Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness最新文献

{"title":"Association between sedentary behavior, physical activity, and the triglyceride glucose index and its derived indices: evidence from NHANES 2013–2018","authors":"Minghui Du ,&nbsp;Longwei Chen ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Liang Xia ,&nbsp;Yueying Liu ,&nbsp;Mengyue Guo ,&nbsp;Zeyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yunan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>While sedentary behavior and physical activity have been associated with the TyG index, their associations with TyG-derived indices and their potential interaction remain unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to examine the independent and interactive associations of sedentary behavior and physical activity with the TyG index and its derived indices.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional analysis used NHANES 2013–2018 data. We employed survey-weighted multivariate regression and restricted cubic splines to evaluate independent and nonlinear associations. Multiplicative interaction terms were used to examine if physical activity levels altered the association between sedentary behavior and outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After multivariable adjustment, longer sedentary time was significantly associated with higher TyG index (β = 0.0051, p &lt; 0.0001), TyG-BMI (β = 1.1395, p &lt; 0.0001), TyG-WHtR (β = 0.0163, p &lt; 0.0001) and TyG-WC (β = 3.0860, p &lt; 0.0001). Higher physical activity showed inverse associations with TyG (β = −0.0039, p &lt; 0.0001), TyG-BMI (β = −0.2677, p = 0.0007), TyG-WHtR (β = −0.0054, p &lt; 0.0001) and TyG-WC (β = −1.0057, p &lt; 0.0001). Nonlinear relationships were observed between physical activity and TyG-BMI, TyG-WHtR, and TyG-WC (p &lt; 0.01). Significant interactions existed between sedentary behavior and physical activity on TyG (p = 0.037), TyG-WHtR (p = 0.047) and TyG-WC (p = 0.047).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Prolonged sedentary behavior and lower physical activity showed associations with adverse profiles of the TyG index and its derivatives. Significant interactions between these behaviors were observed, indicating a particularly important combined association with central obesity-related indices. Integrating reductions in sedentary time with increases in physical activity could represent a synergistic approach for improving metabolic health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 451-461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Replacement of leisure-time sedentary behavior with various physical activities and the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis: evidence from the UK Biobank","authors":"Zhuoyao Tian ,&nbsp;Yuhua Gao ,&nbsp;Biying Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhenger Fang ,&nbsp;Guangjun Zheng ,&nbsp;Haofeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Fudong He ,&nbsp;Xia Chen ,&nbsp;Mingliang Liu ,&nbsp;Yuan Wei ,&nbsp;Liangming Li ,&nbsp;Guang Hao ,&nbsp;Shuang Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Associations between sedentary behavior (SB) during leisure time and the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis are inconclusive. We aimed to examine the impact of replacing sedentary time with equivalent durations of various physical activities on the risk of developing osteoporosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a sub-study from the UK Biobank, in which heel bone mineral density (BMD) was measured via ultrasound densitometry among 193,600 participants. A Logistic regression model and an isotemporal substitution model were used in the analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In this study, 52,430 osteopenia cases were recorded, of which 2443 were defined as osteoporosis. In comparison to participants with leisure-time SB &lt; 5 h/day, the odds ratio (OR) of osteoporosis risk was 1.38 (95 % confidence interval [CI): 1.17–1.62) for &gt;8 h/day. Replacing 30 min/day of leisure sedentary time with an equal time spent in the walk for pleasure was associated with a 3 % decrease of osteopenia risk and an 8 % decrease of osteoporosis risk, and replacing 3 min of leisure-time SB with an equal amount of strenuous sports was significantly associated with a 4 % reduction in the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia (OR = 0.96, 95 %CI: 0.93–0.98 and OR = 0.96, 95 %CI: 0.96–0.97). Furthermore, strenuous sports as an alternative to SBs was significantly associated with a lower risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis, especially in participants achieving 1.5–2.5 h of summer light hours.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Leisure-time SB was positively associated with the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Replacing sedentary time with equal time of PA and achieving 1.5–2.5 h of summer sun exposure could be an effective way to reduce osteopenia and osteoporosis burden.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 426-434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of exercise on blood glucose levels and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis and meta-regression","authors":"Li Shu ,&nbsp;Ruizhe Jiang ,&nbsp;Fang Wang ,&nbsp;Yongjin Xu ,&nbsp;Ping Wang ,&nbsp;Yuanying Ma ,&nbsp;Jinxia Pan ,&nbsp;Cong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Due to variations in exercise protocols, the effects of exercise on GDM remain inconsistent. This review aims to explore the effects of exercise on maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with GDM, and whether there is a dose-response relationship between exercise volume and pregnancy outcomes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, and VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Full-Text Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials. Cochrane RevMan and R were used for statistical analysis, and studies were evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Weighted-mean standardized mean differences were calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Twenty-four