Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness最新文献

{"title":"Effects of two different doses of HIFT on physical function, cognitive performance, and quality of life in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Diego Fernando Afanador-Restrepo ,&nbsp;Yulieth Rivas-Campo ,&nbsp;Carlos Mario Basto-Cardona ,&nbsp;David Alejandro Gonzalez-Bustamante ,&nbsp;Agustin Aibar-Almazan ,&nbsp;Yolanda Castellote-Caballero ,&nbsp;Fidel Hita-Contreras ,&nbsp;Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz ,&nbsp;Yeny Concha-Cisternas","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Background/Objective: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compromises physical and mental function in older adults and increases the risk of dementia. High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a promising intervention, but the optimal dose-response for improving cognitive and physical outcomes in this population remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 224 older adults (≥65 years) allocated to three groups: high-dose HIFT (4 sessions of 60 min/week), low-dose HIFT (2 sessions of 45 min/week), and control (non-exercise activities). The intervention lasted 12 weeks. Primary outcomes included cognitive function (MAAS, MoCA, TMT A/B, VFAT, DSST), physical fitness (Senior Fitness Test, Tinetti), and quality of life (SF-36, PSQI). A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to examine the time × group interaction.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant time × group interactions were observed for MAAS (F = 20.50; p &lt; 0.001; η²G = 0.005), MoCA (F = 17.40; p &lt; 0.001; η²G = 0.034), TMT A (F = 38.60; p &lt; 0.001; η²G = 0.098), and VFAT (F = 109.00; p &lt; 0.001; η²G = 0.101), with greater improvements in both HIFT groups compared to control. For quality of life, significant interactions were found across all SF-36 dimensions, notably in Vitality (F = 76.20; p &lt; 0.001; η²G = 0.095) and Emotional Role (F = 23.00; p &lt; 0.001; η²G = 0.032). Physical fitness also improved, with significant effects in the 6-Minute Walk Test (F = 29.80; p &lt; 0.001; η²G = 0.108) and 8-Foot Up-and-Go (F = 81.00; p &lt; 0.001; η²G = 0.191).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Both high- and low-dose HIFT programs improved cognitive, physical, and quality-of-life outcomes in older adults with MCI. The low-dose intervention achieved similar effects to the high-dose protocol, offering a time-efficient and scalable approach for implementation in clinical and community settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 462-472"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of a diaphragmatic fatigue protocol in healthy male population on muscle strength, respiratory function and exercise capacity: A randomized clinical trial","authors":"Marta de-la-Plaza-San-Frutos ,&nbsp;Alberto Sánchez Sierra ,&nbsp;Ángel González de la Flor ,&nbsp;Diego Domínguez-Balmaseda ,&nbsp;María Bravo Aguilar ,&nbsp;José Ángel Del Blanco Múñiz ,&nbsp;Beatriz Ruiz Ruiz ,&nbsp;Arturo Ladriñán Maestro","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Inspiratory muscle fatigue has been shown to impair physical performance. This study investigated the impact of a specific inspiratory muscle fatigue protocol on lower limb muscle strength and cardiorespiratory outcomes in a cohort of physically active individuals.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A randomized controlled trial, adhering to CONSORT guidelines to ensure methodological rigor. Healthy male participants were randomly assigned to an inspiratory muscle fatigue group (EG) or control load group (CG). The EG performed a diaphragmatic fatigue protocol involving inspiratory exercises at 60 % of their maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), while the CG performed two sets of 30 repetitions at 15 % of MIP. Measurements, including countermovement jump (CMJ), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC ratio, half squat (HS), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and MIP, were collected before and immediately after the intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Forty participants completed the study. Significant group-by-time interactions were found for CMJ (p &lt; 0.001; η2p = 0.405), FEV1 (p = 0.030; η2p = 0.118), FEV1/FVC (p &lt; 0.001; η2p = 0.279) and HS (p &lt; 0.001; η2p = 0.332), all with moderate to large effect sizes. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant decrease in CMJ in the EG (p &lt; 0.001, −8.4 %), while the CG showed no significant change (p = 0.092). FEV₁/FVC decreased significantly in the EG (p = 0.007, −5.3 %), while the CG showed a significant increase (p = 0.015, +4.7 %). Similarly, HS decreased significantly in the EG (p = 0.002, −6.3 %), while the CG showed a significant increase (p = 0.007, +5.4 %). No significant interactions were observed for SpO₂, heart rate, MIP or FVC.