Journal of Hygiene最新文献

{"title":"Serological studies on British leptospiral isolates of the Sejroe serogroup. I. The identification of British isolates of the Sejroe serogroup by the cross agglutinin absorption test.","authors":"T W Little,&nbsp;A E Stevens,&nbsp;S C Hathaway","doi":"10.1017/s002217240006441x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s002217240006441x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using the cross agglutinin absorption test 12 British leptospiral isolates of the Sejroe serogroup were identified to serovar level. Six strains isolated from cattle, two from pigs and one from a human were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Two isolates from wildlife were identified as Leptospira interrogans serovar saxkoebing. One further strain isolated from wildlife closely resembled serovar saxkoebing, but specific identification was not possible. These are the first reported isolations of serovar saxkoebing in the United Kingdom. The problems associated with the cross agglutinin absorption test, and possible alternative typing procedures are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hygiene","volume":"97 1","pages":"123-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s002217240006441x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14853271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yellow fever in Swansea, 1865.","authors":"P D Meers","doi":"10.1017/s0022172400064469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cargo of copper ore from Cuba was discharged at Swansea in mid-September 1865, during a spell of exceptionally hot weather. A small number of mosquitoes infected with the yellow fever virus, disembarking at the same time, established an epidemic of yellow fever in the town. In the next 25 days, at least 27 inhabitants were infected and 15 of them died. The quality of contemporary observation and recording has encouraged a re-examination of the events in the light of knowledge unavailable at the time. It cannot be assumed that the episode will not be repeated.</p>","PeriodicalId":15931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hygiene","volume":"97 1","pages":"185-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0022172400064469","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14010875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HYG volume 97 issue 1 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0022172400064287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064287","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hygiene","volume":"97 1","pages":"f1 - f2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0022172400064287","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57168936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis in East Sussex. III. Comparison of post-mortem and clinical methods for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in badgers.","authors":"D G Pritchard,&nbsp;F A Stuart,&nbsp;J W Wilesmith,&nbsp;C L Cheeseman,&nbsp;J I Brewer,&nbsp;R Bode,&nbsp;P E Sayers","doi":"10.1017/s0022172400064329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following epidemiological and ecological studies of a defined badger population in an area of East Sussex, removal of all badgers by cage trapping was attempted. Trapping was incomplete due to the activities of protesters. Forty-seven badgers were caught from the eight social groups. All badgers were examined clinically and samples of faeces, urine and tracheal aspirate were taken, together with swabs from any bite wounds, for bacteriological examinations. Forty-five animals were skin tested using whole killed cells of Mycobacterium bovis strain AN5, bovine PPD Weybridge and new human tuberculin. Skin test results were recorded after 24 and 72 h. All badgers were killed and subjected to a post-mortem and bacteriological examination. M. bovis was detected in 10 (21.3%) badgers at post-mortem and in 2 badgers from clinical samples. Four social groups were infected. Positive skin test results were recorded at 72 h with bovine PPD (2 micrograms and 20 micrograms/ml), strain AN5 (1 mg/ml) and human tuberculin (2 micrograms/ml), but not with human tuberculin at 20 micrograms/ml. Histological sections of the skin test reactions showed the cellular types typical of delayed-type hypersensitivity. The skin test reactions observed were neither sensitive nor specific enough to be of practical value.</p>","PeriodicalId":15931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hygiene","volume":"97 1","pages":"27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0022172400064329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14648252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical disinfection of human rotaviruses: efficacy of commercially-available products in suspension tests.","authors":"V S Springthorpe,&nbsp;J L Grenier,&nbsp;N Lloyd-Evans,&nbsp;S A Sattar","doi":"10.1017/s0022172400064433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Suspension tests were conducted on 69 commercial and 7 non-commercial disinfectant formulations to determine which classes of chemicals were most active against human rotavirus (HRV). Virus samples, in the presence of varying levels of organic matter, were exposed to the disinfectants for 1 min. The levels of remaining infectious virus were determined by plaque assay. Products were rated by their ability to reduce the levels of infectious virus by more than 3 log10 in the presence or absence of tryptose phosphate broth (peptides and inorganic salts) or fecal matter. Of the commercially-available products tested, only 25% were rated as highly and 7% as moderately effective. The remaining 68% were either effective only in the absence of any additional organic matter (48%) or were completely ineffective (20%). The majority (64%) of the moderately and highly effective products were further examined for their ability to inactivate greater than 6 log10 of infectious HRV in the presence of fecal matter or tryptose phosphate broth. With one exception, all these products were still effective. Products potentially suitable as topical antiseptics, hard surface disinfectants and instrument soaks were identified. The results emphasize the care that should be exercised in the selection of disinfectants for the control and prevention of rotaviral infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":15931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hygiene","volume":"97 1","pages":"139-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0022172400064433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14149120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis in East Sussex. II. Aspects of badger ecology and surveillance for tuberculosis in badger populations (1976-1984).","authors":"J W Wilesmith,&nbsp;P E Sayers,&nbsp;R Bode,&nbsp;D G Pritchard,&nbsp;F A Stuart,&nbsp;J I Brewer,&nbsp;G D Hillman","doi":"10.1017/s0022172400064317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following the disclosure of Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers in East Sussex in 1976, badgers have been examined from and around farms on which cattle have become infected, but with no other attributable source of infection. These farms are confined to the downland of the south-west of the county and M. bovis has been confirmed in badger populations utilising their land. The available evidence indicates that M. bovis infection in badgers is also confined to this area. A detailed study in one area on the South Downs suggested that M. bovis is endemic in the badger population and therefore presents a continued risk for cattle occupying the area.