studies and 3,477 participants were included. Results from meta-analysis showed that exercise significantly lowered fasting blood glucose (FBG) (SMD = −1.69, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 96 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001), 2-h postprandial blood glucose (2-hPBG) (SMD = −2.10, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 96 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001), and glycated hemoglobin (MD = −0.95, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 98 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001) and reduced the risk of gestational hypertension (RR = 0.24, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001) and cesarean section (RR = 0.71, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 53 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.0005), preterm birth (RR = 0.51, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 31 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.002), macrosomia (RR = 0.40, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 19 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001), and neonatal hypoglycemia (RR = 0.49, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.03). Subgroup analyses indicated that moderate combined aerobic and resistance exercise improved FBG (SMD = −2.39, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 98 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001), 2-hPBG (SMD = −2.96, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 97 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001) and reduced the risks of cesarean section (RR = 0.68, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 40 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.02), preterm birth (RR = 0.46, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 23 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.01) and macrosomia (RR = 0.27, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.0001). In addition, the meta-regression analysis demonstrated a significant dose-response relationship between exercise volume and 2-hPBG (&lt;em&gt;β&lt;/em&gt; = −0.004, &lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 36.9 %, &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; = 0.002).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Moderate-intensity combined aerobic and resistance exercise, performed for at least 30 min per session on more than three days per week for at least six weeks, is associated with more pronounced improvements in glycemic control in women with GDM. It also reduces the risk of cesarean section, preterm birth, and macrosomia. These findings underscore the import","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 416-425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of aerobic exercise on immune components across healthy and diseased populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","authors":"Gengxin Dong ,&nbsp;Xueying He ,&nbsp;Jiya He ,&nbsp;Dapeng Bao ,&nbsp;Qi Gao ,&nbsp;Junhong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Aerobic exercise may improve immune component quantities in healthy and diseased populations, but its effects across different health conditions and immune systems remain unclear. This review examined its impact on immune components in both populations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A search in June 2025 across four databases included randomized controlled studies on aerobic exercise's effects on immune components in adults. Data (M ± SD) were extracted and converted to standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effect meta-analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Seventeen studies (502 participants) were included. The meta-analysis results showed long-term aerobic exercise increased T-cell counts in diseased individuals (p &lt; 0.05) but not in healthy ones (p &gt; 0.05). It significantly reduced IgA levels in healthy participants compared to non-exercising controls (p &lt; 0.05), potentially counteracting natural temporal increases observed in sedentary populations, without affecting IgG, IgM, leukocytes, neutrophils, or monocytes in either group (p &gt; 0.05). Single-pass exercise did not alter leukocytes, lymphocytes, CD3⁺, or NK cells in healthy participants (p &gt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Long-term aerobic exercise primarily affects adaptive immune components, benefiting individuals with unstable immune conditions. Single-pass exercise has no effect on healthy populations, making long-term interventions more suitable for improving adaptive immunity in unstable immune states.</div></div><div><h3>Systematic review registration</h3><div><span><span>www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>, identifier: CRD42024546696.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 435-450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute effect of dark chocolate intake before high-intensity resistance exercise on arterial stiffness in healthy young men","authors":"Urara Hata ,&nbsp;Yuto Hashimoto ,&nbsp;Midori Natsume ,&nbsp;Takanobu Okamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This study investigated the effect of dark chocolate (DC) intake before resistance exercise (RE) on arterial stiffness.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twelve healthy adult males (age, 23.0 ± 1.0 years) performed DC or white chocolate (WC) intake trial on separate days in a randomized crossover trials. Participants consumed 50g of DC containing 1285 mg cocoa polyphenols or an isocaloric amount of WC 50g without polyphenols. All participants performed 5 sets of 5 repetitions using 80 % of the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and 5 sets of 10 repetitions using 70 % of the 1RM biceps curl. Brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), blood pressure, and heart rate were measured before chocolate intake (baseline); and before (at 60 min after chocolate intake), immediately after, and at 30 and 60 min after completing the RE.