Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Volume 12 Author Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1078155206074843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155206074843","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"424 1","pages":"455-456"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84464698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor air and exposure: selected papers from INDOOR AIR 2002.","authors":"Jed M Waldman, Deborah H Bennett, Sumi Mehta","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500377","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhalation of hazardous air pollutants from environmental tobacco smoke in US residences.","authors":"William W Nazaroff,&nbsp;Brett C Singer","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the United States, 48 million adults smoke 3.5-5 x 10(11) cigarettes/year. Many cigarettes are smoked in private residences, causing regular environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure to roughly 31 million nonsmokers (11% of the US population), including 16 million juveniles. (Upper bound estimates are 53 million exposed nonsmokers including 28 million juveniles.) ETS contains many chemical species whose industrial emissions are regulated by the US federal government as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). In this paper, average daily residential exposures to and intakes of 16 HAPs in ETS are estimated for US nonsmokers who live with smokers. The evaluation is based on material-balance modeling; utilizes published data on smoking habits, demographics, and housing; and incorporates newly reported exposure-relevant emission factors. The ratio of estimated average exposure concentrations to reference concentrations is close to or greater than one for acrolein, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde, indicating potential for concern regarding noncancer health effects from chronic exposures. In addition, lifetime cancer risks from residential ETS exposure are estimated to be substantial ( approximately 2-500 per million) for each of five known or probable human carcinogens: acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, benzene, acrylonitrile, and 1,3-butadiene. Cumulative population intakes from residential ETS are compared for six key compounds against ambient sources of exposure. ETS is found to be a dominant source of environmental inhalation intake for acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene. It is an important cause of intake for acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde, and a significant contributor to intake for benzene.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S71-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to air pollutants in English homes.","authors":"Gary J Raw,&nbsp;Sara K D Coward,&nbsp;Veronica M Brown,&nbsp;Derrick R Crump","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BRE has conducted a national representative survey of air pollutants in 876 homes in England, designed to increase knowledge of baseline pollutant levels and factors associated with high concentrations. Homes were monitored for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the majority of the homes, concentrations of the measured pollutants were low. However, some homes have concentrations that would suggest a need for precautionary mitigation. Those factors that are most likely to lead to exposures of concern in homes are identified as gas cooking (for CO and NO(2)), the use of unflued appliances for heating (for CO and NO(2)), emissions from materials in new homes (for total VOC (TVOC) and formaldehyde), and painting and decorating, with a significant increase in risk suspected to exist where there is not a place to store materials away from the living space (for TVOC). It is noteworthy that seasonal effects on CO and NO(2) were largely due to indoor sources. This would need to be considered when interpreting time series studies of the effect of outdoor air pollution on health. It is also of some significance that the critical factors are related much more to sources than to ventilation: source control is therefore, as would be expected, the most appropriate approach to reducing the risk of hazardous exposure to air pollutants in homes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S85-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in source emission rates of volatile organic compounds in inner-city residences of New York City and Los Angeles.","authors":"Sonja N Sax,&nbsp;Deborah H Bennett,&nbsp;Steven N Chillrud,&nbsp;Patrick L Kinney,&nbsp;John D Spengler","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Toxics Exposure Assessment Columbia-Harvard (TEACH) Project characterized personal, indoor, and outdoor concentrations of a suite of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for high school students living in New York City (NYC) and Los Angeles (LA). This paper presents the analysis of VOC measurements collected indoors and outdoors for 46 students' homes in NYC and for 41 students' homes in LA across two seasons. Dual-sorbent thermal desorption tubes were used for the collection of 15 VOCs and C(18) 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-coated cartridges were used for the collection of seven aldehydes. Air-exchange rates (AERs) were also measured using a perfluorocarbon tracer gas method. The AERs were lower in the winter in both