{"title":"Conditions of High Helium Concentrations in Coronal Mass Ejections","authors":"M. J. Starkey, S. A. Fuselier, M. A. Dayeh","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033099","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We analyze the structure and composition of 248 ICMEs observed by the Wind spacecraft from February 1995 to December 2015. We group each event based on their doubly ionized Helium concentration within the magnetic cloud region into either the high-concentration (i.e., >8% for at least 25% of the magnetic cloud) or nominal-concentration (i.e., <8% for at least 75% of the magnetic cloud) group. We then perform an epoch analysis on plasma and magnetic field parameters within each distinct region of the ICME structure to identify similarities and/or differences associated with each group of events. Results show that the sheath region of ICMEs with high Helium concentration exhibits a two-part structure, which is indicative of the compression and expansion of the sheath as it propagates. We further investigate the effect of high Helium concentration within ICMEs on resulting geomagnetic activity by comparing the average Sym-H geomagnetic index between the two groups. We find that the Sym-H achieves a greater minimum for high-concentration events by a factor of ∼1.6. We suggest that this effect is related to the increase in dynamic pressure within the sheath region for ICMEs with high Helium content. Results indicate that high Helium content in ICMEs may play a non-trivial role in both the evolution of the ICME sheath throughout interplanetary space and the resulting geomagnetic activity induced by Earthward-directed ICMEs.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pengyu Zhang, Yang-Yi Sun, Chieh-Hung Chen, Aisa Yisimayili, Zhiqiang Mao
{"title":"Non-Migrating Thermospheric Tides Shift and Deform the Solar Quiet Current Vortex Over Asia","authors":"Pengyu Zhang, Yang-Yi Sun, Chieh-Hung Chen, Aisa Yisimayili, Zhiqiang Mao","doi":"10.1029/2023JA032381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JA032381","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Variations in the Solar quiet (Sq) current are typically attributed to the changes in atmospheric tides. In this study, we analyzed the ground-based observations of the geomagnetic field to investigate the morphology of the Sq current over Asia (from 130° to 70°E). The analysis shows that the Sq current vortex deforms into a tilted ellipse over East Asia as it moves northwestward, which is more complex than previously thought. We also estimated the current generated by the polarized electric field (<i>J</i><sub><i>Ep</i></sub>) in the E-region from the non-migrating tidal winds of TIMED/TIDI (TIMED Doppler Interferometer on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics satellite). The estimation is a qualitative approximation based on the fundamental polarization concept. We used the Observing Procedure Experiment (OPE) to reconstruct the Sq current and to evaluate its deformation and movement deviating from the geomagnetic equator. The results show that <i>J</i><sub><i>Ep</i></sub> can contribute to the shift and deformation of the Sq current. The observation and estimation indicate that the ionospheric current system modulated by winds blowing nonuniformly causes complex variations in the E-region dynamo over Asia. This study additionally attempts to simulate the Sq vortex from the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. Similarities and differences between the simulation and the observation are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142860125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Hasegawa, R. E. Denton, L.-J. Chen, Q. Hu, M. N. Nishino, K.-J. Hwang
{"title":"Complex Interaction of Reconnected Field Lines at Earth's Magnetopause Under Sub-Alfvénic Solar Wind With Northward Magnetic Field","authors":"H. Hasegawa, R. E. Denton, L.-J. Chen, Q. Hu, M. N. Nishino, K.-J. Hwang","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033395","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present observations on 24 April 2023 by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft at the dayside, mid-latitude magnetopause, when an interplanetary magnetic cloud (MC) with sub-Alfvénic flows and northward and dawnward interplanetary magnetic field components impacted Earth's magnetosphere. The aim is to reveal the processes of solar wind-magnetosphere interaction under sub-Alfvénic solar wind with northward magnetic field. Our analysis of electron and ion data suggests that magnetopause reconnection occurred near both polar cusps, forming boundary layers on closed magnetic field lines on both the solar wind (i.e., MC) and magnetospheric sides of the magnetopause. Grad-Shafranov, electron-magnetohydrodynamics, and polynomial reconstructions of magnetopause current layers show that local (equator-of-the-cusp) reconnection occurred in a sub-ion-scale magnetopause current sheet with a low magnetic shear angle (30°). Interestingly, the local reconnection was observed between the two (MC-side and magnetosphere-side) layers of closed field lines. It indicates that reconnected field lines from double cusp reconnection were interacting to induce another reconnection at the mid-latitude magnetopause. Our results suggest that magnetopause reconnection was more efficient or frequent under sub-Alfvénic solar wind with much lower beta plasma conditions than typical conditions. We discuss the role of such efficient reconnection in the formation of low-latitude boundary layers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JA033395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142860161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Probing the Ionospheric Effects of the 2020 Aegean Sea Earthquake: Leveraging GNSS Observations for Tsunami Early Warning in the Mediterranean","authors":"F. Fuso, M. Ravanelli","doi":"10.1029/2024JA032946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA032946","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On 30 October 2020, a Mw 7.0 earthquake occurred in the eastern Aegean Sea area north of Samos island (Greece), causing tsunami waves up to 3 m. In this