Human-Centered AIPub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0023
B. Shneiderman
{"title":"Summary and Skeptic’s Corner","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"The fifteen recommendations for governance structures to create reliable, safe, and trustworthy systems will enable designers to translate widely discussed ethical principles into professional practices in large organizations with clear schedules. These recommendations are summarized in the four levels of governance structures: (1) reliable systems based on sound software engineering practices, (2) safety culture through business management strategies, (3) trustworthy certification by independent oversight, and (4) regulation by government agencies. Global efforts promote HCAI thinking and encourage policy decisions by governments, regional alliances, and internationial bodies. However, massive retraining and rethinking will be necessary over several decades to achieve a new synthesis that preserves individual rights, encourages economic development, preserves the environment, and limits the impact of malicious actors.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115455117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-Centered AIPub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0014
B. Shneiderman
{"title":"Teammates and Tele-bots","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Do designers benefit from thinking of computers as being teammates, partners, and collaborators? When is it helpful and when is there a danger in assuming human–human interaction is a good model for human–robot interaction? Innovation goal researchers and developers want to build tele-bots that extend human capabilities, while providing superhuman perceptual and motor support, thereby boosting human performance, while allowing human–human teamwork to succeed. The combined strategy could be to use science goal algorithms to implement automatic internal services that support the innovation goal of human control. This approach is implemented in the many car-driving technologies such as lane following, parking assist, and collision avoidance. The idea is to give users the control they desire by putting “AI inside,” which provides valuable services to users based on machine and deep learning algorithms. In this way users have the benefit of AI optimizations, an understanding of what is happening, a clear model of what will happen next, and the chance to take control if needed.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117205800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-Centered AIPub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0008
B. Shneiderman
{"title":"Two-Dimensional HCAI Framework","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The mistaken message has been that more automation necessarily meant less user control. Over the years, this idea began to trouble me so I eventually shifted to the belief that it was possible to ensure human control, even while increasing computer automation. The decoupling of these concepts leads to a two-dimensional HCAI framework, which suggests that achieving high levels of human control and high levels of computer automation is possible. The two axes go from low to high human control and from low to high computer automation. Awareness of the dangers of excessive automation and excessive control will enable designers to introduce safer designs with override mechanisms to allow humans to take over from machine errors and interlocks to prevent human errors. This simple expansion to two dimensions is already helping designers imagine fresh possibilities.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125156371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-Centered AIPub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0006
B. Shneiderman
{"title":"Introduction: Rising above the Levels of Automation","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Automated systems can be wonderful, but strategies for ensuring activation when needed and preventing inadvertent activations contribute to reliable, safe, and trustworthy operation that increases user acceptance. Good design also includes ways for maintenance staff to gather performance data to know whether the operation is correct and adjust controls to make sure the device functions correctly. The long-standing levels of automation which went from full human control to full computer control has limited imagination of what is possible. Breaking free from the assumption of a zero-sum situation in which more automation means less human control requires fresh thinking.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122554416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-Centered AIPub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0015
B. Shneiderman
{"title":"Assured Autonomy and Control Centers","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the science goal for products and services that are autonomous with no human intervention. Rather than assured autonomous systems acting alone, innovation goal researchers want to support supervised autonomy by way of control panels and control centers (sometimes described as human-in-the-loop or humans-on-the-loop), in which humans operate highly automated devices and systems. The combined strategy could be to have science goal algorithms provide highly automated features, with user interface designs that support human control and oversight. This combined strategy is in use in many NASA, industrial, utility, military, and air traffic control centers, where rich forms of AI are used to optimize performance, but the operators have a clear mental model of what will happen next. Predictable behavior from machines is highly valued by human operators.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130777178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-Centered AIPub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0026
B. Shneiderman
{"title":"Caring for and Learning from Older Adults","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Caring for older adult parents, grandparents, family members, and friends is a virtue that can be an enriching experience for all. However, it requires a serious commitment if the older adult needs help to maintain independent living, which often leads to the older adult moving to a facility that will provide support for the activities of daily life. But caregivers and others can gain and learn from older adults, who are often eager to teach, mentor, advise, and coach others. Older adults have many needs that could be served by appropriate technologies that supported their self-efficacy and independence. Examples include wheelchair design, dining table with a dishwasher built in, and yoga instruction.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128347495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-Centered AIPub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0004
B. Shneiderman
{"title":"Will Automation, AI, and Robots Lead to Widespread Unemployment?","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Automation eliminates certain jobs, as it has for hundreds of years. These disruptions are painful to many, but there are benefits of expanded production, increased quality, and lower costs to consumers, which often increases employment opportunities for many people. Controversies rage about Amazon's rapid growth, facilitated by automation in fulfillment centers, but at the same time their employee numbers have grown ten times in the past decade. While agricultural employment has dropped dramatically in the past hundred years, it has also led to more jobs in food distribution, supermarkets, and restaurants. At the same time, healthcare jobs have grown substantially for nursing, home care, personal training, and medical managers. New industries include software engineering, financial management, and renewable energy systems installation. The challenges are to ensure safety for workers and share the benefits of automation widely.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127478883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-Centered AIPub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0025
B. Shneiderman
{"title":"Assessing Trustworthiness","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring the more than thirty attributes of HCAI systems, like reliability, safety, and trustworthiness is very difficult. Objective measures seem unlikely, but subjective impressions from stakeholders such as researchers, developers, managers, and users may help to clarify whether the trustworthiness is increased or decreased after changes have been made, or to compare two competing products, such as is done by winetasting. The HCAI Trustworthiness Assessment Process suggests a way of developing a subjective evaluation scale. The proposed twelve-item HCAI Trustworthiness Scale relies on questions about whether a system has an audit trail, has passed software and fairness tests, and includes explainable user interfaces. It also has questions about internal and external review processes.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"16 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131924235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-Centered AIPub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0018
B. Shneiderman
{"title":"Introduction: How to Bridge the Gap from Ethics to Practice","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Moving from ethics to practice means that decision makers will need to take meaningful actions at the levels of team, organization, industry, and government. The recommendations are meant to increase the reliability, safety, and trustworthiness of HCAI systems by way of governance structures: ● software engineering practices within teams ● Safety culture within organizations through business management strategies ● Trustworthy certification through industry-specific independent oversight efforts ● Regulation by government agencies to ensure fair business practices and public safety. The recommendations are a starting point for discussions that can lead to validated practices, which become widely accepted and then evolve to keep up with technology innovations.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131930671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-Centered AIPub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0024
B. Shneiderman
{"title":"Introduction: Driving HCAI Forward","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"The central ideas of this book are the HCAI framework, design metaphors, and governance structures. These ideas clarify how human-centered thinking will help bring the powerful AI algorithms into widespread use by way of reliable, safe, and trustworthy systems. AI’s expansion from a focus on algorithms to include user experience design methods is happening in practitioner and research communities, which now regularly discuss ethics, responsible AI, fairness, explainability, and other topics. New research directions include boosting citizen science, stopping misinformation, and finding new treatments and vaccines for major diseases. The growth of research groups, conferences, journals, and research funding is an indication of interest in HCAI.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114917672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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