO studies, showing that the components (e.g., purchase price, financing, taxes, fees, insurance, refueling, maintenance, repair, and home charging equipment for EVs), parameters (e.g., vehicle miles traveled, discount rate, and lifetime), and methods differ greatly. Then, we develop a comprehensive TCO model comparing across five vehicle classes, three powertrains, and three EV ranges. Using 14 cities in the United States and multiple charging scenarios, we investigate TCO variability based on location and use pattern. We include adjustments for local gasoline prices, electricity rate plans, home charging access, and the impact of local temperatures and drive cycles on fuel economy, among other factors. We show that for a 300-mile range midsize electric SUV, TCO varies by $52,000, or nearly 40%, across locations. Home charging access reduces the lifetime cost by approximately $10,000 on average, and up to $26,000. EVs are more competitive in cities with high gasoline prices, low electricity prices, moderate climates, and direct purchase incentives, and for users with home charging access, time-of-use electricity pricing, and high annual mileage. In general, we find that small and low-range EVs are less expensive than gasoline vehicles. Larger, long-range EVs are currently more expensive than their gasoline counterparts. And midsize EVs can reach cost parity in some cities if incentives are applied.","PeriodicalId":16050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","volume":"28 2","pages":"194-215"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jiec.13463","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139376665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Issue Information, Cover, and Table of Contents 发行信息、封面和目录

IF 5.9 3区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Industrial Ecology Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13163

引用次数: 0

Model uncertainty versus variability in the life cycle assessment of commercial fisheries 商业渔业生命周期评估中的模式不确定性与可变性

IF 5.9 3区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Industrial Ecology Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13453

Giovanni Codotto, Massimo Pizzol, Troels J. Hegland, Niels Madsen

{"title":"Model uncertainty versus variability in the life cycle assessment of commercial fisheries","authors":"Giovanni Codotto, Massimo Pizzol, Troels J. Hegland, Niels Madsen","doi":"10.1111/jiec.13453","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jiec.13453","url":null,"abstract":"Results from life cycle assessment (LCA) studies are sensitive to modeling choices and data used in building the underlying model. This is also relevant for the case of fisheries and LCAs of fish products. Fisheries' product systems show both multifunctionality because of the simultaneous co-catch of multiple species and potential constraints to supply due to natural stock limits or socially established limits such as quota systems. The performance of fisheries also varies across seasons, locations, vessels, and target species. In this study, we investigate the combined effect of modeling choices and variability on the uncertainty of LCA results of fish products. We use time series data from official Danish statistics for catch and fuel use of several fisheries disaggregated using a top-down procedure. We apply multiple modeling approaches with different assumptions regarding the type of partitioning, substitution, and constraints. The analysis demonstrates that, in the presence of relevant multifunctionality, the results are substantially affected by the modeling approach chosen. These findings are robust across years and fisheries, indicating that modeling choices contribute to uncertainty more than the variability in fishing conditions. We stress the need for a more careful alignment of research questions and methods for LCA studies of fisheries and recommend a very transparent statement of assumptions, combined with uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. This article met the requirements for a gold-gold data openness badge described at http://jie.click.badges.","PeriodicalId":16050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","volume":"28 1","pages":"160-172"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jiec.13453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138537064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unlocking the potential of the bioeconomy for climate change reduction: The optimal use of lignocellulosic biomass in Germany 释放生物经济减少气候变化的潜力:德国木质纤维素生物质的最佳利用

IF 5.9 3区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Industrial Ecology Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13455

Sebastian Lubjuhn, Sandra Venghaus

{"title":"Unlocking the potential of the bioeconomy for climate change reduction: The optimal use of lignocellulosic biomass in Germany","authors":"Sebastian Lubjuhn, Sandra Venghaus","doi":"10.1111/jiec.13455","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jiec.13455","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of a circular bioeconomy has become a new economic leitmotif for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Its central narrative rests on the idea of replacing fossil resources with biobased ones for a broad spectrum of products including, for example, heat, electricity, fuels, plastics, or chemicals. Yet, the amount of available bio-resources is limited, rendering some technologies successful while leaving behind others. Lignocellulosic biomass (LBM) is a key resource already used on a large scale for heating purposes or electricity production and increasingly for the production of chemicals and biofuels. Because market mechanisms do not necessarily drive a cost-optimal use with respect to their GHG-reduction potential, a new bi-objective linear optimization model under long-term scenarios was developed for Germany accounting for competition with non-biobased technologies. In the biofuels and biochemicals sectors, multi-output processes that address industrial symbiosis and fossil references are used to compute profits and GHG emission savings of biobased products. However, in the absence of a reference for heat, a detailed representation of the heat sector is used in which heat demand for 19 subsectors is met, thus deriving costs and emission savings endogenously. When explicitly accounting for GHG emission reduction targets, biomass is optimally used in high-temperature industries whereas heat pumps dominate in building heat. Because of the optimal use of biomass in industrial usage, subsidies for biomass heating are found to be inefficient in the building sector. Catalytic hydropyrolysis to produce biogasoline and biodiesel using LBM dominates the production of biofuels while biochemicals—strongly depending on oil price developments—will become competitive on a large scale after 2030.","PeriodicalId":16050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","volume":"28 1","pages":"144-159"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jiec.13455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138537063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The dynamic characteristics of multi-media carbon pollution and their spatial influencing factors: A case study of the Greater Bay Area of China 多媒体碳污染动态特征及其空间影响因素——以中国大湾区为例

