Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics最新文献

{"title":"Influence of Diurnal Tide on the Low-Latitude UMLT Mean Zonal Wind: Evidence From Momentum Flux Estimation Using ICON/MIGHTI Winds","authors":"Samadrita Basu,&nbsp;S. Sridharan,&nbsp;J. Solomon Ivan","doi":"10.1029/2025JA034916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034916","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The influence of migrating diurnal tides in driving the mean zonal wind in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (UMLT) is investigated using the zonal and meridional winds observed by the Michelson Interferometer for Global High-Resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument onboard the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite over the region of interest having a latitudinal and longitudinal extent of 5°N–15°N and 67.5°E–90°E, respectively, for the years 2020, 2021, and 2022. The mean zonal wind exhibits a distinct semiannual oscillation (SAO) with large westward winds found during January–March and September–December, varying in intensity (20–40 m/s) across all three years from 91 to 103 km. The diurnal tidal amplitude in meridional wind (DTV) reported equinoctial maximum (∼80–100 m/s) and solstitial minimum (∼10–30 m/s), revealing similar SAO found in mean zonal wind. The seasonal variation of westward acceleration, induced by the vertical gradient of meridional flux of zonal momentum (<i>F</i>_meridional), peaks during January-March (18–43 m/s/day) and September-December (40–55 m/s/day), exhibiting an equinoctial enhancement analogous to the westward wind intensity in mesospheric SAO. This quantitatively demonstrates the significance of momentum flux deposition by diurnal tides in driving the MSAO above 91 km using ICON/MIGHTI wind observations for the first time. The magnitude of westward acceleration (m/s/day) induced by <i>F</i>_meridional exceeds the convergence of vertical flux of zonal momentum (<i>F</i>_zonal) due to diurnal tides from January to March, while the westward acceleration induced by both <i>F</i>_zonal and <i>F</i>_meridional are found to be larger and comparable during September–December.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mid- and High-Latitude Ionospheric Responses to the Mother's Day Super Geomagnetic Storm of 2024 Using VLF Propagation and Satellite Data","authors":"Jitiprova Ghosh,&nbsp;Rakhijul Alam Faruque,&nbsp;Gahul Amin,&nbsp;Tero Raita,&nbsp;Mark A. Clilverd,&nbsp;Sujay Pal","doi":"10.1029/2025JA034229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034229","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The geomagnetic storm of 10–11 May 2024 (G5-level) caused major ionospheric disturbances, providing an opportunity to examine its wide-ranging effects. This study analyzes ionospheric perturbations over mid- and high-latitude regions using Very Low Frequency (VLF) radio signal observations and TIMED/SABER satellite data in both hemispheres. Significant VLF amplitude anomalies were recorded along five paths (NAA-BRN, NAA-ASB, NAA-KIL, NAA-St. Johns, and NAA-Rothera), indicating strong lower ionospheric responses during and after the storm. High-latitude stations (KIL, Rothera) showed marked signal changes on 11 May, while the mid-latitude site (ASB) exhibited delayed peaks on 13 May. The associated solar energetic particle (SEP) event produced noticeable VLF fluctuations about 10 min after onset, particularly evident in high-resolution data. Wavelet analysis confirmed the presence of atmospheric gravity waves (15 s–30 min periods). SABER observations showed enhanced Nitric Oxide (NO) concentrations in the D- and E/F-regions, peaking on 11 May at 85–95 km and 110–130 km altitudes, respectively. These NO increases, caused by energetic particle precipitation, were observed across both hemispheres. Temperature profiles revealed storm-related warming above 95 km and cooling below 90 km in the Northern Hemisphere, linked to Joule heating, NO-induced infrared cooling, and vertical transport. The study highlights the value of combining ground-based VLF and satellite data to understand storm-time ionospheric dynamics, emphasizing hemispheric asymmetries, delayed responses, and regional variability in space weather effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and Energy Dependence of Energetic Electron Precipitation Originating From Jupiter's Inner and Middle Magnetosphere","authors":"Domenique Freund,&nbsp;George Clark,&nbsp;Lauren W. Blum,&nbsp;Zhi-Gu Li","doi":"10.1029/2026JA035205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JA035205","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Energetic electron precipitation transfers trapped magnetospheric energy into Jupiter's atmosphere, yet its contribution beyond the main auroral oval has to be fully quantified. This study statistically investigates the atmospheric energy input from electrons in the 30 keV–1.2 MeV range using in situ measurements from the <i>Juno</i> spacecraft, focusing on particles