Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Hair nicotine concentrations in mothers and children in relation to parental smoking.","authors":"P Nafstad,&nbsp;J J Jaakkola,&nbsp;J A Hagen,&nbsp;K Zahlsen,&nbsp;P Magnus","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure constitute a main public health problem. Lack of presice methods for assessing personal tobacco smoke exposure, makes it difficult to estimate the health effects of such exposure. Measuring hair nicotine concentrations could be an improvement in the assessment of personal tobacco smoke exposure. The objective of the present study was to estimate quantitatively the relation between hair nicotine concentrations in mothers and children and tobacco smoke exposure assessed by questionnaires. Mothers' and children's hair nicotine concentrations in the proximal 2 cm of hair were measured in 94 families with children 12-36 months of age: 25 nonsmoking families, 40 families with one smoking parent, and 29 families with both parents smoking. Questionnaire information on tobacco smoke exposure was collected from the same families. In multivariate linear regression analysis, children's nicotine levels were linearly related to daily number of cigarettes smoked at home by both mothers (0.8 mg/g increase per cigarette, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43-1.18), and fathers (1.3, 0.81-1.73). Mothers' nicotine levels were linearly related to both personal smoking (2.7, 1.75-3.55) and fathers' smoking at home (2.1,0.74-3.49). Hair nicotine seems to be a good quantitative measure of exposure to tobacco smoke during the previous months both among active and passive smokers. The non-invasive and simple collection procedure makes the method especially suitable for estimating tobacco smoke exposure in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"7 2","pages":"235-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20131413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pesticide exposures to children from California's Central Valley: results of a pilot study.","authors":"M A Bradman,&nbsp;M E Harnly,&nbsp;W Draper,&nbsp;S Seidel,&nbsp;S Teran,&nbsp;D Wakeham,&nbsp;R Neutra","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In response to concerns about pesticide use and evidence that contaminants may accumulate in house dust, the California Department of Health Services (DHS) conducted a pilot study of pesticide contamination in rural children's home environments. House dust samples for pesticide analysis were collected from eleven homes, five of which had at least one farmworker (FW) resident. Handwipe samples were collected from one child at each residence (ages 1-3 years). Ten of 33 pesticides tested in house dust were detected. Excluding non-detects, concentrations for diazinon ranged from 0.7-169 ppm in four FW homes and 0.2-2.5 ppm in three non-farmworker (NFW) homes (overall median = 1 ppm), suggesting a difference between FW and NFW homes. Chlorpyrifos ranged from 0.2-33 ppm in three FW homes and < 1 ppm in two NFW homes (overall median < 0.5 ppm). All other pesticides were detected at < 2 ppm at four or fewer homes. The sources of these compounds could not be determined. Co-located samples were considerably different in concentration and loading, indicating intra-household variation. Of nine compounds tested, diazinon and chlorpyrifos were found on the hands of two or three FW children (20-220 ng/hand). Dust ingestion scenarios show child exposures could exceed the United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Program diazinon chronic reference dose (9 x 10(5) mg/kg/day). The results suggested that pesticide residues are present in the home environment of some California children and are likely to contribute to exposures. Additional research is feasible and needed to assess the magnitude and distribution of these risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"7 2","pages":"217-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20131409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling magnetic fields in residences: validation of the resicalc program.","authors":"L E Zaffanella,&nbsp;R Kavet,&nbsp;J R Pappa,&nbsp;T P Sullivan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RESICALC is a computer program that models magnetic fields due to currents on arbitrary arrays and configurations of electric transmission lines, primary and secondary distribution lines, and ground and neutral return pathways. The program conducts network analyses of ground/neutral currents in neighborhoods based on residential loads and impedances in the current path. Experiments were conducted at the Magnetic Field Research Facility (MFRF) in Lenox, Massachusetts to validate the program's field computation. MFRF has a simulated residential electric distribution system that permits the testing of scenarios with a broad range of electrical characteristics. The results demonstrate that the program accurately models fields from complex combinations of supply and ground/neutral currents, and shows how estimated fields may be sensitive to impedance values assigned to the ground and neutral currents. The program has usefulness as an exposure assessment tool when access to residences is not possible, and as a means to estimate fields when planning electrical facility or residential development. Careful mapping of power line and residential coordinates in the program, as well as acquiring the highest quality load and grounding data available, are critical for modeling valid exposure estimates.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"7 2","pages":"241-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20131381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic uptake of chromium in human volunteers following dermal contact with hexavalent chromium (22 mg/L).","authors":"G E Corbett,&nbsp;B L Finley,&nbsp;D J Paustenbach,&nbsp;B D Kerger","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the systemic uptake of chromium in four human volunteers following three hours of contact with water containing hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] at a concentration of 22 mg/L. Volunteers were immersed below the shoulders in water at 91 +/- 2.5 degrees F. On the day prior to the experiment and for five days afterwards, samples of urine, plasma, and red blood cells (RBCs) were collected and analyzed for total chromium. Red blood cell chromium concentrations were used as a specific biomarker for systemic uptake of Cr(VI). Although total chromium concentrations in RBCs and plasma increased relative to historical background concentrations on the day of exposure, no sustained elevation of chromium concentrations was observed in RBCs or plasma of the volunteers tested. Since absorption of chromium in the hexavalent state would result in the irreversible binding of Cr(VI) to hemoglobin within the RBC (manifested as a sustained elevation of