IF 5.9 3区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Industrial Ecology Pub Date : 2023-11-17 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13454

Chen Chen, Zongguo Wen

{"title":"The dynamic characteristics of multi-media carbon pollution and their spatial influencing factors: A case study of the Greater Bay Area of China","authors":"Chen Chen, Zongguo Wen","doi":"10.1111/jiec.13454","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jiec.13454","url":null,"abstract":"For urban agglomerations that contain multiple interconnected cities, carbon pollution mitigation is particularly challenging due to the complex pollution transfer among environmental media and among cities. Insufficient attention has been paid to the city-level metabolic processes of carbon in diverse physicochemical forms and their spatial interactions, impeding the identification and management of multi-media carbon pollution from the integrated perspective of the whole urban agglomeration. Using the Greater Bay Area of China as a case, this study reveals the dynamic characteristics and spatial influencing factors of multi-media carbon pollution covering 30 consecutive years based on substance flow analysis and a spatial econometric model. We find increasing necessity for controlling carbon pollution in the solid state, which reached 1890 Gg C/a in 2018 and was significantly higher than that in the gaseous (290 Gg C/a) and liquid (730 Gg C/a) state. Cross-media transfer of carbon pollution made an increasingly substantial contribution to total carbon pollution from 14.6% to 20.7%, stressing the need for treatment and harmless disposal of sludge and the control of CH4 produced from waste landfilling, wastewater treatment, and livestock manure. Relocation of heavily polluting industries and variances at the level of environmental regulation between cities causes spatial transfer of carbon pollution, while the improvement of industrial structure and the advancement of pollution treatment technology have a positive demonstration effect for carbon pollution abatement of the neighboring cities. This study demonstrates the necessity of multi-media and multi-city integrities in carbon pollution mitigation within clustered cities.","PeriodicalId":16050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","volume":"28 1","pages":"130-143"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138537062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recycled or reusable: A multi-method assessment of eco-friendly packaging in online retail 可回收还是可再利用？用多种方法评估在线零售中的环保包装

IF 5.9 3区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Industrial Ecology Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13447

Britta Frommeyer, Julia Koch, Carla Scagnetti, Manuel Lorenz, Gerhard Schewe

{"title":"Recycled or reusable: A multi-method assessment of eco-friendly packaging in online retail","authors":"Britta Frommeyer, Julia Koch, Carla Scagnetti, Manuel Lorenz, Gerhard Schewe","doi":"10.1111/jiec.13447","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jiec.13447","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of online retail increases the demand for packaging. Although packaging is necessary to fulfill logistic and marketing functions, it fosters the depletion of resources, is often used carelessly, and thus negatively impacts the environment. Eco-friendly packaging variants could provide a solution to this problem. Since many stakeholders must be involved to promote their use, this study develops a conceptual framework that reconciles their different perspectives and combines these with an environmental assessment to facilitate the transition to more sustainable online retail. We apply a multi-method research approach to investigate the different views. We use qualitative interviews and website analyses to capture the perspective of online retailers, conduct an online survey (n = 1491) to investigate consumers’ perceptions of various product and transport packaging alternatives, and perform a life cycle assessment (LCA) of these options. The findings reveal that online retailers lack knowledge regarding consumer preferences and the environmental impact of packaging. The consumer survey shows a strong preference for packaging made from recycled paper and general avoidance of plastic packaging. The LCA results reveal that recycled and reusable variants are environmentally beneficial. The findings are interpreted in light of the relationships assumed in the conceptual framework. From a theoretical perspective, our results indicate that online retailers are concerned about the signaling role of packaging and that consumers refer to heuristic cues when deciding between packaging variants. We reconcile the different perspectives to propose strategies that contribute to a broader distribution of eco-friendly packaging in online retail.","PeriodicalId":16050,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","volume":"28 1","pages":"100-115"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jiec.13447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136351572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0