Summary and Skeptic’s Corner

The fifteen recommendations for governance structures to create reliable, safe, and trustworthy systems will enable designers to translate widely discussed ethical principles into professional practices in large organizations with clear schedules. These recommendations are summarized in the four levels of governance structures: (1) reliable systems based on sound software engineering practices, (2) safety culture through business management strategies, (3) trustworthy certification by independent oversight, and (4) regulation by government agencies. Global efforts promote HCAI thinking and encourage policy decisions by governments, regional alliances, and internationial bodies. However, massive retraining and rethinking will be necessary over several decades to achieve a new synthesis that preserves individual rights, encourages economic development, preserves the environment, and limits the impact of malicious actors.