mapping to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>M</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $M$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-shells 2–30 and encompassing the diffuse auroral region. The precipitating energy flux is quantified, dependencies on magnetic local time and System III longitude are examined, and the energy-dependent structure of the precipitation across the magnetosphere is investigated. The results show that electron precipitation equatorward of the main auroral oval contributes a substantial fraction of Jupiter's atmospheric energy budget when integrated over area, and in some regions is comparable to, or exceeds, estimates of the main auroral power. Magnetic local time and longitudinal dependencies are identified, with the latter linked to hemispheric differences in magnetospheric structure and, ultimately, loss-cone geometry. Radial variations further reveal systematic, energy-dependent changes in precipitating electrons as higher latitudes are approached.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JA035205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Constraints on the Jovian Narrowband Radio Components From Juno/Waves Observations and 3D Geometrical Simulations","authors":"A. Boudouma,&nbsp;P. Zarka,&nbsp;C. K. Louis,&nbsp;M. Imai,&nbsp;C. Briand","doi":"10.1029/2025JA034878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034878","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Measurements of Waves instrument onboard the Juno spacecraft suggest that narrowband kilometric radiation (nKOM; 20–141 kHz) and narrowband low-frequency radiation (nLF; 5–70 kHz) are generated within the plasma near the Io plasma torus (IPT) in low-latitude regions. While these emissions are thought to result from the conversion of the natural modes of the plasma into escaping radio waves, at either the fundamental or the first harmonic of the plasma frequency, there is no consensus on the specific mechanism involved. Using the electron density and the magnetic field data from the Jovian Auroral Distribution Experiment (JADE) and the FluxGate Magnetometer (FGM), we determine the range of frequencies accessible to different wave modes during Juno's crossing of the plasma disk environment. We classify the observed nKOM and nLF according to their propagation modes: trapped (Z-mode or Whistler), escaping (X-mode or O-mode), and undetermined (either trapped or escaping). We apply the 3D numerical modeling method that was developed in Boudouma et al. (2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023ja032280) to the escaping and undetermined nKOM and nLF observations, deriving macroscopic constraints on the generation mechanisms, wave modes, characteristic frequencies, beaming and source locations. Our results support the interpretation in which high-latitude nKOM is consistent with O-mode, while low-latitude is rather X-mode. Both nKOM and nLF appear to be generated near the fundamental of the plasma frequency, but only nLF shows compatibility with emission near the first harmonic, suggesting the possible coexistence of both linear and nonlinear generation mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JA034878","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Timescale Responses of the EEJ to Energy Deposition in the Auroral Region During the 10 May 2024 Superstorm","authors":"Yuyang Huang,&nbsp;Chao Xiong,&nbsp;Fengjue Wang,&nbsp;Jaeheung Park,&nbsp;Shuji Abe,&nbsp;Jia Zhu,&nbsp;Akimasa Yoshikawa","doi":"10.1029/2025JA034685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034685","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on data from ground-based magnetometers in four longitudinal sectors across the Americas and Asia, this study presents a detailed analysis of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) driving mechanisms during the intense geomagnetic storm of May 10–11, 2024. Our results reveal a clear evolution of the driving mechanisms throughout the storm. During the main phase, EEJ variations were predominantly driven by the prompt penetration electric field (PPEF), although an early onset of the disturbance dynamo electric field (DDEF) was also identified. In the recovery phase, however, the dynamic process transitioned into a complex, multi-timescale competition. A slowly varying, DDEF-dominated background field contended with frequent, PPEF-like electric field penetrations driven using internal magnetospheric processes. This complexity is highlighted by several significant EEJ disturbances that cannot be explained by typical Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) conditions, such as a pulse-like disturbance during the main phase and fluctuations without an IMF trigger in the late recovery phase. The drivers of these disturbances are revealed to be multifaceted. While some disturbances can now be attributed to the PPEFs following magnetospheric compression by solar wind dynamic pressure pulses, others are suggested to be driven by either high-latitude