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The Evolving Temperature Field in a 1 m Methanol Pool Fire. 1m甲醇池火灾的演变温度场
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/07349041211019636
Jian Chen, Kunhyuk Sung, Zhigang Wang, Wai Cheong Tam, Ki Yong Lee, Anthony Hamins
{"title":"The Evolving Temperature Field in a 1 m Methanol Pool Fire.","authors":"Jian Chen, Kunhyuk Sung, Zhigang Wang, Wai Cheong Tam, Ki Yong Lee, Anthony Hamins","doi":"10.1177/07349041211019636","DOIUrl":"10.1177/07349041211019636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thin filament pyrometry is used to measure the time-varying temperature field in a 1 m methanol pool fire. A digital camera with optical filters and zoom lens recorded the emission intensity of an array of 12 μm Silicon-Carbide filaments oriented horizontally at various heights across the steadily burning pool fire. A 50 μm diameter thermocouple measured the temperature at locations corresponding to the filament positions. A correlation was developed between the local probability density functions of the thermocouple time series measurements corrected for radiation and thermal inertia effects and the camera grayscale pixel intensity of the filaments. A regression analysis yields the local mean temperature and its variance. The time series of the temperature field is transformed into average values during consecutive phases of the fire's puffing cycle, providing quantitative insight into the complex and dynamic structure of a turbulent fire.</p>","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11047204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44437963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experimental determination of the evolution of the incident heat flux received by a combustible during a cone calorimeter test: Influence of the flame irradiance 锥形量热计试验中可燃物接收的入射热流演变的实验测定:火焰辐照度的影响
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-14 DOI: 10.1177/0734904120970440
Fabien Hermouet, É. Guillaume, T. Rogaume, F. Richard, Mohamad El Houssami
{"title":"Experimental determination of the evolution of the incident heat flux received by a combustible during a cone calorimeter test: Influence of the flame irradiance","authors":"Fabien Hermouet, É. Guillaume, T. Rogaume, F. Richard, Mohamad El Houssami","doi":"10.1177/0734904120970440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120970440","url":null,"abstract":"The decomposition kinetic of polymeric materials in a cone calorimeter strongly depends on the irradiance level imposed at the sample’s surface. Indeed, even if the irradiance level is supposed to be kept constant during cone calorimeter test, the amount of heat flux which is emitted by the flame can greatly increase the total heat flux received by the material. Analytical treatment on recently obtained results of an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene’s mass loss rate with controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter has shown that the differences observed between well-ventilated and inert environments can be attributed to the impact of the flame. This observation has brought the necessity to determine the impact of the flaming process on the material thermal decomposition. To do so, series of experiments have been devised, based on the insertion of a heat fluxmeter within the matrix of an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene material, during cone calorimeter tests in order to measure the flame heat flux as a function of the decomposition and the combustion processes.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120970440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43577418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Book review: A Gallery of Combustion and Fire 书评:燃烧与火的画廊
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.1177/0734904120977432
A. Morgan
{"title":"Book review: A Gallery of Combustion and Fire","authors":"A. Morgan","doi":"10.1177/0734904120977432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120977432","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120977432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42937082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link: Weathering resistance of water-based intumescent coatings for steel applications 一条链的强度不亚于其最弱的一环：用于钢铁应用的水性膨胀型涂料的耐候性
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-25 DOI: 10.1177/0734904120961064
Lars-Hendrik Daus, B. Schartel, V. Wachtendorf, R. Mangelsdorf, M. Korzen
{"title":"A chain is no stronger than its weakest link: Weathering resistance of water-based intumescent coatings for steel applications","authors":"Lars-Hendrik Daus, B. Schartel, V. Wachtendorf, R. Mangelsdorf, M. Korzen","doi":"10.1177/0734904120961064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120961064","url":null,"abstract":"A systematic approach was used to investigate the weathering-induced degradation of a common water–based intumescent coating. In this study, the coatings are intended for humid indoor applications on steel substrates. The coating contains ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, melamine, and polyvinyl acetate. By replacing each ingredient with a less water-soluble substance, the most vulnerable substances, polyvinyl acetate and pentaerythritol, were identified. Furthermore, the weathering resistance of the system was improved by exchanging the ingredients. The coatings were stressed by artificial weathering tests and evaluated by fire tests. Thermogravimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to study the thermal decomposition. This study lays the foundation for the development of a new generation of water-based intumescent coatings.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120961064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48818695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Anisotropy of expandable graphite to explain its behavior as a flame-retardant 可膨胀石墨的各向异性以解释其作为阻燃剂的行为
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-25 DOI: 10.1177/0734904120969639
T. Bensabath, J. Sarazin, S. Bourbigot
