Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness最新文献

{"title":"Effects of low-versus high-volume high-intensity interval training on glycemic control and quality of life in obese women with type 2 diabetes. A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Ahmad Mahdi Ahmad ,&nbsp;Asmaa Mohamed Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Zahra Hassan Serry ,&nbsp;Mohamed Mady Mohamed ,&nbsp;Heba Ali Abd Elghaffar","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/objective</h3><p>Comparison between different training volumes of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is understudied in type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to compare the effects of low- and high-volume HIIT on glycemic control, blood lipids, blood pressure, anthropometric adiposity measures, cardiorespiratory fitness, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in women with type 2 diabetes.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Seventy-two obese women with type 2 diabetes aged 36–55 were randomly assigned to a low-volume HIIT group (i.e., 2 × 4-min high-intensity treadmill exercise at 85%–90% of peak heart rate, with a 3-min active recovery interval in between), a high-volume HIIT group (i.e., 4 × 4-min high-intensity treadmill exercise at 85%–90% of peak heart rate, with three 3-min active recovery intervals in between), and a non-exercising control group. Patients in HIIT groups exercised three days a week for 12 weeks. All patients received oral hypoglycemic medications with no calorie restrictions. The outcome measures were glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2-hr PPBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio, time to maximal exhaustion determined from a maximal treadmill exercise test (i.e., a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness), and HRQoL assessed by the 12-item Short Form (SF-12) Health Survey.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The low- and high-volume HIIT groups showed significant improvements in all outcome measures compared to the baseline and the non-exercising group (P &lt; 0.05), except for DBP in the low-volume HIIT group (p &gt; 0.05). Also, both low- and high-volume HIIT groups showed similar improvements in TC, HDL, SBP, DBP, BMI, WC, waist-to-hip ratio, and the SF-12 scores, with no significant between-groups difference (p &gt; 0.05). The high-volume HIIT group, however, showed more significant improvements in HbA1c, FBG, 2-hr PPBG, TG, LDL, and treadmill time to maximal exhaustion than the low-volume HIIT group (p &lt; 0.05). The non-exercising group showed non-significant changes in all outcome measures (p &gt; 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Low-volume HIIT could be equally effective as high-volume HIIT for improving TC, HDL, blood pressure, anthropometric adiposity measures, and HRQoL in obese women with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, high-volume HIIT could have a greater impact on glycemic control, TG, LDL, and cardiorespiratory fitness in these patients.</p></div><div><h3>Trial registration</h3><p><span>ClinicalTrials.gov</span><svg><path></path></svg>, NCT05110404.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"21 4","pages":"Pages 395-404"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10632101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89718554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative efficacy of various hypoxic training paradigms on maximal oxygen consumption: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","authors":"Qian Yu ,&nbsp;Zhaowei Kong ,&nbsp;Liye Zou ,&nbsp;Robert Chapman ,&nbsp;Qingde Shi ,&nbsp;Jinlei Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Enhancement in maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2max) induced by hypoxic training is important for both athletes and non-athletes. However, the lack of comparison of multiple paradigms and the exploration of related modulating factors leads to the inability to recommend the optimal regimen in different situations. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of seven common hypoxic training paradigms on VO_2max and associated moderators.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Electronic (i.e., five databases) and manual searches were performed, and 42 studies involving 1246 healthy adults were included. Pairwise meta-analyses were conducted to compare different hypoxic training paradigms and hypoxic training and control conditions. The Bayesian network meta-analysis model was applied to calculate the standardised mean differences (SMDs) of pre–post VO_2max alteration among hypoxic training paradigms in overall, athlete, and non-athlete populations, while meta-regression analyses were employed to explore the relationships between covariates and SMDs.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>All seven hypoxic training paradigms were effective to varying degrees, with SMDs ranging from 1.45 to 7.10. Intermittent hypoxia interval training (IHIT) had the highest probability of being the most efficient hypoxic training paradigm in the overall population and athlete subgroup (42%, 44%), whereas intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) was the most promising hypoxic training paradigm among non-athletes (66%). Meta-regression analysis revealed that saturation hours (coefficient, 0.004; <em>P</em> = 0.038; 95% CI [0.0002, 0.0085]) accounted for variations of VO_2max improvement induced by IHT.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Efficient hypoxic training paradigms for VO_2max gains differed between athletes and non-athletes, with IHIT ranking best for athletes and IHT for non-athletes. The practicability of saturation hours is confirmed with respect to dose–response issues in the future hypoxic training and associated scientific research.