Conservation Letters最新文献

{"title":"Drivers and sustainability of bird hunting in Madagascar","authors":"Cortni Borgerson,&nbsp;Richard J. Bankoff,&nbsp;Christopher D. Golden,&nbsp;Be Noel Razafindrapaoly,&nbsp;Be Jean Rodolph Rasolofoniaina,&nbsp;Delox Rajaona,&nbsp;Elison Pascal,&nbsp;Peter De Angelo,&nbsp;Dominic A. Martin","doi":"10.1111/conl.12960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12960","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bird conservation depends on robust data on the densities of and threats to each species, and an understanding of the choices and incentives of bird hunters. This first comprehensive study of bird hunting and its effects in Madagascar uses 8 years of data on 87 bird species to determine bird densities and hunting pressure, incentives, choices, methods, spatial variation, and sustainability on the Masoala Peninsula of Madagascar. We find that bird hunting is common, affecting human wellbeing and, for some species, long-term population viability. Hunters caught more abundant species of lower trophic levels and consumers preferred the flavor of abundant granivores and nectarivores, while they disliked carnivores, scavengers, and species with common cultural proscriptions. Wealth increased species selectivity among consumers, whereas food insecurity increased hunting pressure overall. Projected and documented declines in at least three species are concerning, qualifying at least two for increased IUCN threatened species categories. We provide novel, data-driven assessments of hunting's threat to Madagascar's birds, identify key species of concern, and suggest both species- and consumer-specific conservation actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12960","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5721473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The perils of measuring biodiversity responses to habitat change using mixed metrics","authors":"Mingxin Liu,&nbsp;Xinran Miao,&nbsp;Fangyuan Hua","doi":"10.1111/conl.12959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12959","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Existing quantitative syntheses on how biodiversity responds to anthropogenic habitat change appear to sometimes mix different biodiversity metrics in drawing inferences. This “mixing metrics” practice, if prevalent, would considerably bias our understanding of biodiversity responses and render uninterpretable conclusions. However, the prevalence of this practice remains unknown, and the bias it potentially renders has not been empirically assessed. We fill this gap by conducting a systematic literature assessment of existing syntheses on biodiversity responses to habitat change, along with an analysis of a global database specifically on forest restoration. We found that the “mixing metrics” practice was used in almost a quarter of existing syntheses across a wide range of ecosystem and habitat change types. This practice predictably altered the quantitative, and frequently even the qualitative, inferences on biodiversity responses to forest restoration, in ways contingent on the composition of metrics mixed. We call on future syntheses to be cognizant of the difference in metric meaning and behaviors, and to avoid mixing different metrics in studying biodiversity responses to habitat change.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6024696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rewilding giant tortoises engineers plant communities at local to landscape scales","authors":"Washington Tapia Aguilera,&nbsp;James P. Gibbs","doi":"10.1111/conl.12968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12968","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Trophic rewilding is increasingly being used to promote megafauna reintroductions to island ecosystems, yet ecosystem response to population restoration once megafauna reintroduction occurs remains understudied. In this study of a population of Galapagos giant tortoises reintroduced to an arid island, tortoise exclosures monitored over an 8-year-long period revealed that, in response to the presence of tortoises, herbaceous plant cover and numbers of regenerating woody plants decreased, whereas extent of grass cover increased. Vegetation mapping over a 15-year-long period across the island indicated a threshold density of 1–2 tortoises per hectare halted incursion of woody plants and triggered a shift in this savannah-type ecosystem toward more grasses. Restoration of this giant tortoise population has shaped plant communities at both local and landscape scales with cascading effects on many components of biodiversity on the island.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5652189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature and equity","authors":"Priya Shyamsundar,&nbsp;Paula Marques,&nbsp;Elizabeth Smith,&nbsp;James Erbaugh,&nbsp;Madlyn Ero,&nbsp;David Hinchley,&nbsp;Robyn James,&nbsp;Craig Leisher,&nbsp;Alexis Nakandakari,&nbsp;Liliana Pezoa,&nbsp;Luke Preece,&nbsp;Guilherme Prezotti","doi":"10.1111/conl.12956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12956","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Complex challenges posed by climate change, biodiversity loss, and global inequality may require intertwined solutions forged through the frame of “Nature and equity.” This timely frame responds to growing calls for conservation to deliver fair outcomes to people and offers strategic value for meeting environmental goals. To clarify how and why approaches that support nature and equity may emerge, this commentary draws on conservation efforts in five different social and political settings. Building on practitioner experiences in Australia, Chile, Kenya, Peru, and Solomon Islands, it identifies a set of equity instruments that recognize local environmental knowledge, rights, and practices, strengthen marginalized voices, and promote fair outcomes, and the enabling conditions that facilitate their use. The article concludes by discussing critical considerations for enhancing nature and equity.