{"title":"δk-lidar sensing of the ocean surface","authors":"A. Palmer, J. Churnside","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1992.612745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1992.612745","url":null,"abstract":"Ak-lidar is a new remote sensing method for the ocean surface that is capable of measuring directional wave spectra from wavelengths of a few millimeters to over a meter and surface currents with accuracies of better than 5 cm/sec and spatial resolutions less than 10 meters. Ak-lidar is analogous to Ak-radar [l] but has several advantages over Ak-radar. Among the most important of these is a large increase in signal-noise-ratio (SNR) under conltions where speckle (referred to as clutter for Ak-radar) dominates the noise background. This is due to the ability of Ak-lidar to average many speckle correlation zones over the receiving aperture. Ak-lidar also has finer spatial and temporal resolution of surface waves than Ak-radar and is potentially a more compact system. This paper summarizes the basic theory for Ak-lidar and describes the first laboratory demonstration of the method.","PeriodicalId":158109,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 92 Proceedings@m_Mastering the Oceans Through Technology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131356551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Full-scale Experiments In Open-loop Positioning Of A Deep Towfish","authors":"F. Hover, D. Yoerger","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1992.607705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1992.607705","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":158109,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 92 Proceedings@m_Mastering the Oceans Through Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130232668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Simple Low Cost Acoustic Current Meter","authors":"N. Brown","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1992.607655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1992.607655","url":null,"abstract":"to advance significantly it is essential that observations at sea be more closely spaced, both in time and space. The high cost of existing current meters, mooring systems and the ships to deploy them is limiting our ability to collect adequate data and hence our understanding of oceanography and climatology. Satellite telemetry has facilitated obtaining data from remote sensors. Hence the oceanographic community is considering expendable moorings, air dropped moorings and possibly moorings deployed from \"ships of opportunity\". Regardless of which method is used, current meters must be much less expensive, consume much less battery power, be much smaller, lighter and reliable than existing instruments. It should be noted that the size and weight of current meters adversely effects the size and cost of the moorings and the cost of deploying the resulting system.","PeriodicalId":158109,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 92 Proceedings@m_Mastering the Oceans Through Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133800726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fast Repetition Rate (FRR) Fluorometer For Making In Situ Measurements Of Primary Productivity","authors":"Zbigniew, Kolber, Paul G. Falkowski","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1992.607657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1992.607657","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the ocean carbon cycle and predicting how climate-induced changes in ocean circulation will affect ocean productivity requires that (a) primary productivity be measured with high spatial and temporal resolution, and (b) natural variability in primary productivity be parameterized with regardto environmental factors such as nutrient availabuity, irradiance, and temperature. Instrumentation to measure primary productivity from the stimulated in vivo fluoresence of phytoplankton chlorophyll is currendy being developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The instrumentation is based on fast repetition rate (FRR) fluorometry, and provides a robust technique for deriving the photosynthetic rates in situ. Moreover, the FRR methodology directly measures several photosynthetic parameters such as effective absorption cross- section, photo-conversion efficiency, and turnover time of photosynthesis, and relate them to primary productivity. Since photosynthetic parameters are affected by environmental factors such as fight and nutrient availability, the relationship between these parameters and primary productivity can be established. By understanding such relationships, prognostic models of primary productivity can be developed and parameterized.","PeriodicalId":158109,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 92 Proceedings@m_Mastering the Oceans Through Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115325579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Aoki, S. Tsukioka, M. Hattori, T. Adachi, N. Ietsugu, T. Itoh, T. Nakae
{"title":"Development Of Expendable Optical Fiber Cable ROV \"UROV\"","authors":"T. Aoki, S. Tsukioka, M. Hattori, T. Adachi, N. Ietsugu, T. Itoh, T. Nakae","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1992.607689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1992.607689","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discibes the practical expendable optical fiber cable ROV \"UROV\" systeni which can provide both advantages of cabled-RQVs and uncabled-R(lVs.","PeriodicalId":158109,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 92 Proceedings@m_Mastering the Oceans Through Technology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124395374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ocean Probe - An Experiment In Operational Oceanography","authors":"D. Hazen, A. Bowen, K. Thompson, S. A. Matheson","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1992.612631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1992.612631","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":158109,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 92 Proceedings@m_Mastering the Oceans Through Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114852794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Millimeter-wave Scattering In A Wind-wavetank","authors":"M. Keller, W. Keller, B. Gotwols, D.S. Raley","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1992.612696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1992.612696","url":null,"abstract":"M