</p></div><div><h3>Registration</h3><p>This study was registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42022333548).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"21 4","pages":"Pages 366-375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/77/a3/main.PMC10580050.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49677951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges of social change: The 2021 Republic of Slovenia report card on physical activity of children and adolescents","authors":"Shawnda A. Morrison ,&nbsp;Gregor Jurak ,&nbsp;Gregor Starc ,&nbsp;Marjeta Kovač ,&nbsp;Mojca Golobič ,&nbsp;Poljanka Pavletič Samardžija ,&nbsp;Mojca Gabrijelčič ,&nbsp;Primož Kotnik ,&nbsp;Kaja Meh ,&nbsp;Marko Primožič ,&nbsp;Vedrana Sember","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Slovenian children are facing considerable health challenges from the rapid social changes that influence their opportunity to engage in daily physical activity.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To overlay the social changes to the established Report Card model as a means of contextualising the extreme changes in physical activity and fitness observed over several years.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Benchmarks were graded for 10 core indicators, plus two (Sleep, Seasonal Variations). Active Healthy Kids Slovenia members met (predominantly via zoom) liaising with team leader(s) on a flexible, individual basis, based on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) regulations, over the ∼2-year assessment period of the project. Data were separated to the years prior to, ‘pre’ 2018–2020, and ‘during’ the global pandemic (2020–2021). Where sufficient data existed for both timeframes, grades were averaged to produce an overall grade.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Grade results are expressed as pre/during/final grade, where the final grade (bolded) is a straight average of the two preceding time epochs: Overall Physical Activity (A-/A-/<strong>A-</strong>), Organized Sport and Physical Activity (C+/C/<strong>C</strong>), Active Play (D/C+/<strong>C</strong>), Active Transport (C/INC/<strong>C</strong>), Sedentary Behaviour (B/C/<strong>C+</strong>), Physical Fitness (A+/A-/<strong>A</strong>), Family and Peers (B+/INC/<strong>B+</strong>), Schools (A/A/<strong>A</strong>), Community and Environment (A+/A+/<strong>A+</strong>), Government (A/F/<strong>D</strong>), Sleep (D-/INC/<strong>D-</strong>), Seasonal Variations (D/C-/<strong>D+</strong>).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Although Slovenia has some of the most consistently physically-active children in the world, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic exerted significant reductions in physical activity opportunities, and especially when coupled with funding re-distributions, resulted in the steepest decline of child physical fitness observed within the &gt;35-year history of Slovenia's well-established national fitness surveillance system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"21 4","pages":"Pages 305-312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/cd/ec/main.PMC10372450.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9907222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of regular aerobic exercise on vascular function in overweight or obese older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Peilun Li ,&nbsp;Ziqing Liu ,&nbsp;Kewen Wan ,&nbsp;Kangle Wang ,&nbsp;Chen Zheng ,&nbsp;Junhao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Overweight and obese older adults have a high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise is a valuable strategy to improve vascular health, but the effects of aerobic exercise on vascular endothelial function in obese and overweight older adults remain controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on vascular function in obese and overweight older adults with or without comorbidity.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A systematic literature search for related studies published in English was conducted between January 1989 and October 30, 2022, in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. A random effects model was chosen for meta-analysis, which calculated the effect sizes of control and intervention groups after exercise intervention using standardized mean differences (SMDs) corrected for Hedges' g bias and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Twenty-six studies containing 1418 participants were included in the study. After excluding three studies contributing to higher heterogeneity by sensitivity analysis, there are small effects of regular aerobic exercise on vascular function of obese and overweight older adults, including flow-mediated dilation (FMD) [SMD = 0.21, 95% CI (0.02, 0.41), z = 2.16, df = 19, I² = 52.2%, P = 0.031] and pulse wave velocity (PWV) [SMD = −0.24, 95% CI (−0.46, −0.02), z = 2.17, df = 10, I² = 8.6%, P = 0.030], and no significant effect was observed on augmentation index (Aix). Subgroup analysis showed small effects of regular aerobic exercise on FMD [SMD = 0.37, 95% CI (0.13, 0.61), z = 3.05, df = 9, I² = 52.6%, P = 0.002] in the overweight not obese subgroup (25 = BMI &lt;30 kg/m²), but no significant effect on the obese subgroup (BMI ≥30 kg/m²). Regular aerobic exercise for more than 24 weeks improved FMD by small effect sizes [SMD = 0.48, 95% CI (0.04, 0.93), z = 2.12, df = 5, I² = 56.4%, P = 0.034] and for more than three times per week improved FMD by moderate effect sizes [SMD = 0.55, 95% CI (0.12, 0.98), z = 2.50, df = 3, I² = 31.1%, P = 0.012] in obese and overweight older adults with or without CVD.