cities, averaging 1 h(-1) in NYC and 1.4 h(-1) in LA, compared with 1.8 h(-1) in NYC in the summer and 2.5 h(-1) in LA in the fall. Higher AERs were generally associated with lower indoor-outdoor ratios with significant differences for the compounds with indoor sources, including chloroform, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and formaldehyde. Using a mass-balance model to account for AER and other housing parameters, effective source emission rates (SER) were calculated for each compound. Based on I/O ratios and source emission rates, VOCs could be divided into: (1). indoor-source-influenced compounds, (2). those with contributions from both indoor and outdoor sources, and (3). those with mostly outdoor sources. Significant indoor sources were found for the following six compounds (mean emission rates presented): chloroform (0.11 mg/h), 1,4-dichlorobenzene (19 mg/h), formaldehyde (5 mg/h), acetaldehyde (2 mg/h), benzaldehyde (0.6 mg/h), and hexaldehyde (2 mg/h). Although chloroform had variable I/O ratios across seasons, SERs, which accounted for AER, were similar in both cities for both seasons (e.g., LA means 0.12 and 0.11 mg/h in winter and fall, respectively). Formaldehyde had substantially higher indoor emission rates in the summer in NYC compared to winter (3.8 vs. 1.6 mg/h) but lower in the fall in LA compared to winter (4.3 vs. 5.0 mg/h). Uncertainty analysis determined that source strength calculations were not sensitive to measurement error for a subset of homes in LA.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S95-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated personal exposure to particulate matter from human activities in a residence.","authors":"Andrea R Ferro,&nbsp;Royal J Kopperud,&nbsp;Lynn M Hildemann","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous laser particle counters collocated with time-integrated filter samplers were used to measure personal, indoor, and outdoor particulate matter (PM) concentrations for a variety of prescribed human activities during a 5-day experimental period in a home in Redwood City, CA, USA. The mean daytime personal exposures to PM(2.5) and PM(5) during prescribed activities were 6 and 17 times, respectively, as high as the pre-activity indoor background concentration. Activities that resulted in the highest exposures of PM(2.5), PM(5), and PM(10) were those that disturbed dust reservoirs on furniture and textiles, such as dry dusting, folding clothes and blankets, and making a bed. The vigor of activity and type of flooring were also important factors for dust resuspension. Personal exposures to PM(2.5) and PM(5) were 1.4 and 1.6 times, respectively, as high as the indoor concentration as measured by a stationary monitor. The ratio of personal exposure to the indoor concentration was a function of both particle size and the distance of the human activity from the stationary indoor monitor. The results demonstrate that a wide variety of indoor human resuspension activities increase human exposure to PM and contribute to the \"personal cloud\" effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S34-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500356","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability of personal chemical exposure in eight office buildings in Sweden.","authors":"Bo Glas,&nbsp;Jan-Olof Levin,&nbsp;Berndt Stenberg,&nbsp;Hans Stenlund,&nbsp;Anna-Lena Sunesson","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study focuses on the variability in chemical exposures for individuals working in office buildings. The study involved eight office buildings with 79 participants, and exposures were measured using personal samplers for volatile organic compounds, aldehydes, amines, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particles. Ventilation was assessed in each individual office. \"Variability among buildings\" and \"variability among individuals\" were evaluated for any component (of the 123) measured in samples from at least 20 persons, using variance component analysis and principal component analysis. Interpersonal differences explained the major part of the variance for 78% of the compounds versus between-buildings differences for 14% of the compounds. For 8% of compounds, the variation was explained in equal amounts by the differences among individuals and among buildings. This study illustrates the necessity for individualised measurements (versus stationary measurements in building) to estimate personal exposures. These results also support the conclusion that in case-referent studies of \"sick building syndrome\" (SBS), referents to SBS cases can be randomised for building location.