illim e t e r -wave 6; c at t e r o m e t e r measurements were conducted in the NRL wind- wave facility at No and 515°incidence as a function of wind speed. The doppler spectra are consistent with Bragg scattering, so comparison with two-scale model functions is valid. Such comparison reveals that much work remains to be completed before our underslanding of the capillary waves with which millimeter-wave scatterometers are in resonance with is complete. For the past several years, the Naval Research Laboratory has been conducting scattering experiments in a wind-wave facility. These experiments have included backscattering measurements at X-band (10 GHz) that are reported elsewhere (l), and measurements of the modulation transfer function (mtf) at that frequency and at Ka-band (35 GHz). The good agreement obtained between the X-band wavetank results and open ocean measurements at similar frequencies suggested that the wavetank datal may provide an excellent test of scattering theories developed based on open ocean measurements. Further, if the data are consistent with Bragg scattering at Ka-band, then the scatterometer becomes one of the few instruments capable of measuring waves in the capillary regime.","PeriodicalId":158109,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 92 Proceedings@m_Mastering the Oceans Through Technology","volume":"126 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116435451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computational Experience With The Generalized Kalman Filter For Dynamic Heave Compensation","authors":"F. el-Hawary, F. Aminzadeh, G. Mbamalu","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1992.612701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1992.612701","url":null,"abstract":"We treat the generalized Kalman Filter (GKF) approach to analyze heave dynamics data more effectively. An optimum solution that simultaneously accounts for the accuracy of the estimates and stability (lateral continuity) is achieved. Conventional Kalman Filters (KF) have been used in source heave compensation. One of the roblems continuity, since each trace is analyzed separately (single channel o eration). The approach establishes a trade off cost related to the lateral discontinuity of the estimates. By assigning pro er weights for accuracy and stability (WA and U’S) in the oRjective function the desired balance between accuracy and stability is achieved. Computational results are offered to illustrate the trade-offs involved. associatedwithKFis the difficulties inmaintaining t Tl elateral between t K e cost associated with estimation error and the","PeriodicalId":158109,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 92 Proceedings@m_Mastering the Oceans Through Technology","volume":"359 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124518509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Underwater Signal Enhancement Using A Sine-wave Representation","authors":"T. Quatieri, R. B. Dunn, R. McAulay, T. E. Hanna","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1992.612733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1992.612733","url":null,"abstract":"A new approach to interference suppres- sion is developed to enhance the audibility of under- water acoustic signals. The method, developed in a sine-wave analysis/synthesis framework, is integrated with time and frequency modiflcatiolns for further sig- nal enhancement. The signal to be processed can be measured from a single channel with. no constraints on the direction of arrival of the component signals. Inter- fering signals are modeled by single or multiple tones which are amplitude and frequency :modulated. Three sources of interference are being addressed: man-made signals (e.g. active sonar), biologics (e.g. porpoise), and geologics (e.g. ice). The enhancement techniques are robust in a large range of random noise environ- ments.","PeriodicalId":158109,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 92 Proceedings@m_Mastering the Oceans Through Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129407292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Forward Array Looking Wide Band Phased Sonar For Autonomous Vehicles (AUV)","authors":"F. Nussbaum, J. G. Kelly, J. C. Cochran","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1992.607711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1992.607711","url":null,"abstract":"~ b s t r a c t Basic to the success of almost all AUV missions is the ability of a vehicle to detect and in many cases m, not just turn away from, an obstacle dead ahead. This requirement is made considerably more challenging when an AUV operates in shallow water because boundary reverberation will degrade acoustic sensor performance. Sensors currently available for forward mounting into an AUV either do not have adequate directional discrimination to allow for shallow water operation or they operate at a frequency so high that detection range and (as a result) forward speed are severely limited. A forward-looking phased array sonar that operates over a wide frequency range (50200 kHz) can detect obstacles at long ranges and provide fairly precise images of objects at short ranges. For specialized missions, this sonar would operate in concert with specialized mission sensors to provide performance gains in search, detection, classification, and vehicle control. NUWC is currently working with Raytheon, Submarine Signal Division, to demonstrate a wideband (50-200 kHz) phased array sonar for small underwater submersibles. By the end of Ey92, a 12 x 12 inch, 1600 element receive array, operating at 30% sparseness (500 individual element channels) will be fabricated and tested. During the course of this effort, new technology has been developed that configures single sheets of polyvinylidene diflouride polymer (PVDF) into densely populated arrays of independent acoustic sensors. This technology provides unprecedented flexibility in the design of acoustic receive arrays, making it feasible and affordable to configure acoustic receivers for specialized applications. The NUWC array is being configured to a plane surface, but this technology makes application of complex phased arrays to a curved surface a practical option.","PeriodicalId":158109,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS 92 Proceedings@m_Mastering the Oceans Through Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128960708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}