Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics最新文献

{"title":"Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Sporadic Meteors Radiant Observed by Meteor Radars","authors":"Jiahui Luo,&nbsp;Yun Gong,&nbsp;Shaodong Zhang,&nbsp;Zheng Ma,&nbsp;Qihou Zhou,&nbsp;Jiaxin Bao","doi":"10.1029/2024JA032889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA032889","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on data collected from three meteor radars located at Mohe (MH, 53.5°N, 122.3°E), Wuhan (WH, 30.5°N, 114.6°E), and Ledong (LD, 18.4°N, 109.0°E), the diurnal and seasonal variations of the meteor counts, azimuth-zenith distributions of meteors, and sporadic meteor radiant are investigated. For the diurnal variation, meteor counts typically peak around 4 local time (LT) and reach their lowest levels near 17 LT, and the azimuth of the maximum meteor densities exhibits a clockwise rotation with LT. Such a characteristic is determined to be due to the domination of meteors from the helion direction during the daytime and from the antihelion direction during the nighttime. Additionally, three other meteor sources, north apex, south apex, and north toroidal have contributed to detections across all three radar sites. Distinct seasonal variations in meteor counts and azimuth-zenith distribution are observed at MH while such variations are less evident at WH and LD. The seasonal variation of the radiant distributions displays significant distinct characteristics among different latitudinal observations. These diurnal and seasonal variations can be well explained by the change in the relative positions of the five meteor sources in the radars' local frame of reference. Our study enhances our ability to predict the characteristics of meteor counts and azimuth-zenith distributions observed by meteor radar at any given time and location.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ionospheric Irregularities Coinciding With the 2023 Typhoon Saola: A Multi-Instrument Study","authors":"Wenfeng Nie,&nbsp;Fangyuan Wang,&nbsp;Zhizhong Qiao,&nbsp;Tianhe Xu,&nbsp;Yong Wang,&nbsp;Mingzhu Ye,&nbsp;Lianhuan Hu,&nbsp;Tong Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Typhoons exert significant influences on the ionosphere through atmospheric waves, ultimately affecting radio signals in the L-band of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Due to the limitations of ground observations, the mechanisms and full impacts of typhoon-induced ionospheric variation remain to be explored. To address this gap, we embarked on a challenging expedition, employing a shipborne ionospheric scintillation monitoring receiver (ISMR) to gather data near the trajectory of Typhoon Saola during August and September 2023. The results revealed prominent amplitude scintillation and total electron content fluctuations in GNSS satellite detections, particularly during sunset from 29 to 31 August 2023. The findings are cross-validated with ground GNSS stations, high-frequency radar and the Swarm satellite, confirming the presence of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). These EPBs have demonstrable effects on GNSS signals, ultimately influencing the precision of positioning performance. By examining the influence of the neutral wind field on atmospheric gravity waves triggered by typhoons, we elucidated how these waves impact the ionosphere, ultimately leading to the formation of plasma bubbles.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subauroral TEC Enhancement, GNSS Scintillation, and Positioning Error During STEVE","authors":"R. H. Chen,&nbsp;Y. Nishimura,&nbsp;W. Liao,&nbsp;J. L. Semeter,&nbsp;M. D. Zettergren,&nbsp;E. F. Donovan,&nbsp;V. Angelopoulos","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033345","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We report the first simultaneous observations of total electron content (TEC), radio signal scintillation, and precise point positioning (PPP) variation associated with Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) emissions during a 26 March 2008 storm-time substorm. Despite that the mid-latitude trough TEC decreases during the substorm overall, interestingly, we found an unexpected TEC enhancement (by ∼2 TECU) during STEVE. Enhancement of vertical TEC and phase scintillation was highly localized to STEVE within a thin latitudinal band of 1°. As STEVE shifted equatorward, TEC enhancement was found at and slightly poleward of the optical emission. PPP exhibited enhanced variation across a 3° latitudinal range around STEVE and indicated increased GNSS positioning error. We suggest that TEC enhancement during STEVE creates local TEC structures in the ionosphere that degrade Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals and PPP performance. The TEC enhancement may be created by particle precipitation, Pedersen drift across STEVE, neutral wind, or plasma instability.