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In obese and overweight older adults with or without comorbidity, regular aerobic exercise for more than 24 weeks improved FMD by small effect sizes and exercise for more than three times per week improved FMD by moderate effect sizes and regular aerobic exercise reduced PWV by small effect sizes and had no influence on Aix. Taken together, it was recommended that obese and overweight older adults should adhere to regular aerobic exercise, training at least 3 times per week for better results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"21 4","pages":"Pages 313-325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3b/ca/main.PMC10372915.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9907225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-intensity interval training is not superior to continuous aerobic training in reducing body fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","authors":"Ana Marenco Kramer,&nbsp;Jocelito Bijoldo Martins,&nbsp;Patricia Caetano de Oliveira,&nbsp;Alexandre Machado Lehnen,&nbsp;Gustavo Waclawovsky","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objective</h3><p>Guidelines on obesity management reinforce regular exercise to reduce body fat. Exercise modalities, including high-intensity interval training (HIIT), appear to produce a similar effect to continuous aerobic training (CAT) on body fat. However, they have not addressed the chronic effect of HIIT vs. CAT on body fat assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Thus, we compared the effectiveness of CAT vs. HIIT protocols on body fat (absolute or relative) (%BF) and abdominal visceral fat reduction, assessed by DEXA, in adults with overweight and obesity.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) including both female or male adults with excess body weight. We performed searches in the databases MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science and Cochrane.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In our analysis (11 RCTs), we found no greater benefit on %BF of HIIT vs. CAT (MD –0.55%, 95% CI –1.42 to 0.31; p = 0.209). As for abdominal visceral fat, no training modality was superior (SMD: −0.05, 95% CI –0.29 to 0.19; p = 0.997). Regarding secondary outcomes (body weight, BMI, VO₂ max, glycemic and lipid profiles), HIIT shows greater benefit than CAT in increasing VO₂ max and fasting blood glucose and reducing total cholesterol.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>HIIT is not superior to CAT in reducing %BF or abdominal visceral fat in individuals characterized by excess weight. However, HIIT showed beneficial effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose when compared to CAT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"21 4","pages":"Pages 385-394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10624584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71482267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the Perceived Physical Literacy Questionnaire (PPLQ) for the adult population","authors":"Peter Holler ,&nbsp;Johannes Carl ,&nbsp;Mireille N.M. van Poppel ,&nbsp;Johannes Jaunig","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/objective</h3><p>In physical literacy (PL) research, instruments for the adult population covering all relevant domians are currently lacking in German language. Therefore, the Perceived Physical Literacy Questionnaire (PPLQ) was developed as an assessment instrument of PL for the adult population. The purpose of this study is to describe the multistage development process leading to the aim to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PPLQ.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Based on established questionnaires (subscales) operationalizing the six defined PL domains (motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge, understanding, and physical activity behavior), we generated a large item pool. Exploratory analyses on survey data (n = 506), compelemented through an expert panel, served to identify the best fitting items. Cognitive interviews (n = 7) and a language certification process (level A2) helped to enhance the content validity of the items. Finally, we assessed the hypothesized factor structure of the PPLQ and its convergent validity with the Physical Activity-related Health Competence (PAHCO) questionnaire in a second independent sample.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Valid data of 417 adults (66% women, 48 ± 16 years) entered the confirmatory factor analysis. We found empirical support for a theory-compatible 24-item version, after reducing complexity (i.e., domain subscales). Additionally, the six domains could be subsumed under an overall factor for PL (χ²₂₄₇ = 450.70, χ²/df = 1.83, CFI_Robust = 0.895, RMSEA_Robust = 0.074 [CI₉₀ = 0.063–0.085], SRMR = 0.064). Factor loadings, composite reliability, and discriminant validity were sufficient, while acceptable convergent validity was achieved for the total PL score and three domains.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The 24-item version of the PPLQ is appropriate for assessing PL among adults. However, some items (especially in the knowledge domain) can benefit from refinement in further studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"21 4","pages":"Pages 424-433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1728869X23000473/pdfft?md5=7024ed72820ea16eebfdc27ccf21941b&pid=1-s2.0-S1728869X23000473-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92006242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of intervention integrating physical literacy into active school recesses on physical fitness and academic achievement in Chinese children","authors":"Danqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Lijuan Shi ,&nbsp;Xiaoling Zhu ,&nbsp;Sitong Chen ,&nbsp;Yang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objective</h3><p>The aim of this study was to examine the effects of school-based intervention integrating physical literacy (PL) into active school recesses (ASR) on physical fitness (i.e., body composition, 20-m shuttle run, 50-m run, rope skipping, sit and reach, handgrip) and academic achievement (i.e., academic result of Chinese and Mathematics) in Chinese children.