electric fields penetrating from magnetospheric sources (e.g., subauroral polarization streams) or by DDEFs with an atmospheric origin. Furthermore, this study highlights the critical role of the nightside EEJ in monitoring global electric field fluctuations, demonstrating that it provides a more complete view of the global morphology of storm-time electric fields and their competing drivers. These findings demonstrate that equatorial electrodynamics during a major geomagnetic storm result from a non-linear interaction between conventional driving mechanisms and transient, internally driven magnetospheric processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Faceted Investigations of Crustal Deformation and Ionospheric Perturbations Associated With the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Doublet in South-Eastern Türkiye","authors":"A. S. Sunil,&nbsp;M. S. Rose,&nbsp;K. M. Sreejith,&nbsp;Tuncay Taymaz,&nbsp;Mahesh N. Shrivastava,&nbsp;P. S. Sunil","doi":"10.1029/2026JA035114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JA035114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Doublet (Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.7) involved complex rupture patterns across multiple strands of the East Anatolian Fault (EAF) and Sürgü-Çardak Fault (SCF) in SE Türkiye. The Mw 7.8 earthquake, triggered on a secondary fault, caused the rupture to propagate along the EAF for a distance of ∼300 km mainly towards north-east direction. The subsequent Mw 7.7 earthquake ruptured an ∼150 km segment of the SCF with a prominent bilateral propagation from the hypocenter. Joint inversion of co-seismic deformation fields derived from GPS and SAR observations reveals consistent left-lateral strike-slip motions for both the Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.7 events with peak slip amplitudes of ∼9.5 m and ∼11 m, respectively. GPS-TEC estimates show co-seismic ionospheric perturbations (CIP) with substantially larger amplitudes (∼1 TECU vs. 0.17 TECU) during the Mw 7.7 event, despite its lower magnitude. The compact high-slip rupture and greater surface displacements (up to 4.41 m horizontal, 0.47 m subsidence) of the Mw 7.7 event represent the decisive source-side factors elevating CIP amplitudes, with secondary amplification from favorable geomagnetic coupling southward of the epicenter and higher background ionospheric ionization.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energization of Cold Lunar-Origin Ions in Earth's Magnetotail Lobes: Kaguya Observations and Test-Particle Simulations","authors":"Jae-Hee Lee,&nbsp;Khan-Hyuk Kim,&nbsp;Dongseok Yun,&nbsp;Yewon Hong,&nbsp;Seul-Min Baek,&nbsp;Ho Jin,&nbsp;Jonghoon Lee,&nbsp;Hee-Eun Kim,&nbsp;Junhyun Lee,&nbsp;Ensang Lee,&nbsp;Yoshifumi Saito,&nbsp;Masaki Nishino,&nbsp;Shoichiro Yokota,&nbsp;Ian Garrick-Bethell,&nbsp;Vassilis Angelopoulos","doi":"10.1029/2025JA034860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034860","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Low-energy ion data (E &lt; 25 keV/q) acquired by the Kaguya spacecraft were used to study ions originating near the lunar surface when the Moon was in the terrestrial magnetotail lobe. We focus on three intervals during which Kaguya detected these ions at different altitudes: ∼100 km on 15 October 2008, ∼50 km on 9 April 2009, and a descent from ∼60 to ∼30 km on 9 May 2009. In each interval, the strongly enhanced fluxes of lunar-origin ions exhibited a band structure spanning less than 100 eV/q to ∼1,000 eV/q, with pitch angles from 30° to 140°. To understand where and how cold lunar-origin ions (&lt;1 eV) are energized to the observed energy levels, we conducted test-particle simulations. The simulations indicate that these ions can reach energies of ∼300 eV through multiple reflections from the lunar photoelectron sheath, and are further accelerated by the motional electric field, increasing their energies from several hundred eV to ∼1,000 eV, consistent with Kaguya observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147685943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the Electron Plasma-to-Cyclotron Frequency Ratio on the Generation and Saturation of EMIC Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere","authors":"Zuxiang Xue,&nbsp;Zhigang Yuan,&nbsp;Dan Deng,&nbsp;Xiongdong Yu,&nbsp;Fei Yao","doi":"10.1029/2026JA035084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JA035084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Statistical analyses reveal that electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are critically regulated by the electron plasma-to-cyclotron frequency ratio (<i>ω</i>_pe/Ω_e), with H⁺ (He⁺) band waves favoring lower (higher) <i>ω</i>_pe/Ω_e regions. Despite different bands exhibiting distinct sensitivities to variations in <i>ω</i>_pe/Ω_e, few studies have quantitatively assessed the effects of <i>ω</i>_pe/Ω_e on wave generation and saturation. To investigate this dependence, observations of the Van Allen Probe A during 6 years were