work, we analyze Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations to investigate the induced ionospheric perturbation in total electron content (TEC) estimates. We observe TEC variations (up to 0.3 TECU), linked to the propagation of the internal gravity waves (IGWs) caused by the small tsunami. Comparison between IGWs arrival times in the ionosphere and the tsunami wave arrival at tide gauges reveals that the optimal observation geometries of ionospheric TEC detected the tsunami's arrival before it reached Kos and Hraklreio coastlines. We show that TEC variations, though slight, can be used to complement existing tsunami early warning systems, particularly in the Mediterranean region where such phenomena are not deeply investigated. Integrating TEC data alongside traditional seismic sensors and sea level measurements can assure a more robust early warning system capable of detecting and mitigating the effects of also small but impactful tsunamis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JA032946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142860162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alok Kumar Ranjan, Dayakrishna Nailwal, M. V. Sunil Krishna, Akash Kumar, Sumanta Sarkhel
{"title":"Evidence of Potential Thermospheric Overcooling During the May 2024 Geomagnetic Superstorm","authors":"Alok Kumar Ranjan, Dayakrishna Nailwal, M. V. Sunil Krishna, Akash Kumar, Sumanta Sarkhel","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033148","url":null,"abstract":"<p>[During intense geomagnetic storms, the rapid and significant production of nitric oxide (NO) followed by its associated infrared radiative emission in lower thermosphere contributes crucially to the energetics of the upper atmosphere. This makes NO infrared radiative cooling a very important phenomenon which needs to be considered for accurate density forecasting in thermosphere. This study reports the investigation of variations in thermospheric density, and NO radiative cooling during the recent geomagnetic superstorm of May 2024. A very rare post-storm thermospheric density depletion of about −23% on May 12 was observed by Swarm-C in northern hemisphere in comparison to the prestorm condition on May 9. This overcooling was observed despite the continuous enhancement in solar EUV (24–36 nm) flux throughout the event. The thermospheric NO infrared radiative emission in the recovery phase of the storm is likely to be the plausible cause for this observed post-storm density depletion. Our analysis also suggests an all time high thermospheric NO radiative cooling flux up to 11.84 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mtext>ergs/cm</mtext>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${text{ergs/cm}}^{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>/sec during May 2024 geomagnetic superstorm, which has also been compared with famous Halloween storms of October 2003].</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Shukhtina, V. A. Sergeev, A. V. Nikolaev, A. Artemyev, V. Angelopoulos, J. V. Rodriguez
{"title":"Magnetic Dipolarizations and Energetic Electron Flux Variations at the Nightside Geostationary Orbit","authors":"M. A. Shukhtina, V. A. Sergeev, A. V. Nikolaev, A. Artemyev, V. Angelopoulos, J. V. Rodriguez","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033097","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We consider energetic electron (EE, 30–600 keV) flux variations, connected with magnetic dipolarizations, at geosynchronous orbit. Two types of these variations, due to injections and drift shell crossing (DSC), have been known since the 1960s, but no methods to separate them were suggested. To reach this goal we apply the hodogram Je(Bz) technique (EE flux vs. local magnetic field) to data of three spacecraft, GOES-15 observing a sharp dipolarization and thus being in the injection region, and GOES-13, GOES-14, being inside the drifting electron cloud (DEC). Analysis of 45 sharp dipolarizations and corresponding EE flux variations in 2013–2017 showed that hodograms look quite different (a) inside and outside of the injection region and (b) for medium (30–200 keV) and high (200–600 keV) energies, allowing to identify the variation type as either DSC or true injection. EE fluxes and energy spectra were compared inside the injection region and in the DEC 4 hours eastward. EE fluxes are well correlated before the injection, but strongly scattered at its peak suggesting a highly structured drifting injected cloud. Spectra at the injection peak appeared similar, demonstrating hardening with increased geomagnetic activity. The best correlations between different injection and dipolarization measures are observed between peak Je values and ∆(MPB)<sup>1/2</sup>, where MPB is the ground mid-latitude positive bay index; correlations of approximately 0.7 are attained inside the injection region, being lower in the DEC. The peak injected EE flux increases by ∼1–1.5 orders of magnitude with increase in dipolarization strength from low to high geomagnetic activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ostrowski, M. Gołkowski, J. Kubisz, Z. Nieckarz, A. Michalec, J. Mlynarczyk, J. Lichtenberger, A. Maxworth
{"title":"Effects of a Solar Flare on Global Propagation of Extremely Low Frequency Waves","authors":"M. Ostrowski, M. Gołkowski, J. Kubisz, Z. Nieckarz, A. Michalec, J. Mlynarczyk, J. Lichtenberger, A. Maxworth","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solar flares have profound impacts on the lower ionosphere and long-distance radio propagation. Extremely low frequency (ELF: 3–3,000 Hz) waves are challenging to observe and experience unique interactions with the lower ionosphere. The primary natural sources of ELF waves are thunderstorm lightnings across the globe. Using a newly developed azimuth determination technique and improved observation hardware we show that ELF attenuation in the Earth-Ionosphere spherical cavity decreases and propagation velocity increases under the influence of an M-class solar flare. Using a two-parameter model of the lower ionosphere, the observations are shown to be consistent with increased electron density and sharper gradients in the D-region resulting from X-ray radiation. The sharper electron density gradient is primarily responsible for the propagation velocity increase, suggesting a unique capability that ELF observations can bring to global remote sensing of the lower ionosphere under space weather perturbations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sneha Yadav, Larry R. Lyons, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Jiang Liu, Sheng Tian, Ying Zou, Eric F. Donovan
