Conservation Letters最新文献

{"title":"What is the value of biotic seed dispersal in post-fire forest regeneration?","authors":"José Benedicto-Royuela,&nbsp;José Miguel Costa,&nbsp;Ruben Heleno,&nbsp;Joaquim S. Silva,&nbsp;Helena Freitas,&nbsp;Pedro Lopes,&nbsp;Sara Beatriz Mendes,&nbsp;Sérgio Timóteo","doi":"10.1111/conl.12990","DOIUrl":"10.1111/conl.12990","url":null,"abstract":"<p>World forests face many threats, including wildfires, with tremendous ecological, social, and economic implications. Mediterranean ecosystems have evolved in the presence of fire, but changes to fire regimes associated with other global changes pose new challenges to postfire community regeneration. Forest regeneration largely depends on plant adaptations to survive wildfires or on the recolonization of burnt areas through seed dispersal. However, the value of the service provided by wild animals to postfire forest regeneration remains unevaluated. Here, we estimate the economic value of the biotic seed dispersal service in postfire restoration in Portugal. We combine budgeted costs of governmental Emergency Stabilisation Reports with network analysis that estimates the dependency of the Portuguese flora on biotic seed dispersal and on alternative fire regeneration strategies. Replacing the services provided by seed dispersers during postfire regeneration of Portuguese forests would cost 23,061,621€/year, highlighting the need for integrative policies that promote resilient forests.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12990","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72365237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patch-scale edge effects do not indicate landscape-scale fragmentation effects","authors":"Lenore Fahrig","doi":"10.1111/conl.12992","DOIUrl":"10.1111/conl.12992","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Negative landscape-scale fragmentation effects are often inferred from negative patch-scale edge effects. I tested this cross-scale extrapolation using two evaluations. First, I searched for studies that estimated the direction of both a patch-scale edge effect and a landscape-scale fragmentation effect. The directions were concordant and discordant in 55% and 45% of cases, respectively. Second, I extracted from the literature a sample of landscape-scale fragmentation effects on individual species. Then, for each species I searched for studies from which I could calculate the slope of its patch-scale edge effect. Species showing negative patch-scale edge effects were nearly equally likely to show negative or positive landscape-scale fragmentation effects, and likewise for species showing positive patch-scale edge effects. The results mean that the efficacy of policies related to habitat fragmentation cannot be inferred from observed patch-scale edge effects. Such policies require landscape-scale evidence, comparing species' responses in landscapes with different levels of fragmentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72365236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adopt digital tools to monitor social dimensions of the global biodiversity framework","authors":"Diogo Veríssimo,&nbsp;Thomas F. Johnson,&nbsp;Joseph W. Millard,&nbsp;Uri Roll","doi":"10.1111/conl.12991","DOIUrl":"10.1111/conl.12991","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) envisions harmonious coexistence with nature. Realizing this vision depends on effectively monitoring progress toward the GBF's goals and targets. However, the GBF's current monitoring framework (Convention on Biological Diversity, &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;) has fundamental gaps. Of its 27 goals and targets, only nine have a complete set of headline indicators, while most goals either have no indicators to track their achievement or have at least one indicator that is only conceptual.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Of particular concern is the lack of indicators to track human attitudes toward species, biomes, and biodiversity more broadly. Monitoring human attitudes and behavior is critical to achieve several key GBF targets. For example, Targets 4 and 6 aim to resolve human–wildlife conflict and manage invasive species, respectively (Convention on Biological Diversity, &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). These threat processes are inherently linked to human dimensions, so any monitoring focused solely on ecological measurement—and ignoring human behaviors and attitudes—will be at best incomplete. In the context of human–wildlife conflict, large-scale assessments have predicted conflict zones for species across continental scales using data on species ranges as well as human population densities, assuming an overlap in species range and human population leads to increased conflict risk. This assumption may hold at global scales, but conservation policy often unfolds at national-local scales, where highly heterogenous human behaviors and attitudes are the key factor influencing conflict risk. For instance, conflicts do not always correlate with physical damage or loss, with some societies and cultures being more tolerant to the presence of substantial damage and others retaining a high level of conflict even when species cause only negligible loss. Ultimately, our ability to understand and predict human-mediated threats such as human–wildlife conflict is contingent upon capturing this heterogeneity in behaviors and attitudes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The same is true for threats such as biological invasion. In this context, our ability to successfully conserve species will depend not only on our ability to detect and map threats such as biological invasions but also on understanding public attitudes toward these threats. This approach of integrating social indicators into ecological indicators offers unprecedented insight and conservation potential. For instance, social indicators may reveal an increased interest in people purchasing invasive tropical plants for their garden, which could be used as an early-warning signal to assess and forecast the ecological risk of the impact. Under high risk, we should mobilize to promote