total chromium concentrations in the RBC), the pattern of blood uptake and urinary excretion observed was consistent with uptake and distribution of chromium in the trivalent state. Small increases were observed in the concentration of total chromium in urine within 48 h of exposure, indicating that some trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] may have penetrated the skin at a rate of about 3.3 x 10(-5) to 4.1 x 10(-4) micrograms/ cm2-h. In short, the data indicated that a 3-h contact with Cr(VI) at concentrations in water plausible for environmental exposure (e.g., swimming) was not expected to result in systemic uptake of measurable amounts of Cr(VI), although a small quantity of Cr(VI) may have penetrated the skin where it was subsequently reduced to Cr(III) prior to systemic uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"7 2","pages":"179-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20131407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of background urban nitrogen dioxide pollution levels with passive samplers in Montpellier, France.","authors":"N L Bernard,&nbsp;C M Astre,&nbsp;B Vuillot,&nbsp;M J Saintot,&nbsp;M J Gerber","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution levels in Montpellier were measured in the context of an assessment operation carried out by the local monitoring network (AMPADI-LR), using Palmes passive samplers. The equipment was validated by continuous measurement with automatic chemiluminescence analyzers. Measurements from representative background pollution sites and the ensuing cartographic representation provide information about local pollution data, a description of seasonal evolution and an assessment of the influence of various sources. The study may be used to define parameters for establishing an exposure index, taking into account roads with heavy traffic, which affects the distribution of NO2 over Montpellier, and meteorological factors. This is a pilot study which will subsequently be used for a more precise assessment measuring the personal exposure of inhabitants, for the purposes of a study on effects on health.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"7 2","pages":"165-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20131410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in dietary exposure research at the United States Environmental Protection Agency-National Exposure Research Laboratory.","authors":"M R Berry","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The United States Environmental Protection Agency-National Exposure Research Laboratory's (USEPA-NERL) dietary exposure research program investigates the role of diet, including drinking water, as a potential pathway of human exposure to environmental contaminants. A primary program goal is to establish measurement methods for ingestion that are consistent with approaches used by the USEPA to measure inhalation and dermal exposures, and, hence, total exposure. Research has focused on developing and field-testing measurement methods for personal dietary monitoring, known as duplicate-diet methodology, and on the methods to support analyses of environmental contaminants in foods and beverages. Guidance for measuring personal dietary exposure has been developed for the researcher performing measurements in which there is an established or potential route of exposure to environmental contaminants from foods consumed. Useful information for other types of dietary exposure assessment can be found in existing food consumption and food residue databases. Several of the major food databases have been integrated into an exposure model that provides estimates of potential dietary exposure and identifies potentially highly exposed people for guidance in exposure monitoring. Another component of this research program explores priority, diet-related issues to identify and reduce exposures from foods and beverages. The methods of preparing mercury-contaminated fish by Native Americans and children exposed to lead-laden environments are currently under investigation. Other research is designed to improve our understanding of the process of excess food contamination and the reduction of dietary exposure. Additional research needs are summarized. An overview of the USEPA-NERL dietary exposure program is presented and research discussed in this paper is described in the following papers in this issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"3-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20030914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hygiene- and food-related behaviors associated with blood lead levels of young children from lead-contaminated homes.","authors":"N C Freeman,&nbsp;A Ettinger,&nbsp;M Berry,&nbsp;G Rhoads","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposures associated with blood lead levels greater than 40 micrograms/dL in young children who live in lead-contaminated homes have been well documented. As the action level for lead is reduced, activities that contribute to lower levels of lead exposure must be identified. A child's eating habits and related hygiene behaviors are major hand-to-mouth activities that have been largely overlooked in the study of activities contributing to lead ingestion. To examine this subject, a survey questionnaire for caretakers of young children was developed. The objective of the questionnaire was to characterize food-related activities of young children and to identify behavioral indicators of lead exposure. The association between food- and hygiene-related behaviors and blood lead levels among 60 children between 13 and 36 months old with low-to-moderate blood lead levels was examined in homes that had been identified as containing lead in paint and house dust. The participants were enrolled in the Children's Lead Exposure and Reduction Study in Jersey City, New Jersey. Blood lead levels of children 13-24 months old did not differ significantly from those of children 25-36 months of age (10.1 and 11.3 micrograms/dL, respectively). Differences in eating habits and hygiene behaviors were found for the two age groups. Bivariate analyses found that the primary behavioral indicators of blood lead levels were determined by whether the child prepared his/her own food and whether the child ate food that had been on the floor. This factor was dependent on age. Children 13-24 months old had significantly elevated blood lead levels if these behaviors exhibited. No significant differences were found, however, for children 25-36 months old. Several food-related habits were also associated with blood lead levels. Eating hamburgers, doughnuts, peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, and cold cuts were associated with elevated blood lead levels in 13-24-month-old children, while eating vitamins, raw vegetables, and yogurt were associated with lower blood lead levels in this age group. For children 25-36 months