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Diaphragmatic fatigue significantly impairs lower limb strength in physically active individuals, potentially compromising athletic performance and increasing injury risk. These findings enhance understanding of the interplay between respiratory and muscular strength in athletes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 473-479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between sedentary behavior, physical activity, and the triglyceride glucose index and its derived indices: evidence from NHANES 2013–2018","authors":"Minghui Du ,&nbsp;Longwei Chen ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Liang Xia ,&nbsp;Yueying Liu ,&nbsp;Mengyue Guo ,&nbsp;Zeyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yunan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>While sedentary behavior and physical activity have been associated with the TyG index, their associations with TyG-derived indices and their potential interaction remain unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to examine the independent and interactive associations of sedentary behavior and physical activity with the TyG index and its derived indices.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional analysis used NHANES 2013–2018 data. We employed survey-weighted multivariate regression and restricted cubic splines to evaluate independent and nonlinear associations. Multiplicative interaction terms were used to examine if physical activity levels altered the association between sedentary behavior and outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After multivariable adjustment, longer sedentary time was significantly associated with higher TyG index (β = 0.0051, p &lt; 0.0001), TyG-BMI (β = 1.1395, p &lt; 0.0001), TyG-WHtR (β = 0.0163, p &lt; 0.0001) and TyG-WC (β = 3.0860, p &lt; 0.0001). Higher physical activity showed inverse associations with TyG (β = −0.0039, p &lt; 0.0001), TyG-BMI (β = −0.2677, p = 0.0007), TyG-WHtR (β = −0.0054, p &lt; 0.0001) and TyG-WC (β = −1.0057, p &lt; 0.0001). Nonlinear relationships were observed between physical activity and TyG-BMI, TyG-WHtR, and TyG-WC (p &lt; 0.01). Significant interactions existed between sedentary behavior and physical activity on TyG (p = 0.037), TyG-WHtR (p = 0.047) and TyG-WC (p = 0.047).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Prolonged sedentary behavior and lower physical activity showed associations with adverse profiles of the TyG index and its derivatives. Significant interactions between these behaviors were observed, indicating a particularly important combined association with central obesity-related indices. Integrating reductions in sedentary time with increases in physical activity could represent a synergistic approach for improving metabolic health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 451-461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute effects of ischemic preconditioning and isometric exercise on blood pressure in prehypertensive males","authors":"Kheng Win Khor ,&nbsp;Kuan-Yu Lin ,&nbsp;Chih-Wen Hsu ,&nbsp;Jong-Shyan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigates whether 5-min ischemic preconditioning (IR5) more effectively reduces submaximal exercise blood pressure and improves muscle oxygenation compared to 2-min ischemia (IR2) or 2-min isometric priming (IM2).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty untrained men (10 prehypertensive; 10 normotensive) completed, in randomized order, IR5 (3 × 5 min bilateral limb occlusion at 220 mmHg), IR2 (3 × 2 min bilateral occlusion), and IM2 (3 × 2 min 30 % maximal voluntary contraction isometric knee extension), each followed by the submaximal exercise test. Outcomes were exercise heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation including Δdeoxyhemoglobin (ΔHHb), Δtotal hemoglobin (ΔtHb), and Δtissue saturation index (ΔTSI).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>IR5 significantly attenuated the submaximal pressor response, reducing SBP by mean difference (MD) = −2.23 mmHg (<em>P</em> &lt; .001, ηp² = 0.395) compared with both IR2 and IM2. A significant Condition × Group interaction (<em>P</em> = .023) indicated that the MAP reduction was confined to prehypertensive participants (MD = −3.14 mmHg, <em>P</em> = .003). During exercise, IR5 increased ΔtHb by MD = 1.56 μmol/L (ηp² = 0.606) and mitigated the decline in ΔTSI by MD = 2.98 % (ηp² = 0.716) without altering ΔHHb. In contrast, IR2 and IM2 elicited similar occlusion-phase deoxygenation but did not modify exercise hemodynamics or oxygenation metrics.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>IR5 effectively lowers SBP and MAP during submaximal exercise and improves muscle oxygenation. It is a safe, non-pharmacological pre-exercise strategy to manage blood pressure and potentially reduce cardiovascular risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 507-514"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One decade of school environment monitoring and its influence on providing adequate opportunities for engaging in physical activity from the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance Global Matrices 1.0 to 4.0","authors":"Vedrana Sember ,&nbsp;Gregor Jurak ,&nbsp;Gregor Starc ,&nbsp;Marjeta Kovač ,&nbsp;Farid Bardid ,&nbsp;Shawnda A. Morrison","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Global