</p>","PeriodicalId":15931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hygiene","volume":"97 1","pages":"11-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0022172400064317","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14648250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recolonization and colonization resistance of the large bowel after three methods of preoperative preparation of the gastrointestinal tract for elective colorectal surgery.","authors":"A E van den Bogaard,&nbsp;W F Weidema,&nbsp;C P van Boven,&nbsp;D van der Waay","doi":"10.1017/s0022172400064342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of three current types of preoperative large bowel preparation on the microbial flora and the colonization resistance (CR) was investigated in 15 volunteers. In the first group a whole gut irrigation was performed without administration of antibiotics (group WGI). In the second group 0.5 g/l metronidazole and 1 g/l neomycin was added to the irrigation fluid (group WGI + AB). A whole gut irrigation with prior oral administration of 1 l mannitol 10% was performed in the third group. The antibiotic prophylaxis in this group consisted of two doses of 80 mg gentamicin i.v. and 500 mg metronidazole orally 24 h after lavage (group Mann + AB). One hour after the mechanical cleansing procedure was finished all volunteers were orally contaminated with one dose of an Escherichia coli test strain. The aerobic faecal reduction due to the cleansing procedure was 2-3 logs, while for the anaerobes it was 4-5 logs. The anaerobic flora in group WGI recovered within 24 h, while the aerobes showed a transient 'overgrowth' for the period of 2 days. The overgrowth of aerobes in group WGI + AB was observed for more than a week and the total numbers of aerobes started gradually to decline after the anaerobic flora had reached pretreatment levels at day three or four. Despite the normal numbers of anaerobes present 24 h after treatment, overgrowth of E. coli was seen in the group Mann + AB, probably due to residual mannitol left in the intestinal tract. The test strain of E. coli was excreted for a period of 1 week by the volunteers in the groups WGI and Mann + AB, but it was isolated for more than 10 weeks in the group WGI + AB. It is thought that all three methods of preoperative large bowel preparation decreased the CR of the gastrointestinal tract because of a disturbance of the interaction between aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and alterations of the colonic wall. The anaerobic microflora, however, appeared to be primarily responsible for the maintenance of the CR. Antimicrobial prophylaxis should consist of a high dose, short term, systemic antibiotic regimen, not only because an adequate serum level of an appropriate drug at the time of operation substantially decreases the incidence of postoperative septic complications but also because a systemic regimen scarcely influences the CR of the gastrointestinal tract. beta-Aspartylglycine appeared to be a specific but not very sensitive marker for decreased CR.</p>","PeriodicalId":15931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hygiene","volume":"97 1","pages":"49-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0022172400064342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14853272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HYG volume 97 issue 1 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0022172400064299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064299","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hygiene","volume":"97 1","pages":"b1 - b2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0022172400064299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57169062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The adsorption of endotoxin molecule in a microporous polyethylene hollow fibre membrane.","authors":"Y Sawada,&nbsp;R Fujii,&nbsp;I Igami,&nbsp;A Kawai,&nbsp;T Kamiki,&nbsp;M Niwa","doi":"10.1017/s002217240006438x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s002217240006438x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The microporous polyethylene hollow fibre membrane is capable of adsorbing small-sized lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared by sonication dispersion, column chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and filtration through a filter membrane with a nominal pore size of 0.025 micron. Small-sized LPS had a one-thousandth of endotoxin activity as compared to intact LPS, when determined by the Synthetic Chromogenic Substrate method of LAL with a specific endotoxin activity of 73.7 ng/micrograms LPS. Fluorescent microscopy of fluorescein conjugated LPS on a microporous polyethylene hollow fibre showed that fluorescein-LPS was adsorbed through the entire depth of the membrane texture. Accordingly the adsorption capacity of the filter for small-sized LPS was determined as 1.65 mg LPS/3.68 m2 surface/116 mg fibre/module.</p>","PeriodicalId":15931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hygiene","volume":"97 1","pages":"91-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s002217240006438x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14853273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis in East Sussex. I. Outbreaks of tuberculosis in cattle herds (1964-1984).","authors":"J W Wilesmith,&nbsp;R Bode,&nbsp;D G Pritchard,&nbsp;F A Stuart,&nbsp;P E Sayers","doi":"10.1017/s0022172400064305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The history and epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds in East Sussex are described. Since 1960, following the compulsory eradication scheme for tuberculosis, the incidence of herd infection has been low. The epidemiological features of herd infection have been sporadic incidents, with only small numbers of cattle becoming infected in the majority of incidents. There was no evidence of endemic Mycobacterium bovis infection in the cattle population in East Sussex in recent years, but a low risk of infection for cattle on the South Downs, from badgers, was apparent.</p>","PeriodicalId":15931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hygiene","volume":"97 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0022172400064305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14853349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}