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12956","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6042340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change and energy crisis drive an unprecedented EU environmental law regression","authors":"C. Javier Durá-Alema?,&nbsp;Marcos Moleón,&nbsp;Juan M. Pérez-García,&nbsp;David Serrano,&nbsp;José A. Sánchez-Zapata","doi":"10.1111/conl.12958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12958","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Evidence indicating that human-induced climate change has caused widespread adverse impacts on nature and people is overwhelming (IPCC, &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;). Transitioning to a renewable energy production model is essential to reduce fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions (Gielen et al., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;). Unfortunately, renewable energy production is not exempt from adverse biodiversity impacts (Serrano et al., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Here, we urge that considering the promotion of renewable energy leads to a worrying environmental law regression, which could severely compromise biodiversity protection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The European Union's strategies against climate change and biodiversity degradation have gained wide international recognition, showing that economic policies and resource consumption may be in tune with protecting the natural heritage. To prevent backtracking on the worldwide progress in environmental laws, the Rio+20 Summit in 2012 coined the non-regression principle: the regulation should not be revised if this means going backwards concerning the levels of environmental protection achieved previously (Prieur, &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;). However, the recent EU climate and energy policies have compromised biodiversity protective legislation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The recently presented proposal to amend Directive 2018/2001/EU by Directive 2022/0160/EU (&lt;span&gt;COD&lt;/span&gt;), as part of the REPowerEU plan to foster the EU's renewable energy infrastructure, is a good example. This new regulation seeks to expedite permit-granting procedures after identifying “go-to” areas for renewable energy deployment, including shorter deadlines to deal with dossiers, simplifying or suppressing dedicated environmental impact assessments, and reduced controls by environmental administrations. This emerging regressive environmental regulatory paradigm has been reinforced by the European Council Regulation, 2022/2577 (&lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;), which establishes a framework to accelerate the development of renewable energies by reducing administrative procedures and establishing the—risky—presumption that renewable energy installations are of overriding public interest and contribute to public health and safety. This will immediately allow such projects to benefit from a simplified assessment of the specific exemptions provided in the relevant EU environmental legislation. Moreover, the European Council Regulations do not require transposition into the legislation of each Member State but are directly binding.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Directive 2018/2001/EU amendment would create significant legal uncertainty and internal conflicts between EU laws, as it implies in practice amending more consolidated EU laws, such as Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, Directive 2009/147/EC on conservation of wild birds and Directive 2011/92/UE on environmental impact assessment. Importantly, the legal basis that the Council adopted to amend Council Directives is Arti","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5797034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land-cover and land-use change trajectory hopping facilitates estate-crop expansion into protected forests in Indonesia","authors":"Yu Xin,&nbsp;Laixiang Sun,&nbsp;Matthew C. Hansen","doi":"10.1111/conl.12957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12957","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Protected areas (PAs) have been regarded as a critical strategy to protect natural forest (NF) and biodiversity. Estate-crop expansion is an important driver of deforestation in Indonesia. Yet, little is known regarding the temporal dynamics of PA effectiveness in preventing estate-crop expansion into NF. We employ Cox proportional hazard models and their extensions to characterize the dynamics of estate-crop expansion into NF in Indonesia during 1996–2015. The results show that PA effectiveness in Sumatra decreased over time and became insignificant in 2012–2015. A multistate modeling analysis shows that hopping in land-cover and land-use change (LCLUC) trajectories with shrub and/or bare ground as intermediates has decreased PA effectiveness and facilitated the expansion. Preventing LCLUC trajectory hopping becomes crucial to biodiversity conservation because it tends to occur at lowland forest, diminishing natural habitat area and increasing NF isolation.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12957","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6191354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring status and trends in genetic diversity for the Convention on Biological Diversity: An ongoing assessment of genetic indicators in nine countries","authors":"Sean Hoban,&nbsp;Jessica M. da Silva,&nbsp;Alicia Mastretta-Yanes,&nbsp;Catherine E. Grueber,&nbsp;Myriam Heuertz,&nbsp;Margaret E. Hunter,&nbsp;Joachim Mergeay,&nbsp;Ivan Paz-Vinas,&nbsp;Keiichi Fukaya,&nbsp;Fumiko Ishihama,&nbsp;Rebecca Jordan,&nbsp;Viktoria K?pp?,&nbsp;María Camilla Latorre-Cárdenas,&nbsp;Anna J. MacDonald,&nbsp;Victor Rincon-Parra,&nbsp;Per Sj?gren-Gulve,&nbsp;Naoki Tani,&nbsp;Henrik Thurfjell,&nbsp;Linda Laikre","doi":"10.1111/conl.12953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12953","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent scientific evidence shows that genetic diversity must be maintained, managed, and monitored to protect biodiversity and nature's contributions to people. Three genetic diversity indicators, two of which do not require DNA-based assessment, have been proposed for reporting to the Convention on Biological Diversity and other conservation and policy initiatives. These indicators allow an approximation of the status