behavioral change and awareness of impacts to mitigate risks. This approach shifts conservation from reactive to proactive, halting declines in their tracks. Such approaches are already being researched with online digital data (Jari","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12991","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71492540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scrutinizing the impact of policy instruments on adoption of agricultural conservation practices using Bayesian expert models","authors":"Angela J Dean, Rachel Eberhard, Umberto Baresi, Anthea Coggan, Felicity Deane, Evan Hamman, Kate J. Helmstedt, Barton Loechel, Diane Jarvis, Helen Mayfield, Lillian Stevens, Bruce Taylor, Karen Vella","doi":"10.1111/conl.12988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12988","url":null,"abstract":"Policy instruments—such as regulation, financial incentives, and agricultural extension—are commonly applied by governments to promote sustainable agricultural practices and tackle ecosystem degradation. Despite substantial investment, little data are available to gauge the impact of evolving policy mixes. We constructed a Bayesian network model to explore relationships between policy instruments, contextual factors, and adoption. Applying a series of scenarios, we present examples of how different instruments influence adoption and how their effectiveness is shaped by contextual factors. Scenarios highlight that the effect of policy instruments is often modest, and constrained by diverse practice and population characteristics. These findings allow us to reflect on the role of policy instruments, and the conditions necessary to support practice change. For example, our findings raise questions about the role of financial benefits versus financial capacity, and highlight the potential importance of concepts such as mental bandwidth in shaping both motivation and capacity to adopt.","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"32 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71492539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What starts with laughter ends in tears: Invasive alien species regulations should not hinder scientific research","authors":"Agata Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska,&nbsp;Agnieszka Olszańska,&nbsp;Kamil Najberek,&nbsp;Rafał Maciaszek,&nbsp;Wojciech Solarz","doi":"10.1111/conl.12986","DOIUrl":"10.1111/conl.12986","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biological invasions represent one of the major threats to the world's biodiversity. National and international efforts are taken to address the complexity and dynamic of invasions in legislation. However, based on the Polish experience of implementing the European Union's regulation on invasive alien species (IAS), we suggest that an unclear and disorganized process of law implementation results in the regulations being counterproductive. We describe how a well-planned policy can become a burden impeding effective research and, consequently, scientific feedback to improve the policy. The results of our study suggest that there is a large scale of scientists' noncompliance with new legal requirements. For many researchers, the implementation of the new IAS regulation was changing the rules in the middle of the game. Researchers strictly following the new regulations must wait for the relevant permits and may risk the successful completion of their projects. Conversely, researchers who prioritize project completion may be forced to continue their research violating the law. We argue that this example of implementing the new IAS regulation illustrates the need to include some intermediate solutions providing more flexibility and time for researchers to adjust to policy change, thus minimizing the negative impacts of the new legislature on scientific progress.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71492538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish aggregating devices could enhance the effectiveness of blue water marine protected areas","authors":"Michael Bode, Edward T. Game, Alex Wegmann, Kydd Pollock","doi":"10.1111/conl.12984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12984","url":null,"abstract":"In the past two decades, drifting fish aggregation devices (FADs) have revolutionized pelagic fisheries, and are now responsible for the majority of tuna purse seine catches. Here, we argue that by taking advantage of the same proven aggregative properties, FADs could be used to enhance the benefits provided by blue water marine protected areas (MPAs). Using models of commercially targeted fish populations, we explore the potential benefits that could be achieved if unfished conservation FADs—designed as self-powered devices capable of remaining semi-stationary—were deployed within blue water MPAs. By increasing the residence time of exploited species in MPAs, conservation FADs will reduce average mortality rates. By increasing the local density of exploited species, they may also improve the function of ecosystems in blue water MPAs. Conservation FADs could, therefore, amplify the benefits of blue water MPAs. We find this amplification is largest in those contexts where blue water MPAs have attracted the most criticism—when their area is small compared to both the open ocean and the distribution of fish stocks that move through them.","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"32 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71492561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fisheries outcomes of marine protected area networks: Levels of protection, connectivity, and time matter","authors":"Charlotte Sève, Mokrane Belharet, Paco Melià, Antonio Di Franco, Antonio Calò, Joachim Claudet","doi":"10.1111/conl.12983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12983","url":null,"abstract":"Establishing large networks of fully protected marine protected areas (MPAs) is challenging because of displacement costs for fisheries. The use of partially protected areas is often proposed as an alternative. However, how conservation and fisheries outcomes of MPA networks are mediated through time by the level of