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In both trials, there was a significant increase in baPWV immediately after the RE compared with baseline (baseline: DC 1103 ± 94 cm/s, WC 1108 ± 167 cm/s; immediately after RE: DC 1300 ± 187 cm/s, WC 1325 ± 178 cm/s; P &lt; 0.05). In the DC intake trial, baPWV decreased to 1210 ± 180 cm/s at 30 min and 1155 ± 134 cm/s at 60 min after RE, compared to immediately after RE (P &lt; 0.05). In contrast, in the WC intake trial baPWV was decreased to 1222 ± 176 cm/s at 60 min after RE compared to immediately after RE (P &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These results suggest that in comparison with WC intake, DC intake before RE might quickly reduce post-exercise increased arterial stiffness. <strong>Clinical Trials Registry Number</strong>: UMIN000052616.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 409-415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of hard court slide braking technique and influencing factors in elite college tennis players","authors":"Yutian Ji ,&nbsp;Tianhao Gao ,&nbsp;Wentao Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruichao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yifan Wang ,&nbsp;Liya Xu ,&nbsp;Xinyu Wang ,&nbsp;Xu Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hard court slide braking technique of elite college tennis players and to analyze the factors that influence the use of hard court slide braking technique.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 100 elite tennis players (58 males and 42 females) participated in tests involving hard court hit-to-return and Forcedecks Dual Force Plates System-based physical function. Independent samples t-tests, paired samples t-tests and binary logistic regression were employed in data analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The use of slide braking technique on hard courts, compared to traditional methods, led to a 10 % reduction in time for short-distance shots and a 7 % reduction for long-distance shots (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Athletes skilled in the hard court slide braking technique completed the movement faster when they employed traditional braking technique than those who are unskilled in the hard court slide braking technique (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Key factors that significantly influenced the use of slide braking technique included years of training, left hip abduction, 10-m sprint speed, braking leg reactive strength index (RSI), ground reaction force on the braking leg and recovery balance time of the braking leg (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings offer new perspectives into tennis-specific physical training, assisting more tennis players in enhancing their athletic skills effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 399-408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute effects of blue and red light exposure on cognitive performance, exercise capacity, perceived effort, and dynamic balance: A randomized crossover study","authors":"Ukbe Sirayder ,&nbsp;Merdan Orunoglu ,&nbsp;Oguzhan Yilmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study investigated the acute effects of narrow-band blue (460 nm) and red (630 nm) light exposure on cognitive performance, exercise capacity, perceived fatigue, and dynamic balance in healthy young males. To our knowledge, this is the first randomized crossover study to systematically assess the combined impact of pre-exercise light exposure on both cognitive-motor integration and aerobic performance within an exercise context.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fifty physically active young males participated in a randomized crossover design. Participants were exposed to either blue or red light, followed immediately by assessments of simple reaction time (SRT), Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) distance, heart rate, perceived exertion, and Y-Balance Test performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Blue light exposure led to a significant and large improvement in SRT (Δ = −53.33 ms; p &lt; 0.001, η²_p = 0.270) and enhanced dynamic balance. Red light exposure produced greater increases in ISWT distance (Δ = +36.98 m; p = 0.004, η²_p = 0.453) and significant reductions in perceived fatigue and dyspnea. A moderate positive correlation was observed between SRT improvement and ISWT distance under blue light (β = 0.1869, p = 0.008).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study demonstrates that short-term, wavelength-specific light exposure may optimize both cognitive and physiological readiness prior to exercise. These findings provide novel evidence supporting the integration of individualized light-based strategies in athletic preparation protocols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 389-398"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing cognitive function through blood flow restriction: An effective resistance exercise modality for middle-aged women","authors":"Dohyeon Lee ,&nbsp;Kyeongho Byun ,&nbsp;Sewon Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Cognitive decline progresses more rapidly in women than in men, with a higher prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases observed in females. Exercise has been shown to enhance cognitive function through the upregulation of neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, high-load resistance exercise may not be suitable for all populations, particularly middle-aged women. Low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (LLBFR) has emerged as an effective alternative. This study investigated the acute effects of LLBFR on neurotrophic factors and cognitive function in middle-aged women.