and trends of genetic diversity to inform policy, using existing demographic and geographic information. Application of these indicators has been initiated and here we describe ongoing efforts in calculating these indicators with examples. We specifically describe a project underway to apply these indicators in nine countries, provide example calculations, address concerns of policy makers and implementation challenges, and describe a roadmap for further development and deployment, incorporating feedback from the broader community. We also present guidance documents and data collection tools for calculating indicators. We demonstrate that Parties can successfully and cost-effectively report these genetic diversity indicators with existing biodiversity observation data, and, in doing so, better conserve the Earth's biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12953","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6052836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated systematic planning and adaptive stakeholder process support a 10-fold increase in South Africa's Marine Protected Area estate","authors":"Kerry Jennifer Sink,&nbsp;Amanda Talita Lombard,&nbsp;Colin Graham Attwood,&nbsp;Tamsyn-Claire Livingstone,&nbsp;Hedley Grantham,&nbsp;Stephen Dale Holness","doi":"10.1111/conl.12954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12954","url":null,"abstract":"<p>South Africa sought to implement an ecologically representative Marine Protected Area (MPA) network to achieve biodiversity and fisheries management goals with least impact on offshore stakeholders. The result was the declaration of a spatially efficient network representing 131 of 150 marine ecosystem types (87%) in 5.4% of ocean area. We outline the 15-year process from planning to implementation of 20 new MPAs, including contentious areas recognized as important for conservation decades ago. Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) supported by 532 data layers and an inclusive stakeholder process identified priority areas, reduced conflict and guided complex trade-offs. Multiple scenarios and iterative improvements increased transparency, supported ocean zonation and achieved balanced compromises while maintaining conservation objectives. Key challenges, enabling factors and lessons are shared. We demonstrate that flexible, evidence-based SCP together with adaptive social processes that are alert to opportunities can support implementation of representative MPA networks aligned to ocean economy goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12954","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5773091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Missing the bigger picture: Why insect monitoring programs are limited in their ability to document the effects of habitat loss","authors":"M. L. Forister,&nbsp;S. H. Black,&nbsp;C. S. Elphick,&nbsp;E. M. Grames,&nbsp;C. A. Halsch,&nbsp;C. B. Schultz,&nbsp;D. L. Wagner","doi":"10.1111/conl.12951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12951","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The fate of insects in the Anthropocene has been widely discussed in the scientific literature, the popular media, and in policy circles. This recent attention is justified because reductions in insect abundance and diversity have the potential to undermine the stability of terrestrial ecosystems. Reports of insect declines have also been accompanied by skepticism that is healthy and to be expected in scientific discussion. However, we are concerned about a prevalent misconception that equates reports from monitored natural areas with the global status of insects. In the vast majority of cases, areas monitored for arthropods are undeveloped and thus do not record or even necessarily reflect the masses of insects that are continuously being impacted by habitat loss to urban, suburban and agricultural expansion. We address this misconception and discuss ways in which conservation and policy can be enhanced by correctly locating results from insect monitoring programs within our broader knowledge of biodiversity loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12951","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5676207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mismatch between conservation needs and actual representation of lions from West and Central Africa in in situ and ex situ conservation","authors":"Fleur Visser,&nbsp;Marine Drouilly,&nbsp;Yoshan Moodley,&nbsp;Johan R. Michaux,&nbsp;Michael J. Somers","doi":"10.1111/conl.12949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12949","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mismatches between conservation action and conservation needs have been highlighted for diverse species. Lion (<i>Panthera leo</i>) conservation is no exception, raising the question of whether current conservation strategies are always adequate to ensure the long-term persistence of threatened taxa.</p><p>To investigate the representation of different lion Evolutionary Significant Units in field research, captive populations, funding allocation, and education, we carried out a literature review and sent an online questionnaire to zoos worldwide. Over 75% of the publications focused on southern and eastern African populations. Uplisting the West African lion to Critically Endangered did not change this result. We received 88 responses from zoos, which reported 346 lions in 83 zoos. Only 14 individuals have West and Central African origins. Over 70% of the respondents reported that they do not include any information on the conservation status or taxonomy of lions from West and Central Africa in their education programs. The minority of zoos funding in situ lion projects did so in Eastern and Southern Africa. We provide recommendations to encourage role-players involved in lion and other threatened species conservation to address this mismatch by shifting some of their attention and funding to West and Central Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":157,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Letters","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/conl.12949","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5881923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}