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 357 children (mean age: 7.8 ± 0.7 years; boys: 50.4%) were recruited from two schools and these two schools were randomly assigned as the intervention group (IG) and the control group (CG), respectively. The IG consisted of 155 children (mean age: 7.9 ± 0.7 years, boys: 51.0%), and 202 children (mean age: 7.8 ± 0.7 years; boys: 50%) were allocated to the CG. Children in the IG received a 10-week intervention integrating PL that was conducted during ASR. In the CG, children's regular school activity was remained during the intervention period. Generalized estimating equation was performed to compare the levels of physical fitness and academic achievement between the IG and the CG after intervention.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Regarding physical fitness, there was a significant group × time interaction on 20-m shuttle run (<em>β</em> = −3.89, 95% CI [-5.08; −2.71], <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and handgrip (<em>β</em> = −0.70, 95% CI [-1.20; −0.20], <em>p</em> = 0.006). After intervention, children in the IG had a greater increase than the CG (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) in terms of 20-m shuttle run and handgrip. In addition, the post-test analysis indicated that performance of children in the IG was significantly greater than those in the CG (20-m shuttle run: <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, handgrip: <em>p</em> = 0.002). There was a significant group × time interaction on academic result of Chinese (<em>β</em> = −1.21, 95% CI [-1.91; −0.56], <em>p</em> = 0.001) and academic result of Mathematics (<em>β</em> = 16.71, 95% CI [15.14; 18.143], <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Statistically significant positive difference in post-test was observed in academic result of Mathematics between the IG and the CG (<em>p</em> = 0.012).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The results of this intervention study indicate that intervention integrating PL into ASR could bring a promising effect on physical fitness and academic achievement in children. It is recommended that future studies are necessary to assess the effects of ASR-based PL intervention on physical and cognitive outcomes using a wide range of sample.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"21 4","pages":"Pages 376-384"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10624586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71482266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of an acute bout of ergometer cycling on young adults’ executive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Tamara S. Dkaidek ,&nbsp;David P. Broadbent ,&nbsp;Daniel T. Bishop","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The extent to which acute exercise improves executive function (EF) remains indeterminate. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effect of acute ergometer cycling exercise on executive function (EF), including the potential moderating effects of exercise intensity and duration, EF task type, and EF task onset.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We searched seven electronic research databases using cycling- and cognition-related terms. All 17 studies included were published in the last 10 years and comprised healthy participants aged 18–35 years who completed tasks assessing a variety of EFs before and after cycling exercise lasting 10–60 min. We analyzed 293 effect sizes obtained from 494 individuals (mean age = 22.07 ± 2.46 yrs). Additional analyses were performed, using averaged effect sizes for each separate study to examine the omnibus effect across studies.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>There was a positive effect of acute ergometer cycling exercise on response time (RT) in 16 of 17 studies reviewed and a positive effect for response accuracy (RA) in 8 of 14 studies; three studies did not report RA data. Hedges’ g effect sizes [95% CI] for RT ranged from 0.06 [-0.45, 0.56] to 1.50 [0.58, 2.43] and for RA from −1.94 [-2.61, −1.28] to 1.03 [0.88, 1.19].</p><p>Bouts of cycling completed at moderate intensities appear to have the greatest effect on RT (Hedges' g = 1.03 [0.88, 1.19]) but no significant effect on RA; bouts with durations of 21–30 min appear to offer the greatest benefits for both RT (Hedges' g = 0.77 [0.41, 1.13]) and RA (Hedges' g = 0.92 [0.31, 1.52]). Effect sizes were greatest for RT in inhibitory control tasks (Hedges' g = 0.91 [0.80, 1.03]) and for RT when EF tasks were completed immediately post-exercise (Hedges’ g = 1.11 [0.88, 1.33]).</p></div><div><h3>Findings were similar in the omnibus analyses</h3><p>moderate-intensity bouts had the greatest effect on RT, SMD = 0.79 (95% CI [0.49, 1.08]), z = 5.20, p &lt; 0.0001, as did cycling durations of 21–30 min, SMD = 0.87 (95% CI [0.58, 1.15], z = 5.95, p &lt; 0.0001. The greatest benefits were derived for inhibitory control tasks, SMD = 0.70 (95% CI [0.43, 0.98]), z = 5.07, p &lt; 0.04, and when the EF task was completed immediately post-exercise, SMD = 0.96 (95% CI [0.51, 1.41]), z = 4.19, p &lt; 0.001. There were no overall effects on RA.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our findings indicate that acute bouts of cycling exercise may be a viable means to enhance RTs in immediately subsequent EF task performance, but moderating and interactive effects of several exercise parameters must also be considered.