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Ionospheric Disturbances Due To Geomagnetic Storms of March and April 2023: Inferred From VLF Navigational Signals and Numerical Simulations","authors":"Rajat Tripathi,&nbsp;Dayanand Bhaskar,&nbsp;Ajeet Kumar Maurya,&nbsp;Sushil Kumar,&nbsp;Rajesh Singh","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033188","url":null,"abstract":"<p>D-region effect of intense storm of 23 March (<i>D</i>_<i>st</i> = −163 nT) and super storm of 23 April 2023 (<i>D</i>_<i>st</i> = −212 nT) have been investigated using VTX and NWC transmitter signals recorded at low latitude station Dehradun (DDN; 30.31°N, 78.03°E), India. During March storm on 23 March, amplitude anomalies of +2.92 (NWC) and +1.91 dB (VTX) were observed. April storm showed amplitude anomalies of −9.41 (NWC) and −2.68 dB (VTX) on 23 April. Long Wave Propagation Capability code (LWPC) has been used to model signal anomalies to obtain D-region Very low frequency (VLF) reference height (<i>H</i>′) and electron density gradient (<i>β</i>). During March storm, NWC-Dehradun path showed a decrease in <i>H</i>′ by 12.04 km and an increase in <i>β</i> by 0.301 km⁻¹, while VTX-Dehradun path showed an increase in <i>H</i>′ by 0.07 km and <i>β</i> by 0.032 km⁻¹ on 23 March. During April storm, VTX-Dehradun path showed increase in <i>H</i>′ by 0.315 km and an increase in <i>β</i> by 0.024 km⁻¹, while <i>H</i>′ increased by 2.91 km and <i>β</i> by 0.23 km⁻¹ for NWC—Dehradun path on 23 April. Wavelet analysis of VLF anomalies showed signatures of atmospheric gravity waves of periods between 30 and 100 min during both storms associated with joule heating in the high/auroral latitudes. Results suggest that storm time prompt penetration (PP) of electric fields has contributed to VLF signal anomalies during April storm's main phase, which is also supported by PP Equatorial Electric Field Model run for the location of DDN station.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraseasonal Variability of the Equatorial Ionosphere Responses to the Madden-Julian Oscillation","authors":"Xu Zhou,&nbsp;Guiwan Chen,&nbsp;Xinan Yue,&nbsp;Ruilong Zhang,&nbsp;Akimasa Yoshikawa","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033342","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the response of the equatorial ionosphere to the tropospheric Madden-Jullian Oscillation (MJO) using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model-eXtended (WACCM-X). Main results indicate that the intraseasonal variability of ionospheric vertical plasma drifts (<i>V</i>_<i>iz</i>) is generally strong around boreal winters and exhibits significant eastward-propagating signals. Composite analysis showed that, during the December-January-February-March (DJFM) season, <i>V</i>_<i>iz</i> was generally negative when the MJO was active over the Maritime Continent (Phase 5) and positive when the MJO was active over the Indian Ocean (Phase 2). The magnitude of MJO impact on <i>V</i>_<i>iz</i> achieves ∼1.2 m/s, representing roughly 10% of the seasonal mean. The eastward-propagating wavenumber-4 is apparently strong during MJO phases 5 and 1–2, which is examined to be associated with non-migrating tides below. Term analysis revealed the importance of zonal winds on driving the <i>V</i>_<i>iz</i> responses. This study emphasizes the importance of tropospheric sources that affect the geospace environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of an Asymmetric Internal Field in the Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere-Ionosphere (CIMI) Model","authors":"M.-C. Fok,&nbsp;R. A. Wolf,&nbsp;C. P. Ferradas,&nbsp;S.-B. Kang,&nbsp;A. Glocer,&nbsp;N. Y. Buzulukova,&nbsp;Q. Ma,&nbsp;D. T. Welling","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere-Ionosphere (CIMI) model has been developed to study the dynamics of the cold plasmasphere and the energetic plasmas in the inner magnetosphere, as well as their couplings with each other and with the ionosphere. The CIMI model is able to predict the cold plasma density and energetic electron and ion fluxes in geospace. Furthermore, CIMI is capable of predicting the Region 2 currents, penetration electric field, electron and ion precipitation and magnetospheric heat flux into the ionosphere. The CIMI model includes a realistic magnetic field configuration with a combination of an internal field and an external field imposed by the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere. The internal field has previously been assumed to be a dipole. Recently, the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) has been implemented. This new capability enables studies of north-south and longitudinal dependences in particle precipitation and heat flux, as well as the corresponding asymmetries in ionospheric and thermospheric responses. In this paper, we will briefly review the CIMI equations and model output. Then we will describe the new implementation of the IGRF model into CIMI and how to estimate the north-south asymmetry in precipitating fluxes from the differences in field strength between magnetic conjugate points. The inclusion of a realistic internal field leads CIMI into a better position to couple with sophisticated ionosphere-thermosphere models, most of which are using the IGRF model.