Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness最新文献

{"title":"Associations between dimensions of physical activity (intensity, frequency, duration, and volume) and frailty among middle-aged and older Chinese adults","authors":"Xiaoguang Zhao ,&nbsp;Kening Xue ,&nbsp;Runze Xu ,&nbsp;Chonghao Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyao Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Physical activity (PA) plays an essential role in preventing and delaying frailty. Although several studies have examined the association between PA and frailty in middle-aged and older adults, no research has considered all four PA dimensions including intensity, duration, frequency, and volume. This study examined the association between PA dimensions and the prevalence of frailty, and established PA cut-points for detecting the presence of frailty.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 9389 individuals aged 40 or older from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were involved in this cross-sectional study. Frailty was assessed using the frailty index, which was calculated by the health deficit items. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect information about PA intensity, duration, frequency, and volume. We employed logistic regression analysis to determine the associations between dimensions of PA and frailty, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to examine the optimal PA cut-point for predicting frailty according to gender and age.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of frailty was 10.6 % in middle-aged and older adults. Spending at least 1–2 days, 10–29 min per day, and 10–149 min each week in vigorous-intensity PA, moderate-intensity PA or light-intensity PA were all related to a lower likelihood of frailty, with adjusted ORs (95 % CI) ranging from 0.21 (0.12, 0.37) to 0.56 (0.41, 0.75). A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the association between the dimensions of PA and frailty remained unchanged after employing an alternative frailty criterion. ROC curves analysis indicated that the optimal PA cut-points to predict frailty were 733, 693, 693, and 471 MET-minutes per week for men, women, middle-aged adults, and older adults, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Regardless of PA intensity, even a short duration and low frequency of PA is linked to a lower likelihood of frailty. For middle-aged and older adults, the lower PA value may serve as an early sign indicating a greater prevalence of frailty. The findings provide insight into therapies aimed at preventing and treating frailty in middle-aged and older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 252-259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “The roles of exercise professionals in the health care system: A comparison between Australia and China” [J Exerc Sci Fitness 17(3), (2019) 81–90 132]","authors":"Shi Zhou ,&nbsp;Kade Davison ,&nbsp;Fei Qin ,&nbsp;Kuei-Fu Lin ,&nbsp;Bik-Chu Chow ,&nbsp;Jie-Xiu Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Page 229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing intermittent exercise performance through brief sole cryostimulation during breaks in a hot environment","authors":"XiaoYue Hu ,&nbsp;Yutaro Nakagawa ,&nbsp;Kazuyuki Kanatani ,&nbsp;Takashi Kawabata","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of brief cryostimulation of the soles of the feet on exercise performance, thermoregulation, and cardiovascular function during an inter-exercise rest period in a hot environment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Eight physically active and healthy adults (6 males, 2 females; mean age: 24.89 ± 3.10 years) participated in this randomized crossover self-controlled study. To determine exercise intensity, the maximal oxygen uptake (&lt;em&gt;V&lt;/em&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;) test was conducted as a preliminary step. After a minimum 72-h interval, participants performed intermittent cycling consisting of two phases. The first phase included 15 min of steady-state exercise (SSE) at 70 % &lt;em&gt;V&lt;/em&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;, followed by 15 min of maximal cycling effort (MCE) (≥70 % &lt;em&gt;V&lt;/em&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;). Participants then rested in a seated position for 10 min, during which they were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: CON (stationary rest) or Sole-Cryo (2-min sole cryostimulation using a −50 °C ice pack). After the rest period, they proceeded to the second phase, completing a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test at an intensity exceeding 70 % &lt;em&gt;V&lt;/em&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;. All exercise sessions were conducted in a hot environment (35 °C, 60 % relative humidity). During the experiment, esophageal temperature (T&lt;sub&gt;es&lt;/sub&gt;), skin temperature (T&lt;sub&gt;sk&lt;/sub&gt;), thigh muscle temperature (TMT), skin forearm blood flow (Skin FBF), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) were continuously monitored. The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (TS) were recorded every 2-min.