{"title":"Investigating the Spatiotemporal Development of Substorm Expansion Phase Aurora: Successive Onsets or Poleward Boundary Intensifications?","authors":"Sneha Yadav, Larry R. Lyons, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Jiang Liu, Sheng Tian, Ying Zou, Eric F. Donovan","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033086","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Following the auroral substorm onset, the active aurora undergoes expansion, which can vary in spatial and temporal extent. The spatiotemporal development of the expansion phase active aurora is controlled by new auroral intensifications that often follow the initial onset. Using seven examples, we investigate the nature of these new auroral intensifications and address a question: are they new auroral onsets, that is, “successive onsets” or poleward-boundary intensifications (PBIs) and ensuing auroral streamers? We observed events that included both types of auroral features—successive onsets and PBIs—and their combinations. For multiple-onset substorms, successive onsets may occur eastward, westward, and poleward of the initial onset, resulting in a diverse range of expansion phase spatial extent and durations. Single-onset substorms show only one auroral onset, but their spatiotemporal development can resemble that of multiple-onset substorms. However, the additional activations are mainly PBIs and subsequent streamers. In some cases, PBIs undergo explosion, leading to a rapid poleward and azimuthal expansion of the aurora, resembling the auroral substorm onset. A prolonged sequence of PBIs and its longitudinal extension can contribute significantly to the spatiotemporal development of substorms expansion phase. Results suggest that post-onset flow channels drive the spatiotemporal development of the substorm expansion phase by (a) triggering successive onsets and (b) inducing bursts of PBIs and their prolonged sequence. We speculate that post-onset flow channels likely originate from the polar cap, but more evaluation is required. Our findings highlight the significance of examining imager data before solely relying on magnetometers to identify substorm onsets.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling Global Electron Precipitation Driven by Whistler Mode Waves: Integrating Physical and Deep Learning Approaches","authors":"Sheng Huang, Wen Li, Qianli Ma, Xiao-Chen Shen, Luisa Capannolo, Xiangning Chu","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Whistler mode waves scatter energetic electrons, causing them to precipitate into the Earth's atmosphere. While the interactions between whistler mode waves and electrons are well understood, the global distribution of electron precipitation driven by whistler mode waves needs futher investigations. We present a two-stage method, integrating neural networks and quasi-linear theory, to simulate global electron precipitation driven by whistler mode waves. By applying this approach to the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm event, we reproduce the rapidly varying precipitation pattern over various phases of the storm. Then we validate our simulation results with POES/MetOp satellite observations. The precipitation pattern is consistent between simulations and observations, suggesting that most of the observed electron precipitation can be attributed to scattering by whistler mode waves. Our results indicate that chorus waves drive electron precipitation over the premidnight-to-afternoon sector during the storm main phase, with simulated peak energy fluxes of 20 erg/cm<sup>2</sup>/s and characteristic energies of 10–50 keV. During the recovery phase, plume hiss in the afternoon sector can have a comparable or stronger effect than chorus, with peak fluxes of ∼1 erg/cm<sup>2</sup>/s and characteristic energies between 10 and 200 keV. This study highlights the importance of integrating physics-based and deep learning approaches to model the complex dynamics of electron precipitation driven by whistler mode waves.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JA033089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Terry Z. Liu, Vassilis Angelopoulos, Xin An, Hadi Madanian
{"title":"ARTEMIS Observations of Lunar Crustal Field-Solar Wind Interaction and Impact on Reflected Plasma Under Weak Radial IMF","authors":"Terry Z. Liu, Vassilis Angelopoulos, Xin An, Hadi Madanian","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033217","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnetic anomalies or crustal fields are frequently observed close to the lunar surface, yet their interaction with the ambient plasma is not fully understood. Utilizing data from the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) spacecraft, we perform case studies of such interactions under radial, weak interplanetary magnetic field. Our analysis shows that while the lunar crustal field direction did not directly affect the velocity and density of reflected ions, it locally increased their pitch angles, favoring growth of ultralow-frequency waves. Additionally, we find that while the solar wind ions were demagnetized, retaining a nearly constant velocity, the magnetized electrons acquired significant perpendicular drift velocity due to the crustal field, resulting in a Hall current. This current altered the field strength near the lunar surface. The calculated loss cone angles of electrons reflected by the near-surface field estimated from the Hall current are consistent with observations, suggesting that the crustal field was dominated by the Hall magnetic field. Our study advances our understanding of how lunar crustal fields interact with the solar wind and modify the nearby reflected plasma.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}