analyzed, demonstrating that <i>ω</i>_pe/Ω_e strongly governs wave distributions at <i>L</i> &lt; ∼5, with H⁺-band waves prevailing at <i>ω</i>_pe/Ω_e = 2 ∼ 10 and He⁺-band waves at <i>ω</i>_pe/Ω_e = 7 ∼ 50. Furthermore, linear theory analyses and hybrid simulations reveal that for an identical maximum growth rate, higher <i>ω</i>_pe/Ω_e can marginally enhance saturation amplitudes of both bands, shorten the H⁺-band saturation time, but prolong that of He⁺ band. Furthermore, the effects of <i>ω</i>_pe/Ω_e are incorporated into a growth rate-based empirical model for wave saturation, providing new insights into wave modeling and magnetospheric dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of Ground Magnetic Variability Between High-Latitude Conjugate Chains to Characterize Interhemispheric Asymmetry During Geomagnetic Activity","authors":"G. Nowak,&nbsp;D. S. Öztürk,&nbsp;Z. Xu,&nbsp;H. Kim,&nbsp;M. J. Engebretson,&nbsp;A. Willer","doi":"10.1029/2025JA034815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034815","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Autonomous Adaptive Low-Power Instrument Platform magnetometer chain located in Antarctica has been operating since 2016 at a magnetically conjugate location to the West Greenland magnetometer chain, enabling interhemispheric evaluations of geomagnetic phenomena. Using 1-min resolution, three-dimensional magnetic field vector observations during geomagnetically active times throughout 2016–2022, we identified peak differences between conjugate magnetometer responses and statistically describe the time and amplitude differences that constitute an asymmetry. We found that a majority of asymmetric variations at these high-latitude locations consist of a response delay <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>Δ</mi>\u0000 <mi>t</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $({Delta }t)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> within 5 min. Further, approximately 20% of the qualifying difference peaks have no delay between responses, meaning there is a local maximum identified in both hemispheres within the same minute and the asymmetry is formed by a difference in response magnitude. To understand what physical processes might be responsible for the majority of asymmetric responses, we investigated the magnetic local time (MLT) distribution of ground magnetic variations associated with a response delay within 5 min. We found that for certain MLTs, asymmetries with a <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>Δ</mi>\u0000 <mi>t</mi>\u0000 <mo>≤</mo>\u0000 <mn>5</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${Delta }tle 5$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> min are consistent with interhemispheric differences in overhead field-aligned currents (FACs). The MLT range that overhead FACs seem to be a primary driver is latitude dependent, shifting from noon at high latitudes toward earlier MLTs at lower latitudes. Understanding the variability of the interhemispheric responses with respect to overhead FACs has far-reaching implications for unraveling how magnetosphere-ionosphere systems couple.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Contribution of Time Domain Structures to Electron Loss During the 17 March 2013 Geomagnetic Storm","authors":"Katja Stoll,&nbsp;Yangyang Shen,&nbsp;Bernhard Haas,&nbsp;Leonie Pick,&nbsp;Dedong Wang,&nbsp;Yuri Shprits","doi":"10.1029/2025JA034872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034872","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ring current modeling has been a subject of active research in the last two decades. However, accurately modeling of this population of particles remains a challenge. Several recent studies have demonstrated that ring current models can overestimate the trapped electron flux in the 10–50 keV range by up to two orders of magnitude during geomagnetic storms. This discrepancy can be attributed to an insufficient representation of electron loss processes, particularly the pitch-angle scattering in the pre-midnight sector. Time domain structures (TDS) can drive precipitation of electrons with energies of a few keV. In this study, we quantify TDS-induced scattering during the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm and incorporate the corresponding electron lifetimes into the four-dimensional Versatile near-Earth environment of Radiation Belts and ring current (VERB-4D) model. The TDS properties were derived from Van Allen Probes waveform observations and used to scale quasi-linear diffusion coefficients. Our results show that, using the estimated upper bound of observed TDS electric field amplitudes, TDS can significantly contribute to the electron loss. Nevertheless, even under such favorable assumptions, TDS-driven scattering alone cannot fully account for the electron loss that is inferred from the comparison with observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JA034872","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}