protection remains uncertain. Here we use a metapopulation model of a commercially exploited demersal coastal fish to assess conservation and fisheries outcomes of alternative management policies. We compare the temporal performances of nonspatial management, large MPAs, or networks of MPAs in an overfished case study. In addition, we assess how the magnitude of both outcomes is mediated by larval connectivity and level of protection. We distinguish the relative contribution to fisheries outcomes of unprotected areas in between MPAs, and unprotected areas further away, receiving less displaced fishing effort and potential biomass export. We show that spatial management outperforms nonspatial management, that conservation and fisheries outcomes increase with increasing levels of protection, that fisheries outcomes in areas in between MPAs are higher when connected through larval dispersal, and that increases in catch are preceded by a short-term decrease. Our results call for an increase in protection levels to meet both ecological and fisheries management goals.","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"32 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71492557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global analysis reveals a collective gap in the transparency of offset policies and how biodiversity is measured","authors":"Erica Marshall,&nbsp;Darren Southwell,&nbsp;Brendan A. Wintle,&nbsp;Heini Kujala","doi":"10.1111/conl.12987","DOIUrl":"10.1111/conl.12987","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Offsetting policies have increased worldwide, utilizing a range of biodiversity metrics to compensate for development impacts. We conducted a global analysis of offset legislation by reviewing policies from 108 countries, which have voluntary offsets, or which require offsets by law. We sought to understand how well biodiversity metrics and offset currencies are documented in current policies. Where biodiversity metrics are documented we aimed to understand how metrics were scored, combined, and multiplied to create offset currencies. We found only 22 jurisdictions (from 14 countries) had guidelines documenting how biodiversity should be assessed during offsetting, representing a significant gap in the guidance available for offsets. Of the 22 guidelines, 14 (63%) documented use of aggregated currencies, eight (23%) did not aggregate biodiversity metrics into a single currency, and three (17%) did not specify either approach. Habitat type and condition, as well as area, were widely recommended across policies (&gt;50%). Where species-level metrics were considered, guidelines generally focused on habitat distributions rather than abundance or population metrics. The lack of consistent and clear guidance about how biodiversity should be measured in offsets reduces our ability to determine the effectiveness of offsets in compensating for development impacts long term.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12987","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71492579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online wildlife trade in species of conservation concern","authors":"Andrea Soriano-Redondo, Haider Alwasiti, Ritwik Kulkarni, Ricardo A. Correia, Sofiya Bryukhova, Nermalie M. Lita, Lodigario A. Rigor, Darwin R. Tejerero, Theresa M. Tenazas, Enrico Di Minin","doi":"10.1111/conl.12985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12985","url":null,"abstract":"Online wildlife trade is widespread and affects thousands of species. Yet, attempts to quantify online wildlife trade have mainly focused on a few platforms and taxonomic groups. Here, we study the prevalence of wildlife trade using automated data collection and filtering methods. We analyze trade across five digital platforms and 156 animal and plant species of conservation concern from a global biodiversity hotspot, the Philippines. We identified approximately 5000 highly relevant instances of trade in 1.47 million posts, focusing on 108 species, 79 of which are classified as threatened. Trade mainly occurred on webpages indexed in Google and on Twitter. We found that manual validation is essential, as animals obtained a higher proportion of hits prior to validation. Following manual validation, we observed a shift toward plant-related trade hits. Scaling up these approaches to a global level is key to understanding the extent of digital wildlife trade across the globe.","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"32 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71492580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industry and conservation goals are complementary for the most valuable fishery in the United States under climate-driven life history changes","authors":"Noah Hunt, Ellen Pikitch, Burton Shank, Cameron T. Hodgdon, Yong Chen","doi":"10.1111/conl.12982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12982","url":null,"abstract":"Crustaceans, which are highly susceptible to the effects of climate change, are critical for food security worldwide. Yet, management rarely evaluates the performance of alternative regulatory strategies under climate-driven life history change. This limits the development of climate-ready management plans, undermining fisheries sustainability. We compared the performance of alternative minimum legal size (MLS) regulations under shifts in growth and maturity for American lobster in the Gulf of Maine, the most valuable single-species commercial fishery in the United States. Across the life history change scenarios examined, increasing MLS improved status indicators, while decreasing MLS eroded status indicators for spawning stock biomass, legal abundance, landings, and exploitation rate. Our results demonstrate that protecting the lobster stock by increasing MLS improves fishery output, highlighting that conservation and industry goals can be complementary. This study exemplifies the utility of MLS as a conservation measure for crustacean fisheries under climate change.","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"33 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71492593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}