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"21 4","pages":"Pages 326-344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10392134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9923894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Whole-body Vibration frequency on muscle tensile state during graded plantar flexor isometric contractions","authors":"Pornpimol Muanjai ,&nbsp;Chris Haas ,&nbsp;Wolfram Sies ,&nbsp;Uwe Mittag ,&nbsp;Jochen Zange ,&nbsp;Eckhard Schönau ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Duran ,&nbsp;Sigitas Kamandulis ,&nbsp;Jörn Rittweger","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.10.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2023.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Acute physiological and biomechanical alterations have been reported following whole-body vibration (WBV). Stiffening of muscles has only been anecdotally reported in response to WBV. Accordingly, this study investigated active plantar flexor muscle stiffness in response to a single WBV bout at four mechanical vibration frequencies.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Thirteen healthy adults (37.1 ± 14.4 years old) randomly received WBV in 4 different frequencies (6, 12, 24, and 0 Hz control) for 5 min. Shear wave speed (SWS) in longitudinal and transverse projections, architecture, and electric muscle activity were recorded in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and soleus (SOL) muscle during graded plantar flexor contraction. Subjective rating of perceived muscle stiffness was assessed via Likert-scale.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>SWS of the MG at rest was enhanced in response to 5 min of 24 Hz WBV (<em>p</em> = 0.025), while a small reduction in SOL SWS was found during contraction (<em>p</em> = 0.005) in the longitudinal view. Subjective stiffness rating was increased following 12 Hz intervention. After 24 Hz WBV, pennation angle for MG was decreased (<em>p</em> = 0.011) during contraction. As a secondary finding, plantar flexor strength was significantly increased with each visit, which, however, did not affect the study's main outcome because of balanced sequence allocation.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>SWS effects were solely limited to 24 Hz mechanical vibration and in the longitudinal projection. The observed effects are compatible with an interpretation by post-activation potentiation, warm-up, and force-distribution within the triceps surae muscles following 5 min WBV. The outcome may suggest SWS as a useful tool for assessing acute changes in muscle stiffness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"21 4","pages":"Pages 405-415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1728869X23000515/pdfft?md5=a5b49e015743e2e86ba35432dc4fdd02&pid=1-s2.0-S1728869X23000515-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92006244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training are both effective in increasing maximum fat oxidation during exercise in overweight and obese adults: A meta-analysis","authors":"Mingyue Yin ,&nbsp;Zhili Chen ,&nbsp;George P. Nassis ,&nbsp;Hengxian Liu ,&nbsp;Hansen Li ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Deng ,&nbsp;Yongming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jesf.2023.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>to (1) systematically review the chronic effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on maximal fat oxidation (MFO) in overweight and obese adults, and (2) explore MFO influencing factors and its dose-response relationships with HIIT and MICT.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Studies using a between-group design involving overweight and obese adults and assessing the effect of HIIT and MICT on MFO were included. A meta-analysis on MFO indices was conducted, and the observed heterogeneities were explored through subgroup, regression, and sensitivity analyses.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Thirteen studies of moderate to high quality with a total of 519 overweight and obese subjects were included in this meta-analysis (HIIT, n = 136; MICT, n = 235; Control, n = 148). HIIT displayed a statistically significant favorable effect on MFO compared to no-training (MD = 0.07; 95%CI [0.03 to 0.11]; <em>I</em>² = 0%). Likewise, MICT displayed a statistically significant favorable effect on MFO compared to no-training (MD = 0.10; 95%CI [0.06 to 0.15]; <em>I</em>² = 95%). Subgroup and regression analyses revealed that exercise intensity (Fat_max vs. non-Fat_max; %VO₂peak), exercise mode, BMI, and VO₂peak all significantly moderated MICT on MFO. When analyzing studies that have directly compared HIIT and MCIT in obese people, it seems there is no difference in the MFO change (MD = 0.01; 95%CI [-0.02 to 0.04]; <em>I</em>² = 64%). No publication bias was found in any of the above meta-analyses (Egger's test <em>p</em> &gt; 0.05 for all).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Both HIIT and MICT are effective in improving MFO in overweight and obese adults, and they have similar effects. MCIT with an intensity of 65–70% VO₂peak, performed 3 times per week for 60 min per session, will optimize MFO increases in overweight and obese adults. Given the lack of studies examining the effect of HIIT on MFO in overweight and obese adults and the great diversity in the training protocols in the existing studies, we were unable to make sound recommendations for training.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15793,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness","volume":"21 4","pages":"Pages 354-365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/02/fc/main.PMC10494468.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10233818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}