Matrix is an international initiative that monitors 10 indicators of health-related behaviours and sources of influence on child physical activity (PA) including within the school environment. This study examined global secular trends for the School indicator across Global Matrices 1.0 to 4.0, including its underlying benchmark evidence and socioeconomic indicators across the diverse global regions of participating jurisdictions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>School indicator and benchmarking data for each country were compiled for every Global Matrix edition from peer-reviewed and online resources. Benchmark scoring distributions, secular trends and socioeconomic indicators were synthesised to determine the variety and utility of each benchmark by region for report cards published from 2014 to 2024. Bivariate correlations were conducted within-edition between socioeconomic data and School indicator final scores.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>To date, &gt;68 countries/jurisdictions have participated in at least one Global Matrix. Disparity in School indicator grades were apparent (range: A to F), irrespective of regional gross domestic product. The most common benchmark cited was “percent of schools where the majority (≥80 %) are offered the mandated amount of physical education (PE)”. Final grades were significantly associated to a country's GINI score (a measure of income inequality distribution; <em>τ</em> values <strong>=</strong> 0.274 to 0.572, <em>p</em> values= &lt;0.001 to 0.030).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The School indicator is widely used across regions, and despite differences in countries’ socioeconomic development, its grading has remained balanced through its consistent use of key benchmarks, especially those reflecting a required amount of PE, and access to facilities and equipment. Countries with greater income equality tended to be graded higher on the School indicator than those exhibiting less income equality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 480-486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-stratified compositional analysis of 24-h movement behaviors and their relationship with selective attention and cognitive flexibility in socioeconomically vulnerable children","authors":"Jacinto Muñoz-Pardeza ,&nbsp;Óscar Martínez-de-Quel ,&nbsp;Unai Azcarate ,&nbsp;Adrià Muntaner-Mas ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda ,&nbsp;Juan Hurtado-Almonacid ,&nbsp;Ignacio Hormazábal-Aguayo ,&nbsp;Antonio García-Hermoso ,&nbsp;Yasmin Ezzatvar","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The 24-h movement behavior framework, which integrates physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and sleep, acknowledges the co-dependent nature of time-use behaviors within a finite day. While these behaviors have been linked to cognitive performance in children, few studies have applied compositional data analysis (CoDA), and none have examined potential sex differences.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To explore sex-specific associations between 24-h movement behavior compositions and selective attention and cognitive flexibility in a sample of socioeconomically vulnerable Chilean children using CoDA.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Baseline data from 161 children (8–10 years old) participating in the Active-Start trial were analyzed. Movement behaviors were assessed via 9-day wrist-worn accelerometers. Selective attention was assessed using the d2 Test of Attention, and cognitive flexibility was measured with the Design Fluency Test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Boys accumulated more moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA; 83.5 [57.6–109.7] min) than girls (67.7 [52.3–78.1] min), whereas girls engaged in more light PA (219.9 ± 37.7 min) than boys (205.7 ± 38.1 min; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Among boys, reallocating daily time to MVPA at the expense of other behaviors was associated with increased processing speed (unstandardized-beta [<em>B</em>] = 53.501, 95 %confidence-interval [CI] 14.393; 92.609, <em>P</em> = 0.008) and concentration (<em>B</em> = 25.099, 95 %CI 4.816; 45.382, <em>P</em> = 0.016), as well as cognitive flexibility (<em>B</em> = 5.913, 95 %CI 1.995; 9.832, <em>P</em> = 0.004). No significant associations were observed in girls (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). A non-significant association was observed linking sedentary behavior with cognitive performance in both sexes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings highlight potential sex-specific benefits of MVPA and support the use of CoDA in understanding how daily time use relates to cognitive performance in children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 498-506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Replacement of leisure-time sedentary behavior with various physical activities and the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis: evidence from the UK Biobank","authors":"Zhuoyao Tian ,&nbsp;Yuhua Gao ,&nbsp;Biying Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhenger Fang ,&nbsp;Guangjun Zheng ,&nbsp;Haofeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Fudong He ,&nbsp;Xia Chen ,&nbsp;Mingliang Liu ,&nbsp;Yuan Wei ,&nbsp;Liangming Li ,&nbsp;Guang Hao ,&nbsp;Shuang Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Associations between sedentary behavior (SB) during leisure time and the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis are inconclusive. We aimed to examine the impact of replacing sedentary time with equivalent durations of various physical activities on the risk of developing osteoporosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a sub-study from the UK Biobank, in which heel bone mineral density (BMD) was measured via ultrasound densitometry among 193,600 participants. A Logistic regression model and an isotemporal substitution model were used in the analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In this study, 52,430 osteopenia cases were recorded, of which 2443 were defined as osteoporosis. In comparison to participants with leisure-time SB &lt; 5 h/day, the odds ratio (OR) of osteoporosis risk was 1.38 (95 % confidence interval [CI): 1.17–1.62) for &gt;8 h/day. Replacing 30 min/day of leisure sedentary time with an equal time spent in the walk for pleasure was associated with a 3 % decrease of osteopenia risk and an 8 % decrease of osteoporosis risk, and replacing 3 min of leisure-time SB with an equal amount of strenuous sports was significantly associated with a 4 % reduction in the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia (OR = 0.96, 95 %CI: 0.93–0.98 and OR = 0.96, 95 %CI: 0.96–0.97). Furthermore, strenuous sports as an alternative to SBs was significantly associated with a lower risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis, especially in participants achieving 1.5–2.5 h of summer light hours.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Leisure-time SB was positively associated with the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Replacing sedentary time with equal time of PA and achieving 1.5–2.5 h of summer sun exposure could be an effective way to reduce osteopenia and osteoporosis burden.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 426-434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of exercise on blood glucose levels and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis and meta-regression","authors":"Li Shu ,&nbsp;Ruizhe Jiang ,&nbsp;Fang Wang ,&nbsp;Yongjin Xu ,&nbsp;Ping Wang ,&nbsp;Yuanying Ma ,&nbsp;Jinxia Pan ,&nbsp;Cong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Due to variations in exercise protocols, the effects of exercise on GDM remain inconsistent. This review aims to explore the effects of exercise on maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with GDM, and whether there is a dose-response relationship between exercise volume and pregnancy outcomes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, and VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Full-Text Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials. Cochrane RevMan and R were used for statistical analysis, and studies were evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Weighted-mean standardized mean differences were calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Twenty-four studies and 3,477 participants were included. Results from meta-analysis showed that exercise significantly lowered fasting blood glucose (FBG) (SMD = −1.69, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 96 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001), 2-h postprandial blood glucose (2-hPBG) (SMD = −2.10, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 96 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001), and glycated hemoglobin (MD = −0.95, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 98 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001) and reduced the risk of gestational hypertension (RR = 0.24, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001) and cesarean section (RR = 0.71, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 53 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.0005), preterm birth (RR = 0.51, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 31 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.002), macrosomia (RR = 0.40, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 19 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001), and neonatal hypoglycemia (RR = 0.49, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.03). Subgroup analyses indicated that moderate combined aerobic and resistance exercise improved FBG (SMD = −2.39, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 98 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001), 2-hPBG (SMD = −2.96, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 97 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001) and reduced the risks of cesarean section (RR = 0.68, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 40 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.02), preterm birth (RR = 0.46, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 23 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.01) and macrosomia (RR = 0.27, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001). In addition, the meta-regression analysis demonstrated a significant dose-response relationship between exercise volume and 2-hPBG (&lt;em&gt;β&lt;/em&gt; = −0.004, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 36.9 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.002).