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fifteen healthy middle-aged women completed a randomized crossover trial involving four conditions: control (CON), low-load resistance exercise (LLRE), LLBFR, and moderate-load resistance exercise (MLRE). Cognitive function was assessed before and after each session using the color-word matching Stroop task (CWST). Blood samples were analyzed for serum levels of BDNF, VEGF, and IGF-1, and lactate concentrations were measured to evaluate metabolic responses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Only the LLBFR condition showed significant improvements in CWST reaction time (<em>p</em> = 0.002) with no changes in error rates, indicating enhanced cognitive performance. Serum BDNF and VEGF levels increased significantly following both LLBFR (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, <em>p</em> = 0.014, respectively) and MLRE (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, <em>p</em> = 0.004, respectively), whereas IGF-1 levels remained unchanged across conditions. Increases in lactate concentrations were positively correlated with changes in BDNF and VEGF (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001 for both), but not with IGF-1.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A single session of LLBFR improved cognitive function and upregulated neurotrophic factors, particularly BDNF and VEGF, in middle-aged women. These findings suggest that LLBFR may be an effective intervention for promoting cognitive health in this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 379-388"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144865193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compared to moderate-intensity continuous training, short-term high-intensity interval training demonstrates enhanced effects on metabolic flexibility in adult males with obesity","authors":"Jia-Zheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Mei Liu ,&nbsp;Shi-Qi Lu ,&nbsp;Zhen-Bo Cao ,&nbsp;Zheng Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The aim of this study was to assess the effects of short-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MICT) with matched energy expenditure on metabolic flexibility and other metabolic parameters in adult male individuals with obesity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty male individuals with obesity (age: 21.4 ± 1.5 years; body mass index: 31.0 ± 3.6 kg/m²) were enrolled in this crossover design study. Participants were randomly allocated to an intervention sequence of 1) 3 consecutive days of HIIT (30 min, 6 × 2.5 min bouts at 90 % Peak Oxygen Uptake (VO_2peak), alternated with 2.5 min active recovery periods [25 % VO_2peak]), or 2) three consecutive days of MICT (60 min at 50 % VO_2peak), with a washout period of 1 week. Respiratory quotient (RQ), glucose, C-peptide, insulin, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels were measured both during fasting and throughout a 180 min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), conducted before and after the intervention. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were derived. ΔRQ was defined as the average RQ during the OGTT minus fasting RQ.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Short-term exercise intervention significantly reduced HOMA-IR in male individuals with obesity (P &lt; 0.001) and concurrently increased the Matsuda index (P = 0.001). Both exercise interventions led to a similar decrease in fasting RQ (P = 0.001), C-peptide, insulin, and HOMA-IR (P &lt; 0.001). Additionally, they reduced the iAUC for glucose and insulin during the OGTT (P &lt; 0.001). The ΔRQ and the RQ iAUC in the HIIT group were significantly higher than those in the MICT group, and different exercise intensities exhibited interactive effects within groups for RQ iAUC and ΔRQ (P = 0.013 and P = 0.012).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Two short-term exercise interventions similarly improved glucose tolerance, with HIIT demonstrating a more advantageous effect on metabolic flexibility than MICT in male individuals with obesity.</div></div><div><h3>Trial registration</h3><div>The trial was officially registered at <span><span>www.chictr.org.cn</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> (ChiCTR2300072884).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 370-378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144770610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoregulated resistance training for maximal strength enhancement: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","authors":"Zijing Huang ,&nbsp;Jian Sun ,&nbsp;Duanying Li ,&nbsp;Chao Chen ,&nbsp;Dexin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2025.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims to systematically review the effects of Autoregulating Progressive Resistance Exercise (APRE), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), and Velocity-based Resistance Training (VBRT) on maximal strength through a network meta-analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Forest plots and network diagrams visualized training modality differences and intervention relationships. Pooled standard mean difference (SMD) of different studies and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) quantified effect sizes, with inconsistency models assessing heterogeneity and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values ranking protocols by optimal probability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For back squat 1RM, no moderate/large effect sizes were observed between interventions. SUCRA rankings showed APRE (93.0 %) as the most optimal intervention, followed by RPE (66.8 %), VBRT (27.0 %), and PBRT (13.2 %). In bench press 1RM, PBRT demonstrated a large effect vs APRE (SMD = −0.83, −1.22 to −0.44), while RPE showed a moderate effect vs APRE (SMD = −0.76, −1.70 to 0.19). SUCRA rankings prioritized APRE (97.1 %), followed by VBRT (57.1 %), RPE (29.9 %), and PBRT (15.9 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In this study, the network meta-analysis confirmed that APRE, VBRT, and RPE were significantly more effective than PBRT in enhancing maximum strength. Among these, APRE demonstrated the greatest effect, ranking first in the improvement of both the back squat and bench press 1RM, followed by VBRT, RPE, and PBRT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"23 4","pages":"Pages 360-369"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}