Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Exposure-response relationships between lifetime exposure to residential coal smoke and respiratory symptoms and illnesses in Chinese children.","authors":"Zhengmin Qian,&nbsp;Junfeng Jim Zhang,&nbsp;Leo R Korn,&nbsp;Fusheng Wei,&nbsp;Robert S Chapman","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Data collected in a large epidemiologic study were analyzed to examine respiratory health effects of residential coal use in 7058 school children living in the four Chinese cities of Chongqing, Guangzhou, Lanzhou, and Wuhan. A Scenario Evaluation Approach was used to develop two exposure variables, heating coal smoke and cooking coal smoke. Estimated lifetime exposures to heating coal smoke and cooking coal smoke were both classified into four-level ordinal scales, as follows: no reported exposure (control); lightly exposed; moderately exposed; and heavily exposed. Zero-one dummy variables were constructed for each exposure level other than the control level (total six variables). These variables were entered into the analytical model. We tested for exposure-response relationships using logistic regression models, while controlling for other relevant covariates, including an indicator variable of ambient air pollution levels. We observed monotonic and positive exposure-response relationships of exposure to heating coal smoke with modeled odds ratios (ORs) of phlegm, cough with phlegm, and bronchitis. Other health outcomes were not associated with such exposure in a monotonic exposure-response pattern. However, ORs for cough, wheeze, and asthma were all higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. We observed no consistent associations between cooking coal smoke and the examined health outcomes. We conclude that exposure to heating coal smoke could have adverse effects on children's respiratory symptoms and illnesses in these four Chinese cities.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S78-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500362","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambient, indoor and personal exposure relationships of volatile organic compounds in Mexico City Metropolitan Area.","authors":"Paulina I Serrano-Trespalacios,&nbsp;Louise Ryan,&nbsp;John D Spengler","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Air pollution standards and control strategies are based on ambient measurements. For many outdoor air pollutants, individuals are closer to their sources (especially traffic) and there are important indoor sources influencing the relationship between ambient and personal exposures. This paper examines the relationship between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured at central site monitoring stations and personal exposures in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Over a 1-year period, personal exposures to 34 VOCs were measured for 90 volunteers from 30 families living close to one of five central monitoring stations. Simultaneous 24-h indoor, outdoor and central site measurements were also taken. Dual packed thermal desorption tubes and C(18) DNPH-coated cartridges were used for sampling VOCs and these were analyzed by GC/MS and HPLC, respectively. A factor analysis of the personal exposure data aided in grouping compounds by the most likely source type: vehicular (BTEX, styrene and 1,3-butadiene), secondary formed or photochemical (most aldehydes), building materials and consumer products (formaldehyde and benzaldehyde), cleaning solvents (tetrachloroethene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane), volatilization from water (chloroform and trichloroethene) and deodorizers (1,4-dichlorobenzene). Mean ambient, indoor and personal concentrations were 7/7/14 microg/m(3) for benzene, 1/3/3 for 1,3-butadiene, 6/20/20 for formaldehyde and 3/9/50 for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Geometric mean (GM) ambient concentrations of trichloroethene and carbon tetrachloride were similar to GM personal exposures. While outdoor and indoor home GM concentrations for most vehicular related compounds (benzene, MTBE, xylenes and styrene) were comparable, the GM personal exposures were twice as high. Indoor concentrations of 1,3-butadiene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, chloroform, formaldehyde, valeraldehyde, propionaldehyde and n-butyraldehyde were comparable to personal exposures. For certain compounds, such as chloroform, aldehydes, toluene, 1,3-butadiene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene, GM personal exposures were more than two times greater than GM ambient measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S118-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500366","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor exposures and acute respiratory effects in two general population samples from a rural and an urban area in Italy.","authors":"Marzia Simoni,&nbsp;Antonio Scognamiglio,&nbsp;Laura Carrozzi,&nbsp;Sandra Baldacci,&nbsp;Anna Angino,&nbsp;Francesco Pistelli,&nbsp;Francesco Di Pede,&nbsp;Giovanni Viegi","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A study of indoor air exposures and acute respiratory effects in adults was conducted in the Po Delta (rural) and Pisa (urban) areas of Italy. Indoor exposures were monitored for nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and particulate matter <2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) for 1 week during the winter or summer in a total of 421 houses (2/3 in Pisa). Information on house characteristics, subjects' daily activity pattern and presence of acute respiratory symptoms was collected by a standardized questionnaire. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) maneuvers were performed by adult subjects four times daily; maximum amplitude and diurnal variation were taken into account. Indices of NO(2) and PM(2.5) exposures were computed as the product of weekly mean pollutant concentration by the time of daily exposure. Mean levels of pollutants were significantly higher in winter than in summer, regardless of the area. The relationship between exposure indices and acute respiratory symptoms was investigated only in winter. In spite of a slightly lower indoor level in the urban than in the rural area in winter (NO(2): 15 vs. 22 ppb; PM(2.5): 67 vs. 76 microg/m(3)), prevalence rates of acute respiratory symptoms were significantly higher in the urban than in the rural area. Acute respiratory illnesses with fever were significantly associated with indices of NO(2) (odds ratio (OR)=1.66; 95% CI=1.08-2.57) and PM(2.5) exposures (OR=1.62; 95% CI=1.04-2.51), while bronchitic/asthmatic symptoms were associated only with PM(2.5) (OR=1.39; 95% CI=1.17-1.66). PEF variability was positively related only to PM(2.5) exposure index (OR=1.38; 95% CI=1.24-1.54, for maximum amplitude; OR=1.37; 95% CI=1.23-1.53, for diurnal variation). In conclusion, indoor pollution exposures were associated with the presence of acute respiratory symptoms and mild lung function impairment in a rural and an urban area of Northern-Central Italy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S144-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500368","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between environmental tobacco smoke and urinary cotinine levels in passive smokers at their residence.","authors":"Hyojin Kim,&nbsp;Youngwook Lim,&nbsp;Seokju Lee,&nbsp;Soungeun Park,&nbsp;Changsoo Kim,&nbsp;Cheinsoo Hong,&nbsp;Dongchun Shin","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) using measured air concentrations are subject to bias. Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measure of nicotine intake and thus as a marker for ETS exposure in humans. The aim of this study was to correlate home indoor ETS levels with passive smokers' urinary cotinine levels. The urinary cotinine concentrations of 57 non-smoking women who spend >19 h a day at home and the nicotine levels in their living room air were measured over a period of 24 h. Nicotine and urinary cotinine levels were analyzed using GC/MS and HPLC/UV, respectively. In addition, information was collected regarding the smoking habits of the subjects' families. A significant correlation was found between the nicotine levels in indoor air and the urinary cotinine to creatinine ratio of the passive smokers. The smoking habits of the subjects' family members were also correlated to the urinary cotinine levels of the passive smokers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S65-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personal, indoor, and outdoor VOC exposures in a probability sample of children.","authors":"John L Adgate,&nbsp;Lynn E Eberly,&nbsp;Charles Stroebel,&nbsp;Edo D Pellizzari,&nbsp;Ken Sexton","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As part of the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study we measured volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations in a probability sample of households with children. The 6-day average concentrations for 10 common VOCs were obtained in urban and nonurban residences twice during this multiphase study: screening-phase indoor measurements were collected in 284 households, and in the intensive-phase matched outdoor (O), indoor (I), and personal (P) measurements were collected in a subset (N=72) of the screened households. Screening-phase households with smokers had significantly higher concentrations of benzene and styrene compared to nonsmoking households; households with an attached garage had significantly higher levels of benzene, chloroform, styrene, and m/p- and o-xylene compared to households without an attached garage; and nonurban residences, which had a greater prevalence of smokers and attached garages, had significantly higher 1,1,1-trichloroethane, styrene, and toluene and significantly lower tetrachloroethylene concentrations compared to urban households. The screening-phase weighted distributions estimate the mean and variability in indoor VOC concentrations for more than 45,000 households with children in the census tracts sampled. Overall, median indoor concentrations of most VOCs measured in this study were similar to or lower than indoor levels measured previously in the United States. Intensive-phase outdoor VOC concentrations were generally lower than other major metropolitan areas, but urban concentrations were significantly higher than nonurban concentrations for all compounds except 1,1,1-trichloroethylene. A consistent pattern of P>I>O was observed for nine of 10 VOCs, with 1,1,1-trichloroethylene (I>P>O) being the only exception to this pattern. For most children, the indoor at-home microevironment was strongly associated with personal exposure after controlling for important covariates, but the ratio of median to upper bound exposures was smaller than that observed in studies of adults. There are relatively little data on VOC exposures in children, so these results are useful for estimating the central tendency and distribution of VOC exposures in locations where children spend a majority of their time.