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S49-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood asthma and indoor woodsmoke from cooking in Guatemala.","authors":"Morten A Schei,&nbsp;Jens O Hessen,&nbsp;Kirk R Smith,&nbsp;Nigel Bruce,&nbsp;John McCracken,&nbsp;Victorina Lopez","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We estimated the prevalence and severity of asthma, and the association with cooking on open wood fires, as preparation for a large-scale randomized field trial on effects of indoor air pollution and child health. This is one of the first systematic studies of asthma and indoor wood-smoke pollution and to our knowledge the first asthma study in a purely indigeneous population in Latin America. The mothers of 1058 children aged 4-6 years were interviewed, using the standardized ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) procedures and questionnaire. The study population is a Mam-speaking (Maya), indigenous group living at relatively high altitude (2000 m) in Western Guatemalan Highlands. We found that asthma prevalence is low among indigenous children in Guatemala, compared to other populations in Latin America. Only 3.3% of the children reported wheezing symptoms in the last 12 months, and 72% wheezing symptoms ever. The majority of the current wheezers had at least one of the criteria for severe asthma. The prevalence of all the symptoms of asthma was higher in children from households that used open fires compared to improved stoves with chimneys. In a logistic regression model, use of open fire for cooking was a significant risk factor for a number of asthma symptoms, with odds ratios varying from 2.0 to 3.5. Among the different cooking technologies (1-improved stove with chimney, 2-mixture of gas and open fire, 3-open fire) trends of higher prevalence with more pollution was found for some of the symptoms. Hence use of open fire for cooking, may be an important risk factor for asthma symptoms and severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S110-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500365","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of improved stoves, house construction and child location on levels of indoor air pollution exposure in young Guatemalan children.","authors":"Nigel Bruce,&nbsp;John McCracken,&nbsp;Rachel Albalak,&nbsp;Morten A Schei,&nbsp;Kirk R Smith,&nbsp;Victorina Lopez,&nbsp;Chris West","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The goal of this study was to assess the impact of improved stoves, house ventilation, and child location on levels of indoor air pollution and child exposure in a rural Guatemalan population reliant on wood fuel. The study was a random sample of 204 households with children less than 18 months in a rural village in the western highlands of Guatemala. Socio-economic and household information was obtained by interview and observation. Twenty-four hour carbon monoxide (CO) was used as the primary measure of kitchen pollution and child exposure in all homes, using Gastec diffusion tubes. Twenty-four hour kitchen PM(3.5) was measured in a random sub-sample (n=29) of kitchens with co-located CO tubes. Almost 50% of the homes still used open fires, around 30% used chimney stoves (planchas) mostly from a large donor-funded programme, and the remainder of homes used various combinations including bottled gas and open fires. The 24-h kitchen CO was lowest for homes with self-purchased planchas: mean (95% CI) CO of 3.09 ppm (1.87-4.30) vs. 12.4 ppm (10.2-14.5) for open fires. The same ranking was found for child CO exposure, but with proportionately smaller differentials (P<0.0001). The 24-h kitchen PM(3.5) in the sub-sample showed similar differences (n=24, P<0.05). The predicted child PM for all 203 children (based on a regression model from the sub-sample) was 375 microg/m(3) (270-480) for self-purchased planchas and 536 microg/m(3) (488-584) for open fires. Multivariate analysis showed that stove/fuel type was the most important determinant of kitchen CO, with some effect of kitchen volume and eaves. Stove/fuel type was also the key determinant of child CO, with some effect of child position during cooking. The improved stoves in this community have been effective in reducing indoor air pollution and child exposure, although both measures were still high by international standards. Large donor-funded stove programmes need to aim for wider acceptance and uptake by the local families. Better stove maintenance is also required.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S26-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating effects of moisture damage repairs on students' health-a long-term intervention study.","authors":"Ulla Haverinen-Shaughnessy,&nbsp;Juha Pekkanen,&nbsp;Aino Nevalainen,&nbsp;Demetrios Moschandreas,&nbsp;Tuula Husman","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Health symptom questionnaire responses were collected from upper secondary and high school students (n=245) before comprehensive repairs of moisture damage in the school. The questionnaire study was repeated 1 year (n=227), 3 years (n=256), and 5 years (n=233) after the repairs. The data were analyzed both in cross-sectional design including all respondents, and longitudinally including paired observations of those individuals who had responded both before and after the repairs. In addition, the effect of intervention on health symptoms was analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEEs), taking into account within-subject correlation between repeated measurements. Compared to the situation before the repairs, the situation after the repairs was significantly improved in most of the 20 symptoms studied among the cross-sectional study populations. However, improvement was not so clear in the paired analysis and GEE analysis among the students who responded to three repeated questionnaires. The results indicate that the repairs succeeded in the sense that new cases of symptomatic students were no longer expected. However, the reversibility of symptoms among the group of exposed individuals may need to be considered separately.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S58-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}