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Time to exhaustion was significantly longer in the Sole-Cryo condition compared to the CON condition (CON: 3.23 ± 1.07 min vs. Sole-Cryo:3.92 ± 1.10 min, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.01). In contrast, T&lt;sub&gt;es&lt;/sub&gt; showed no significant difference between conditions (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &gt; 0.05). During the 10-min resting period, both T&lt;sub&gt;sk&lt;/sub&gt; (CON: 37.25 ± 0.36 °C vs. Sole-Cryo: 36.60 ± 0.42 °C, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05) and skin FBF (CON: 12.57 ± 2.71 ml/min/100 ml vs. Sole-Cryo: 10.89 ± 2.25 ml/min/100 ml, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05) were significantly lower in the Sole-Cryo condition. However, TMT, HR, SV, and CO remained unchanged between conditions (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &gt; 0.05). Additionally, at the 52 nd min of PT, both RPE (CON: 19.37 ± 0.74 vs. Sole-Cryo: 16.88 ± 1.26, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05) and TS (CON: 3.75 ± 0.46 vs. Sole-Cryo: 2.75 ± 0.46, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05) were significantly lower in the Sole-Cryo condition.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Brief cryostimulation interventions applied to the soles during rest periods in a hot environment did not significantly affect core body temperature or the cardiovascular system. However, it lowered T&lt;sub&gt;sk&lt;/sub&gt; and skin FBF and improved perceptual responses such as RPE and thermal sensation. These improvements may have contri","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 230-239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility and effects of high-intensity interval training in older adults with mild to moderate depressive symptoms: A pilot cluster-randomized controlled trial","authors":"Yanping Duan ,&nbsp;Yanping Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Liang ,&nbsp;Heung-Sang Wong ,&nbsp;Julien Steven Baker ,&nbsp;Shuyan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Older adults with mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms (MMDS) are at high risk of developing severe depression along with mortality and disability. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and preliminary effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in older adults with MMDS in a small sample size.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Three elderly centers involving 24 older adults with MMDS were randomized into: 1) HIIT (n = 8); 2) moderate-intensity continuous training (Baduanjin Qigong) (MICT-BDJ) (n = 8); or 3) recreation workshop (RW) control (n = 8) for 16-week (32 session) intervention. Feasibility was assessed using retention rate, session attendance rate, exercise intensity adherence, acceptability, and safety. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Chinese version of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, while physical fitness (PF) was measured using the Senior Fitness Test. Depressive symptoms and PF were evaluated at baseline and post-intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>20 participants completed data collection twice. The retention rate was 87.5 % (7/8), 87.5 % (7/8), 75 % (6/8) for HIIT, MICT-BDJ, and RW, respectively. 87.5 % (7/8) of HIIT participants completed at least 75 % of exercise sessions. 81.4 % of HIIT participants achieved pre-designed intensity (≥80 % maximum heart rate) during high-intensity intervals. All HIIT (7/7) participants were satisfied with their group allocation. More HIIT (6/7) than MICT-BDJ (5/7) participants found exercise enjoyable. Two mild adverse events were reported in HIIT group. HIIT improved depressive symptoms more than MICT-BDJ (<em>d</em> = <strong>-</strong>1.02) and RW (<em>d</em> = <strong>-</strong>1.32). Both HIIT (<em>d</em> = 1.26) and MICT-BDJ (<em>d</em> = 1.39) improved PF more than RW.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides preliminary evidence on the feasibility and effect of HIIT for older adults with MMD. Both HIIT and MICT-BDJ improved depressive symptoms and PF. HIIT demonstrated better efficacy in depressive symptoms and mobility than MICT-BDJ. The findings should be interpreted cautiously due to several limitations. The rigorous cluster randomized controlled trial with large-scale sample size is warranted in the future to affirm the current findings.</div></div><div><h3>Trial registration</h3><div>Trial Registration: NCT06014294.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 246-251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal trends in physical fitness among preschoolers from Macao Special Administrative Region between 2002 and 2020","authors":"Siu Ming Choi ,&nbsp;Grant R. Tomkinson ,&nbsp;Justin J. Lang ,&nbsp;Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez ,&nbsp;Haoyu Dong ,&nbsp;Si Man Lei ,&nbsp;Eric Tsz Chun Poon","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study examined temporal trends in physical fitness among preschool children aged 3–5 years from the Macao Special Administrative Region, China between 2002 and 2020.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Representative repeated cross-sectional physical fitness data were collected in 2002, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 (<em>n</em> = 4514). Body size (height, weight, and chest, waist and hip circumferences) and physical fitness (2x10-m shuttle run, standing long jump, walking balance, two-leg continuous jump, overhead throw, and sit-and-reach) were objectively measured. Trends in means were calculated using general linear models. Models were adjusted for gender, age, height, and weight. Trends in distributional characteristics were calculated as the ratio of the coefficients of variation and described visually.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found significant but small increases in height, weight, and chest circumference (standardised effect size [ES] = 0.27–0.42), a significant moderate increase in hip circumference (ES = 0.59), and a negligible trend in waist circumference. Physical fitness trends were conflicting, with negligible to small declines in throwing (ES = −0.14) and balance (ES = −0.32) performance, and negligible to small improvements in other measures (ES = 0.19–0.34). We found negligible trends in distributional variability and differing trends in distributional asymmetry.