Journal of Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Income Dynamics and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study.","authors":"Yong-Moon Mark Park, Benjamin C Amick Iii, Pearl A McElfish, Clare C Brown, Mario Schootman, Marie-Rachelle Narcisse, Seong-Su Lee, Yoon Jin Choi, Kyungdo Han","doi":"10.2188/jea.JE20230310","DOIUrl":"10.2188/jea.JE20230310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have increased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, but it is unknown whether income dynamics are associated with CRC risk in these individuals. We examined whether persistent low- or high-income and income changes are associated with CRC risk in non-elderly adults with T2DM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using nationally representative data from the Korean Health Insurance Service database, 1,909,492 adults aged 30 to 64 years with T2DM and no history of cancer were included between 2009 and 2012 (median follow-up of 7.8 years). We determined income levels based on health insurance premiums and assessed annual income quartiles for the baseline year and the four preceding years. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, CRC risk factors, and diabetes duration and treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Persistent low income (ie, lowest income quartile) was associated with increased CRC risk (HR_{5 years vs 0 years} 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.18; P for trend = 0.004). Income declines (ie, a decrease ≥25% in income quantile) were also associated with increased CRC risk (HR_{≥2 vs 0 declines} 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16; P for trend = 0.001). In contrast, persistent high income (ie, highest income quartile) was associated with decreased CRC risk (HR_{5 years vs 0 years} 0.81; 95% CI, 0.73-0.89; P for trend < 0.0001), which was more pronounced for rectal cancer (HR 0.64; 95% CI, 0.53-0.78) and distal colon cancer (HR 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57-0.86).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings underscore the need for increased public policy awareness of the association between income dynamics and CRC risk in adults with T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":15799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"30-38"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological Tutorial Series for Epidemiological Studies: Confounder Selection and Sensitivity Analyses to Unmeasured Confounding From Epidemiological and Statistical Perspectives.","authors":"Kosuke Inoue, Kentaro Sakamaki, Sho Komukai, Yuri Ito, Atsushi Goto, Tomohiro Shinozaki","doi":"10.2188/jea.JE20240082","DOIUrl":"10.2188/jea.JE20240082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In observational studies, identifying and adjusting for a sufficient set of confounders is crucial for accurately estimating the causal effect of the exposure on the outcome. Even in studies with large sample sizes, which typically benefit from small variances in estimates, there is a risk of producing estimates that are precisely inaccurate if the study suffers from systematic errors or biases, including confounding bias. To date, several approaches have been developed for selecting confounders. In this article, we first summarize the epidemiological and statistical approaches to identifying a sufficient set of confounders. Particularly, we introduce the modified disjunctive cause criterion as one of the most useful approaches, which involves controlling for any pre-exposure covariate that affects the exposure, outcome, or both. It then excludes instrumental variables but includes proxies for the shared common cause of exposure and outcome. Statistical confounder selection is also useful when dealing with a large number of covariates, even in studies with small sample sizes. After introducing several approaches, we discuss some pitfalls and considerations in confounder selection, such as the adjustment for instrumental variables, intermediate variables, and baseline outcome variables. Lastly, as it is often difficult to comprehensively measure key confounders, we introduce two statistics, E-value and robustness value, for assessing sensitivity to unmeasured confounders. Illustrated examples are provided using the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Integrating these principles and approaches will enhance our understanding of confounder selection and facilitate better reporting and interpretation of future epidemiological studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Special Article Series: \"Methodological Tutorial Series for Epidemiological Studies\".","authors":"Yuri Ito","doi":"10.2188/jea.JE20240387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20240387","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142931444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived Familial Financial Insecurity and Obesity Among Korean Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Fumie Kaneko, Eunji Kim, Hokyou Lee, Kokoro Shirai, Ryo Kawasaki, Hyeon Chang Kim","doi":"10.2188/jea.JE20240038","DOIUrl":"10.2188/jea.JE20240038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In high-income countries, socioeconomically disadvantaged adolescents experience a higher risk of obesity, which may have been further exacerbated during the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the association between obesity and familial financial insecurity, utilizing data on subjective household socioeconomic status (SES) and perceived family-level financial deterioration induced by COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We utilized data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents, in 2020 and 2021. The independent and joint associations of two primary exposures, subjective household SES and perceived family-level financial deterioration, with obesity were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 106,979 adolescents aged 12-18 years, 16.9% of boys and 9.0% of girls met the criteria for obesity. Notably, 70.5% reported experiencing COVID-19-related financial deterioration. Both subjective household SES and perceived family-level financial deterioration independently and synergistically increased the odds of obesity. A graded association was observed between obesity and lower SES and more severe financial deterioration, particularly among girls. Younger adolescents were more sensitive to household SES, whereas older adolescents were more sensitive to financial deterioration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While the COVID-19 pandemic presented a unique social context, our findings highlight that financially insecure adolescents were at an increased risk of obesity during the early phase of the pandemic. This underscores the need for obesity-prevention strategies in times of macroeconomic recession to address not only the persistent influence of household SES but also the direct and indirect effects of family-level financial deterioration.