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S4-S13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure assessment for respirable particulates associated with household fuel use in rural districts of Andhra Pradesh, India.","authors":"Kalpana Balakrishnan,&nbsp;Sankar Sambandam,&nbsp;Padmavathi Ramaswamy,&nbsp;Sumi Mehta,&nbsp;Kirk R Smith","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indoor air pollution associated with combustion of solid fuels seems to be a major contributor to the national burden of disease in India, but relatively few quantitative exposure assessment studies are available. This study quantified the daily average concentrations of respirable particulates (50% cut-off at 4 microm) in 412 rural homes selected through stratified random sampling from three districts of Andhra Pradesh, India and recorded time activity data from 1400 individuals to reconstruct 24-h average exposures. The mean 24-h average concentrations ranged from 73 to 732 microg/m(3) in gas- versus solid fuel-using households, respectively. Concentrations were significantly correlated with fuel type, kitchen type, and fuel quantity. The mean 24-h average exposures ranged from 80 to 573 microg/m(3). Among solid fuel users, the mean 24-h average exposures were the highest for women cooks and were significantly different from men and children. Among women, exposures were the highest in the age group of 15-40 years (most likely to be involved in cooking or helping in cooking), while among men, exposures were highest in the age group of 65-80 years (most likely to be indoors). The data are being used to develop a model to predict quantitative categories of population exposure based on survey information on housing and fuel characteristics. This would facilitate the development of a regional exposure database and enable better estimation of health risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S14-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of biocontaminant levels associated with hard vs. carpet floors in nonproblem schools: results of a year long study.","authors":"Karin Foarde,&nbsp;Michael Berry","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Choosing the appropriate floor surface for a school environment is a complex issue. To assist school personnel in determining which flooring is best for their school, we studied the biocontaminant levels associated with carpeted and hard surface flooring. Two schools were selected, one predominantly tiled and one predominantly carpeted, as similar as possible with the exception of their floor coverings. Neither school was a \"problem\" building. Multiple biocontaminants were measured. For flooring, there were statistically significant differences for all the tested biocontaminants except fungi. The carpeted surfaces, being strong sinks, generally had higher surface loadings of the biocontaminants, while the airborne levels were significantly higher over tiled floors. Significant differences in airborne levels were found for dust mass, spores, fungi, beta-1,3 glucans, and endotoxins. The results suggest that carpet flooring was not the major contributor to airborne levels of biocontaminants in these two nonproblem schools.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S41-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of environmental interventions to reduce exposure to asthma triggers in homes of low-income children in Seattle.","authors":"Tim K Takaro,&nbsp;James W Krieger,&nbsp;Lin Song","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effectiveness of community health workers (CHWs) assisting families in reducing exposure to indoor asthma triggers has not been studied. In all, 274 low-income asthmatic children were randomly assigned to high- or low-intensity groups. CHWs visited all homes to assess exposures, develop action plans and provide bedding encasements. The higher-intensity group also received cleaning equipment and five to nine visits over a year focusing on asthma trigger reduction. The asthma trigger composite score decreased from 1.56 to 1.19 (Delta=-0.37, 95% CI 0.13, 0.61) in the higher-intensity group and from 1.63 to 1.43 in the low-intensity group (Delta=-0.20, 95% CI 0.004, 0.4). The difference in this measure due to the intervention was significant at the P=0.096 level. The higher-intensity group also showed improvement during the intervention year in measurements of condensation, roaches, moisture, cleaning behavior, dust weight, dust mite antigen, and total antigens above a cut point, effects not demonstrated in the low-intensity group. CHWs are effective in reducing asthma trigger exposure in low-income children. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of specific interventions and structural improvements on asthma trigger exposure and health.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"14 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S133-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500367","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24497821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of PCBs, DDE, and hexachlorobenzene in cord blood from infants born in towns adjacent to a PCB-contaminated waste site.","authors":"S A Korrick,&nbsp;L M Altshul,&nbsp;P E Tolbert,&nbsp;V W Burse,&nbsp;L L Needham,&nbsp;R R Monson","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are limited data on the concentrations of common contaminants--polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (pp'-DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)--in umbilical cord blood. Cord blood provides the primary direct measure of prenatal exposure to these contaminants, the key determinant of PCBs' neurodevelopmental toxicities. The objective of this study was to characterize cord blood levels of PCBs, pp'-DDE, and HCB among 751 infants who were born between 1993 and 1998 to mothers residing adjacent to a PCB-contaminated harbor in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and for whom the neurodevelopmental toxicities of these compounds are being studied. We refined standard analytic methods to optimize the sensitivity and precision of trace-level PCB, p,p'-DDE, and HCB measurements in blood. Using these methods, we measured the concentrations of 51 individual PCBs, their sum (sum(PCB)), p,p'-DDE, and HCB in cord serum. With correction for background contamination, the respective mean+/-SD cord serum concentrations of sum(PCB), p,p'-DDE, and HCB were 0.54+/-0.83, 0.48+/-0.94, and 0.03+/-0.04 ng/g serum. These concentrations were generally lower than those in most of the few published studies with congener-specific measures of PCBs in cord blood. However, for less-chlorinated PCB congeners (e.g., congeners 99 and 118), study samples had concentrations comparable to those in other populations, including groups at risk for high dietary PCB exposure. Of note, the contaminated harbor sediment has a relatively high proportion of less-chlorinated PCB congeners. Thus, although the sum(PCB) in study infants was not higher than concentrations in infants studied elsewhere, the relative predominance of less-chlorinated congeners was generally consistent with the characteristics of the contaminated site.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"10 6 Pt 2","pages":"743-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21960426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of multi-pollutant and multi-pathway exposures in a probability-based sample of children: practical strategies for effective field studies.","authors":"J L Adgate,&nbsp;C A Clayton,&nbsp;J J Quackenboss,&nbsp;K W Thomas,&nbsp;R W Whitmore,&nbsp;E D Pellizzari,&nbsp;P J Lioy,&nbsp;P Shubat,&nbsp;C Stroebel,&nbsp;N C Freeman,&nbsp;K Sexton","doi":"10.1038/sj.jea.7500126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the practical strategies developed for the implementation of the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES), which is one of the first probability-based samples of multi-pathway and multi-pesticide exposures in children. The primary objective of MNCPES was to characterize children's exposure to selected pesticides through a combination of questionnaires, personal exposure measurements (i.e., air, duplicate diet, hand rinse), and complementary monitoring of biological samples (i.e., pesticide metabolites in urine), environmental samples (i.e., residential indoor/outdoor air, drinking water, dust on residential surfaces, soil), and children's activity patterns. A cross-sectional design employing a stratified random sample was used to identify homes with age-eligible children and screen residences to facilitate oversampling of households with higher potential exposures. Numerous techniques were employed in the study, including in-person contact by locally based interviewers, brief and highly focused home visits, graduated subject incentives, and training of parents and children to assist in sample collection. It is not feasible to quantify increases in rates of subject recruitment, retention, or compliance that resulted from the techniques employed in this study. Nevertheless, results indicate that the total package of implemented procedures was instrumental in obtaining a high percentage of valid samples for targeted households and environmental media.</p>","PeriodicalId":15789,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"10 6 Pt 2","pages":"650-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1038/sj.jea.7500126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21959877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}