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Overall, these findings suggest modest growth and development among Macao preschoolers over the past two decades. Our findings also highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring to support physical fitness and overall health in early childhood. Continuous screening and monitoring are crucial for identifying trends and informing future health initiatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 240-245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between 24-h Movement Behaviors and executive function in children aged 3–6 years: The mediating and moderating roles of fundamental movement skills","authors":"Zongyu Yang ,&nbsp;Long Yin ,&nbsp;Fang Li ,&nbsp;Pan Liu ,&nbsp;Yi Tang ,&nbsp;Bin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study seeks to explore the role of children's fundamental movement skills(FMS) within the framework of 24-h Movement Behaviors and executive function(EF)through the application of structural equation modeling (SEM).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study employs a cross-sectional design. Apart from sleep data, which was collected via questionnaires, all other data were objectively measured using ActiGraph wGT3-BT accelerometers. EF was assessed using N-Back and Flanker tasks, while FMS was evaluated using the third edition of the test of gross motor development (TGMD-3). Both the isometric log-ratio (ILR) transformation and SEM were conducted using RStudio software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, 24-h Movement Behaviors predicted children's inhibitory control(IC) reaction time (P = 0.018). FMS significantly predicted both IC and working memory (WM) (P = 0.001). However, the direct impact of 24-h Movement Behaviors on FMS was not significant (P &gt; 0.050). The interaction between FMS and overall, 24-h Movement Behaviors, along with their observed variables significantly promoted the positive development of children's EF (P &lt; 0.050).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Within the 24-h Movement Behaviors framework, FMS did not exhibit its previously established mediating role. However, the interaction between FMS and 24-h Movement Behaviors positively promoted the development of children's EF. This suggests that FMS plays an important regulatory role in the relationship between 24-h Movement Behaviors and EF, which is significant for the overall development of children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 213-221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on the functioning of attentional networks and heart rate variability in healthy young adults","authors":"Tian Yue ,&nbsp;Fengya Li ,&nbsp;Yan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Human attentional mechanisms comprise three distinct networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control. Studies assessing the acute effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on these networks have yielded inconsistent results. Similarly, the acute effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on these networks remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of HIIT and MICT on the functioning of attentional networks and explored the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and these networks in healthy young adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty-six healthy college students completed HIIT, MICT, and a resting (CON) session in a randomized cross-over design. The HIIT protocol comprised 10 × 1-min bouts at 100 % peak power output (Wpeak) with 1 min of active recovery at 20 % Wpeak. The MICT protocol was applied at 40 % Wpeak for 30 min. Functioning of the attentional networks was assessed post-intervention using the Attention Network Test for Interactions (ANT-I). HRV was recorded pre- and post-exercise/rest and during the ANT-I.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>HIIT significantly reduced the alerting function compared to CON (<em>p</em> = 0.017) but enhanced executive control compared to CON (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and MICT (<em>p</em> = 0.002). Following HIIT, immediate reductions in the log-transformed root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD) were significantly correlated with alerting (r = 0.554, <em>p</em> = 0.001) and executive control functions (r = 0.412, <em>p</em> = 0.016). Task-related LnRMSSD reductions also correlated with alerting (r = 0.424, <em>p</em> = 0.013) and executive control functions (r = 0.356, <em>p</em> = 0.039).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A single session of HIIT selectively modulated the functioning of attentional networks, decreasing alerting function while enhancing executive control. These effects were partly mediated by increased arousal resulting from parasympathetic withdrawal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 203-212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143918214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of L-citrulline supplementation on cerebrovascular function during sprint interval training in taekwondo athletes","authors":"Aiqin Li ,&nbsp;Haojie Li ,&nbsp;Jiangang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sprint Interval Training (SIT), a high - intensity exercise commonly used to improve athletic performance in combat sports, can affect cerebral blood flow. As the maintenance of cerebrovascular health is crucial for athletic performance and recovery, this study aimed to examine the effects of L-citrulline supplementation on cerebrovascular function following SIT in Taekwondo athletes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty male Taekwondo athletes (ages 18–30) participated in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Participants received either 8.8 g of L-citrulline or a placebo (maltodextrin) for 5 consecutive days. The protocol involved four 30-s maximal sprints. Cerebrovascular function was assessed using transcranial Doppler (TCD) to measure changes in the breath-holding index (ΔBHI) and Pulse Index (ΔPI) before and after exercise.