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Moderate-intensity combined aerobic and resistance exercise, performed for at least 30 min per session on more than three days per week for at least six weeks, is associated with more pronounced improvements in glycemic control in women with GDM. It also reduces the risk of cesarean section, preterm birth, and macrosomia. These findings underscore the import","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 416-425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of aerobic exercise on immune components across healthy and diseased populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","authors":"Gengxin Dong ,&nbsp;Xueying He ,&nbsp;Jiya He ,&nbsp;Dapeng Bao ,&nbsp;Qi Gao ,&nbsp;Junhong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Aerobic exercise may improve immune component quantities in healthy and diseased populations, but its effects across different health conditions and immune systems remain unclear. This review examined its impact on immune components in both populations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A search in June 2025 across four databases included randomized controlled studies on aerobic exercise's effects on immune components in adults. Data (M ± SD) were extracted and converted to standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effect meta-analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Seventeen studies (502 participants) were included. The meta-analysis results showed long-term aerobic exercise increased T-cell counts in diseased individuals (p &lt; 0.05) but not in healthy ones (p &gt; 0.05). It significantly reduced IgA levels in healthy participants compared to non-exercising controls (p &lt; 0.05), potentially counteracting natural temporal increases observed in sedentary populations, without affecting IgG, IgM, leukocytes, neutrophils, or monocytes in either group (p &gt; 0.05). Single-pass exercise did not alter leukocytes, lymphocytes, CD3⁺, or NK cells in healthy participants (p &gt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Long-term aerobic exercise primarily affects adaptive immune components, benefiting individuals with unstable immune conditions. Single-pass exercise has no effect on healthy populations, making long-term interventions more suitable for improving adaptive immunity in unstable immune states.</div></div><div><h3>Systematic review registration</h3><div><span><span>www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>, identifier: CRD42024546696.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 435-450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute effect of dark chocolate intake before high-intensity resistance exercise on arterial stiffness in healthy young men","authors":"Urara Hata ,&nbsp;Yuto Hashimoto ,&nbsp;Midori Natsume ,&nbsp;Takanobu Okamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This study investigated the effect of dark chocolate (DC) intake before resistance exercise (RE) on arterial stiffness.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twelve healthy adult males (age, 23.0 ± 1.0 years) performed DC or white chocolate (WC) intake trial on separate days in a randomized crossover trials. Participants consumed 50g of DC containing 1285 mg cocoa polyphenols or an isocaloric amount of WC 50g without polyphenols. All participants performed 5 sets of 5 repetitions using 80 % of the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and 5 sets of 10 repetitions using 70 % of the 1RM biceps curl. Brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), blood pressure, and heart rate were measured before chocolate intake (baseline); and before (at 60 min after chocolate intake), immediately after, and at 30 and 60 min after completing the RE.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In both trials, there was a significant increase in baPWV immediately after the RE compared with baseline (baseline: DC 1103 ± 94 cm/s, WC 1108 ± 167 cm/s; immediately after RE: DC 1300 ± 187 cm/s, WC 1325 ± 178 cm/s; P &lt; 0.05). In the DC intake trial, baPWV decreased to 1210 ± 180 cm/s at 30 min and 1155 ± 134 cm/s at 60 min after RE, compared to immediately after RE (P &lt; 0.05). In contrast, in the WC intake trial baPWV was decreased to 1222 ± 176 cm/s at 60 min after RE compared to immediately after RE (P &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These results suggest that in comparison with WC intake, DC intake before RE might quickly reduce post-exercise increased arterial stiffness. <strong>Clinical Trials Registry Number</strong>: UMIN000052616.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 409-415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}