</p>","PeriodicalId":15799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"587-594"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11564064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of Strategies and Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Vietnam.","authors":"Truong Son Nguyen","doi":"10.2188/jea.JE20240181","DOIUrl":"10.2188/jea.JE20240181","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"605-608"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11564065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between COVID-19-related Discrimination and Probable Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Patients With COVID-19 in Sapporo, Japan.","authors":"Isaku Kurotori, Toshiaki R Asakura, Takashi Kimura, Miyuki Hori, Mariko Hosozawa, Masayuki Saijo, Hiroyasu Iso, Akiko Tamakoshi","doi":"10.2188/jea.JE20230360","DOIUrl":"10.2188/jea.JE20230360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Disasters such as earthquakes, terrorism, and pandemics have triggered post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and discrimination against the affected individuals has been linked to the development of PTSD. However, there is limited evidence regarding the association between discrimination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and probable PTSD in Japan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a cross-sectional study utilizing a web-based questionnaire targeting individuals who had contracted the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Sapporo City. A total of 4,247 individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection spanning from February 2020 to February 2022 completed the questionnaire (response rate: 15.9%). Probable PTSD was measured using the three-item Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. The stratified exact logistic regression was applied to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) of probable PTSD for COVID-19-related discrimination with adjusted factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included 3,626 patients who had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among them, 321 patients (8.9%) experienced COVID-19-related discrimination. The prevalence of probable PTSD was 19.6% (63/321) among the patients who experienced COVID-19-related discrimination, and 4.6% (152/3,305) among those who had not encountered such discrimination. The adjusted OR of COVID-19-related discrimination for probable PTSD was 4.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.36-6.53). The population attributable fraction of probable PTSD attributable to COVID-19-related discrimination among COVID-19 patients was estimated to be 23.4% (95% CI, 21.5-25.3%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The comprehensive epidemiological survey of COVID-19 patients in Japan showed that COVID-19-related discrimination was associated with a higher prevalence of probable PTSD. Mitigating discrimination could be helpful to attenuate PTSD in future pandemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"570-576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11564067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140910739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare Event Approximation Between Subdistribution Hazard Ratio and Cause-specific Hazard Ratio in Survival Analysis With Competing Risks.","authors":"Shiro Tanaka","doi":"10.2188/jea.JE20240063","DOIUrl":"10.2188/jea.JE20240063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the fact that competing risks are inevitable in epidemiological and clinical studies, distinctions between the hazard ratio estimated by handling competing risks as censoring and the subditribution hazard ratio are often overlooked.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We derived quantitative relationships between subdistribution hazard ratio and cause-specific hazard ratio and derive an approximate calculation method to transform the two into each other. Numerical examinations of hypothetical six scenarios and published information of a randomized clinical trial of cholesterol-lowering therapy and a registry of acute myeloid leukemia were provided.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>General and approximate relationships under rare event assumptions between the two types of hazard ratio were given. The approximation formula is based on a survival ratio and has two possible applications. First, one can calculate a subdistribution hazard ratio from published information. Second, this formula allows sample size estimation that takes the presence of competing risks into account.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The distinction between the two types of hazard ratio can be addressed by focusing on two quantities. One is how the event of interest and competing risk is rare, and the other is the survival ratio.</p>","PeriodicalId":15799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"595-599"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11564069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paternal Involvement in Childcare and Housework and Mothers' Spanking Behavior: The Japanese Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century.","authors":"Mako Nagayoshi, Yuko Kachi, Tsuguhiko Kato, Manami Ochi, Yuichi Ichinose, Takayuki Kondo, Kenji Takehara","doi":"10.2188/jea.JE20230270","DOIUrl":"10.2188/jea.JE20230270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>No previous study reported an association of paternal involvement in childcare and housework with maternal physical punishment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data from the Japanese Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st century (N = 38,554), we analyzed responses about fathers' involvement in childcare and housework at 6 months and mothers' spanking of children at 3.5 years. Fathers' involvement in childcare and housework was scored and categorized into quartiles. Spanking frequency was asked in the \"often\", \"sometimes\", or \"not at all\" categories. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the mothers' often spanking children were computed for the fathers' involvement in childcare and housework. We also stratified the association by fathers' working hours (40-49, 50-59, or ≥60 hours/week).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 16,373 respondents, the proportion of mothers who often spanked their children was 4.8%. Compared with the lowest quartile, a higher frequency of paternal involvement in housework was associated with a lower risk of spanking children (P_trend = 0.001). Adjustment for covariates attenuated the association, but significant association was observed in the 3^rd quartile of paternal involvement in housework (OR 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62-0.96). When the fathers worked fewer than 50 hours a week, a significant negative association was observed between the fathers' frequency of childcare and the likeliness of the mothers' spanking their children (P_trend = 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The fathers' active involvement in childcare and housework could reduce the mothers' physical punishment for their children.</p>","PeriodicalId":15799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"577-586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11564066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141296201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Short Report on a Single-center Survey of Barium Acute Appendicitis.","authors":"Taku Harada, Takashi Watari","doi":"10.2188/jea.JE20230334","DOIUrl":"10.2188/jea.JE20230334","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"560-561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11464847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139569638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Careful Consideration of Study Limitations When Interpreting the Association Between Induced Abortion and Breast Cancer Risk.","authors":"Tiana Fontanilla","doi":"10.2188/jea.JE20230362","DOIUrl":"10.2188/jea.JE20230362","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"503"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11405364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140094176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}