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No significant difference was found for average power between conditions (F = 1.27, P = 0.275, η²_p = 0.07). A significant improvement in cerebrovascular function was observed in the L-citrulline group, with a positive change in ΔBHI (F = 5.09, P = 0.037, η²_p = 0.22). No significant effect was found for ΔPI (F = 0.19, P = 0.669, η²_p = 0.01).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>L-citrulline supplementation enhanced cerebrovascular function recovery after SIT, suggesting a protective effect for Taekwondo athletes engaged in high-intensity training by promoting cerebral vascular health without affecting performance or peripheral resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 222-228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143935823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of aerobic exercise on memory functions and serum levels of BDNF and TrkB in young adult and older adult male football players","authors":"Naseh Jahani ,&nbsp;Vahid Valipour Dehnou ,&nbsp;Rasoul Eslami ,&nbsp;Daniel Gahreman","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.100385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.100385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on verbal memory (VM) and non-verbal memory (NVM) functions as well as BDNF and TrkB serum levels in young and older adult male football players.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-nine male football players voluntarily participated in this study and were divided into two age groups: G1 (young; 19–30 years old, n = 15, football experience 10.6 ± 2.79 years) and G2 (older; 46–71 years old, n = 14, football experience 35.78 ± 9.48 years). Serum BDNF and TrkB levels and performance on the VM and NVM tests were measured before and after a 60-min aerobic exercise session. A 2 (Time) x 2 (Group) mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA test was used to detect the effects of exercise and age differences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There was a statistically significant time × group interaction of age and exercise on BDNF and TrkB levels (p &lt; 0.01, p &lt; 0.001; respectively). However, this interaction was not observed for VM and NVM (p = 0.751, p = 0.869; respectively). There was also a significant effect of the group on BDNF, TrkB, and NVM (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.01; respectively), whereas there was not a significant effect on VM (p = 0.094). Furthermore, there was a significant effect of time on BDNF, TrkB, and VM (p &lt; 0.001, for all); but not on NVM (p = 0.110).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Regular football training participation can maintain BDNF levels as a neurotrophin that can improve cognitive functions. Likewise, this neurotrophin and its receptor's response to aerobic exercise in old age suggests the effectiveness of exercise as a preventive strategy against age-related memory loss and neurodegeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 197-202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of crank length on cycling efficiency, sprint performance, and perceived fatigue in high-level amateur road cyclists","authors":"Jinsong Li ,&nbsp;Qiushi Wang ,&nbsp;Yunqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Liang Zhang ,&nbsp;Gengxin Dong ,&nbsp;Guangtong Ma ,&nbsp;Shuting Peng ,&nbsp;Binbin Wang ,&nbsp;Jiuyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Junhong Zhou ,&nbsp;Dapeng Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.100384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.100384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three different crank lengths (165 mm, 170 mm, and 175 mm) on cycling efficiency, sprint performance, and perceived fatigue in high-level amateur road cyclists.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A single-blind, randomized crossover design was employed, involving 28 trained male cyclists who completed three trials, each using a different crank length. Performance metrics, cycling economy (CE) including 20-min cycling under 60 % VO_2MAX, peak and average power during a 6s sprint, cadence, heart rate, and perceived exertion, were measured using validated ergometers and metabolic analyzers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results indicated significant differences in 60 %VO_2MAXRPE were observed between the 165 mm and 175 mm cranks (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, δ = −0.72) and between the 175 mm and 170 mm cranks (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, δ = −0.67). In contrast, no significant difference was observed between the 165 mm and 170 mm cranks (<em>p</em> = 0.25, δ = −0.17). For 60 %VO_2MAX, 6sMaxPower, 6sAVPower, 6sAVRpm, CE, 60 %VO_2MAXAVHeart, 6sMaxRpm no significant differences were observed between any of the crank length groups (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.34).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>For high-level amateur road cyclists, using a 165 mm or 170 mm crank reduces subjective fatigue compared to a 175 mm crank, influencing affecting cycling efficiency or sprint performance. These findings help refine crank length recommendations to optimize performance, reduce injury risk, and improve comfort for high-level amateur road cyclists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 3","pages":"Pages 175-180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}