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JA033075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Spatiotemporal Structure of Induced Magnetic Fields in Callisto's Plasma Environment Due to Their Propagation With MHD Modes","authors":"David Strack,&nbsp;Joachim Saur","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033235","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigate how the spatiotemporal structure of induced magnetic fields outside of Callisto is affected by their propagation with the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes. At moons that are surrounded by dense magnetized plasmas like the Galilean moons, low-frequency induced magnetic fields cannot propagate with the ordinary electromagnetic mode as is implicitly used by standard analytical expressions. Instead, the induced magnetic fields propagate with the MHD modes, which exhibit anisotropic propagation properties and have finite velocities. Using an MHD framework, we model the spatiotemporal effects of the transport on the induced signals and analyze their contribution to Galileo's C03 and C09 flyby observations. We find that the induced magnetic field in Callisto's plasma environment is asymmetric with a pronounced upstream/downstream asymmetry. By neglecting the transport effects, the amplitude of the induced magnetic field is under- or overestimated by up to tens of percent, respectively. Additionally, we find that MHD wave and convection velocities are strongly reduced in Callisto's local plasma environment, resulting in an additional temporal delay between the emergence of the induced field at the surface of Callisto or the top of its ionosphere and the measurements at spacecraft location. The associated phase shift depends on the location of the observer and can reach values of several to tens of degrees of the phase of the primary inducing frequency. Transport effects impact the observed induction signals and are consistent with the C03 and C09 magnetic field measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JA033235","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproducing Ultra-Relativistic Electron Acceleration Using a Coupled Density and Radiation Belt Model","authors":"T. A. Daggitt,&nbsp;R. B. Horne,&nbsp;S. A. Glauert,&nbsp;G. Del Zanna","doi":"10.1029/2024JA032971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA032971","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cold plasma density can significantly alter the rate of diffusion of radiation belt electrons by chorus waves within the magnetosphere, and the range of energies at which diffusion is effective. We describe a coupled density and radiation belt model based on the British Antarctic Survey Radiation Belt Model that uses spatially and temporally varying values of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>p</mi>\u0000 <mi>e</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>c</mi>\u0000 <mi>e</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${f}_{pe}/{f}_{ce}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> to drive a statistical model of electron diffusion due to chorus waves. We demonstrate that this approach of including the variance in <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>p</mi>\u0000 <mi>e</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>c</mi>\u0000 <mi>e</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${f}_{pe}/{f}_{ce}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> recreates the acceleration of electrons up to MeV energies better than other previous approaches to including <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>p</mi>\u0000 <mi>e</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>c</mi>\u0000 <mi>e</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${f}_{pe}/{f}_{ce}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JA032971","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ionosphere Responses Over Asian-Australian and American Sectors to the 10–12 May 2024 Superstorm","authors":"Ruilong Zhang,&nbsp;Libo Liu,&nbsp;Yuyan Yang,&nbsp;Wenbo Li,&nbsp;Xiukuan Zhao,&nbsp;Akimasa Yoshikawa,&nbsp;M. Arslan