old, eating hamburgers and peanut butter and jelly sandwiches was associated with elevated blood lead levels, while yogurt consumption was associated with lower blood lead levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"103-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20030826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method for measuring base/neutral and carbamate pesticides in personal dietary samples.","authors":"L S Sheldon,&nbsp;J T Keever,&nbsp;J M Roberds,&nbsp;J B Beach,&nbsp;J N Morgan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary uptake may be a significant pathway of exposure to contaminants. As such, dietary exposure assessments should be considered an important part of the total exposure assessment process. The objective of this work was to develop reliable methods that are applicable to a wide range of base/neutral and carbamate-type pesticides in duplicate diet samples collected as part of dietary exposure assessment studies. The resulting method needed to be sensitive to concentrations below 1 ng/g, accurate and precise, and as simple and cost effective as possible. As a first step, information was gathered on current methods for measuring pesticides in foods. Although the literature methods could serve as a starting point, few had been applied to duplicate diet samples and detection limits were generally high (10 to 100 ng/g). Experimental work was performed to evaluate individual extraction, cleanup, and analysis procedures; link the most promising procedures into analysis methods; and generate performance data on the final method. The final method used Soxhlet extraction with solvent partitioning and gel permeation chromatography cleanup. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of base/neutral pesticides. High performance liquid chromatography analysis was used for the analysis of carbamate pesticides. Results of performance testing showed good accuracy (recovery > 70%), precision (% RSD < 25%), and sensitivity (method detection limits < 1.0 ng/g) for most pesticides targeted for study.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"37-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20030916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary exposure from pesticide application on farms in the Agricultural Health Pilot Study.","authors":"L J Melnyk,&nbsp;M R Berry,&nbsp;L S Sheldon","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As part of total human exposure measurements performed on six farms in Iowa and North Carolina during the Agricultural Health Pilot Study, a household duplicate diet, several locally grown foods, an applicator meal, a child duplicate diet, and drinking water samples were collected. The pilot study was designed to test refined and newly developed protocols and analytical methods for collection and analyses of dietary samples to evaluate dietary exposure to farmers and their families in the household associated with current and former applications of pesticides. The household duplicate diet protocol was generally effective as a first step in measuring potential exposures of household members. The analytical methods used were capable of measuring 29 of the 33 targeted Agricultural Health Pilot Study pesticides in dietary samples. Collections were made during a pesticide nonapplication and application monitoring period. Pesticides in the foods and beverages of the participants were quantified at sub-ppb to 30-ppb levels in both the Iowa and North Carolina farms. Increased levels (20 ppb) of the pesticide being applied during the monitoring period were found in the applicator's meal. Dieldrin was persistent in the foods consumed on one Iowa farm. No pesticides were found in drinking water samples. The results show potential dietary exposures exceeding expected values exist to the farmers and their families for several of the pesticides in this study, particularly to those being applied and to the persistent pesticides in the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"61-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20030822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of commonly used cooking practices on total mercury concentration in fish and their impact on exposure assessments.","authors":"J N Morgan,&nbsp;M R Berry,&nbsp;R L Graves","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effects of cooking practices commonly used by Native Americans on total mercury concentrations in fish were investigated. A preparation factor relating mercury concentrations in fish as prepared for consumption to mercury concentration data as measured in typical environmental monitoring programs was calculated. Preparation factors are needed to provide risk assessors with a more accurate estimate of the actual amount of mercury ingested through consumption of contaminated fish. Data on fish preparation and consumption practices of two communities of Chippewa residing on the shores of Lake Superior in northern Wisconsin were used to select practices for study. The most commonly consumed species, walleye and lake trout, were selected. Whitefish livers were also selected for study. Commonly used cooking techniques including panfrying, deep-frying, baking, boiling, and smoking were duplicated in the laboratory. Total mercury concentrations were determined in fish portions before and after cooking and in a portion representative of that analyzed in programs to assess water quality (skin-on fillets). Total mercury was determined by microwave digestion-cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy. Mercury concentrations (wet weight basis) in panfried, baked, and boiled walleye fillets and deep-fried and baked whitefish livers ranged from 1.1 to 1.5 times higher than in corresponding raw portions. In lake trout, mercury concentrations were 1.5 to 2.0 times higher in cooked portions than in the raw portion. However, total mercury levels were constant before and after cooking, indicating the concentration effect is caused by weight (moisture and fat) loss. The addition of lemon juice to potentially release mercury from its bound state and promote volatilization did not exert any measurable influence on mercury concentrations in cooked walleye. In some cases mercury concentrations were increased with increased cooking times due to further loss of moisture and fat. Preparation factors (defined as the ratio of mercury concentration in cooked fish to the mercury concentration in the environmental portion) ranged from 1.3 to 2.0. Results suggest that consideration be given to the use of preparation factors in risk assessments, exposure assessments, or issuance of fish advisories where mercury concentration in raw fish tissue are used in conjunction with cooked fish meal sizes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"119-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20030827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}