Tariq,&nbsp;Yiding Chen,&nbsp;Huijun Le","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work analyzed the ionospheric disturbances over the Asian-Australian and American sectors during the superstorm that started from ∼17 UT on 10 May 2024. During 17–22.5 UT, the equatorial ΔH recorded the positive and negative disturbances in American and Asian sectors due to the penetration electric fields (PEFs). The Total Electron Content (TEC) at American was enhanced for ∼9 hr within 50°S–40°N, while TEC at Asian-Australian decreased for ∼3 hr within 10°S–25°N. The equatorward disturbance winds promptly propagated to middle and low latitudes after 1 hr of the storm onset in Asian sector and impeded the negative TEC induced by the westward PEFs. In the recovery phase, the repeated elevations of hmF2s were observed in two sectors under the multiple PEFs resulting from the interplanetary magnetic fields Bz south-north turning before 12 UT on 11 May. After that, in the American sector the westward disturbance dynamo electric fields were remarkable, and induced the negative storm effects at low latitudes; while in Asian-Australian sector, the TEC presented the negative storm in the Northern Hemisphere and positive storm in the Southern Hemisphere. In Asian sector, the middle negative TEC storm became positive after 14–24 UT on 11 May and then switched to negative, which firstly occurred in the eastern regions and spread to westward and equatorward. These longitude gradients might be caused by disturbance winds and O/N2. Besides, the positive storm reinforced in conjugated Australian sector when the positive TEC was observed in Asian sector, indicating the possible contribution of the reinforced plasmasphere refilling.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total Electron Content Variations During an HSS/SIR-Driven Geomagnetic Storm at High and Mid Latitudes","authors":"G. P. Geethakumari,&nbsp;A. T. Aikio,&nbsp;L. Cai,&nbsp;H. Vanhamäki,&nbsp;I. I. Virtanen,&nbsp;A. Coster,&nbsp;A. Marchaudon,&nbsp;P.-L. Blelly,&nbsp;A. Maute,&nbsp;J. Norberg,&nbsp;S. Oyama,&nbsp;Y. Zhang,&nbsp;B. S. R. Kunduri","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033192","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Two interacting high-speed solar wind streams (HSSs) and associated stream interaction regions (SIR) caused a moderate geomagnetic storm during 14–20 March 2016. The spatio-temporal evolution of the total electron content (TEC) during the storm is studied by using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. The moderate storm caused significant and long-lasting changes on TEC within the polar cap (70&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${}^{circ}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;–90&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${}^{circ}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; MLAT), at auroral and sub-auroral latitudes (60&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${}^{circ}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;–70&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${}^{circ}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; MLAT), and at mid-latitudes (40&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${}^{circ}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;–60&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${}^{circ}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; MLAT). A 25%–50% depletion in TEC was observed for six days in the day, dusk and dawn sectors in the polar cap region and in the day and dusk sectors at the auroral and sub-auroral latitudes. Sub-auroral polarization streams observed by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellite contributed to the sub-auroral dusk TEC decreases. At mid-latitudes, TEC depletion was observed in all local time sectors 21 hr after the storm onset. It is suggested that ion-neutral frictional heating causes the TEC depletions, which is further supported by the observed spatial correlation between TEC depletions and &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∑&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $sum $&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;O/N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; decreases at mid-latitudes observed by TIMED/GUVI. The storm induced a prolonged positive phase at mid-latitudes lasting 9 hr. In the polar cap, enhancements of TEC up to 200% were caused by polar cap patches. TEC increases were the dominant feature in the night and morning sectors within the auroral oval because of particle precipitat","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"129 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JA033192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}