{"title":"Anisotropy of expandable graphite to explain its behavior as a flame-retardant","authors":"T. Bensabath, J. Sarazin, S. Bourbigot","doi":"10.1177/0734904120969639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120969639","url":null,"abstract":"Expandable graphite is used as a flame-retardant in polymers. Its expansion on heating leads to a network of graphite worms which acts as a thermal barrier. However, mechanisms of action of worms are not yet well known. An original experimental approach is performed to study the heat dissipation in the network of worms. The network is made by the burning of polypropylene with 10 wt% expandable graphite during cone calorimeter experiment. After the burning, a hot spot is applied on the char. Temperature is monitored at different locations of sample during the combustion and after the application of the hot spot. During cone calorimetry, the char develops homogeneously over the whole sample. The hot spot test evidences the anisotropy of the entangled network of graphite worms. This anisotropy of heat conductivity allows the dissipation of heat in-plane and poorly out of plane, which explains the thermal barrier effect made by entangled worms.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120969639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45874194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Flammability testing of wool/cellulosic and wool/synthetic fiber blends: Vertical flame spread and heat release results 羊毛/纤维素和羊毛/合成纤维混合物的易燃性测试：垂直火焰蔓延和热释放结果
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/0734904120954013
A. Morgan, M. Galaska
{"title":"Flammability testing of wool/cellulosic and wool/synthetic fiber blends: Vertical flame spread and heat release results","authors":"A. Morgan, M. Galaska","doi":"10.1177/0734904120954013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120954013","url":null,"abstract":"Wool is a natural fiber with lower heat release/flammability than some synthetic fabrics, but it has not been well studied for its heat release when other fibers such as cotton, linen, and nylon are present in the woven fabric. In this article, the heat release and vertical flame spread of six commercially available natural color fabrics is reported. This includes 100% wool, 80% wool/20% nylon, 70% wool/30% linen, 45% wool/55% cotton, and 40% wool/38% cotton/12% nylon/10% metallic thread fabric. Heat release was measured through cone calorimetry (ASTM E1354) as a function of the sample mounting method, through microscale combustion calorimetry (ASTM D7309), and flame spread was measured by ASTM D6413. The type of insulated backing used greatly affected the cone calorimeter results, and fabric types did show some effects in vertical flame spread and microscale combustion calorimeter testing.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120954013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43222504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Facile preparation of uniform polydopamine particles and its application as an environmentally friendly flame retardant for biodegradable polylactic acid 均匀聚多巴胺颗粒的简易制备及其作为可生物降解聚乳酸环保阻燃剂的应用
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/0734904120932479
Benjamin Tawiah, Bin Yu, A. Yuen, B. Fei
{"title":"Facile preparation of uniform polydopamine particles and its application as an environmentally friendly flame retardant for biodegradable polylactic acid","authors":"Benjamin Tawiah, Bin Yu, A. Yuen, B. Fei","doi":"10.1177/0734904120932479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120932479","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for environmentally benign flame retardants for biodegradable polymers has become particularly necessary due to their inherently “green” nature. This work reports intrinsically non-toxic polydopamine (PDA) particles as an efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA). 5 wt% PDA loading resulted in a 22% reduction in the peak heat release rate, 34.7% increase in the fire performance index, and lower CO2 production compared to neat PLA. A limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 27.5% and a V-2 rating was achieved in the UL-94 vertical burning test. Highly aggregated amorphous particulate char was formed with the increasing content of PDA, and a significant reduction in evolved pyrolysis gaseous products was achieved for the PLA/PDA composites as compared with control PLA. This work provides important insight into the potential commercial application of PDA alone as an efficiently green, environmentally benign flame retardant for bioplastic PLA.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120932479","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46889237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Theoretical analysis of the liquid thermal structure in a pool fire 水池火灾中液体热结构的理论分析
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-20 DOI: 10.1177/0734904120962376
T. Beji
{"title":"Theoretical analysis of the liquid thermal structure in a pool fire","authors":"T. Beji","doi":"10.1177/0734904120962376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120962376","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a theoretical work on liquid heat-up in the case of a pool fire. It is assumed that the convective currents occurring within the upper layer of the liquid are induced by Rayleigh–Bénard instabilities that are caused by in-depth radiation. The upper layer depth has been estimated based on the analytical solution of a one-dimensional Fourier’s equation for the temperature with a source term for in-depth radiation. The model has been assessed against experimental data for a 9-cm-diameter methanol steady-state pool fire and three different liquid depths (18, 12 and 6 mm). The general trend, that is, increase in the upper layer depth as the bottom boundary temperature increases, is well captured. In order to ensure that the well-mixed upper layer is at a temperature near the boiling point (as suggested by the experimental data), an improvement is proposed based on a radiative heat balance integral method. In addition to the above, a novel methodology is developed for the calculation of the ‘effective’ thermal conductivity as a means to circumvent detailed calculations of heat transfer within the liquid.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120962376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45702621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Development and validation of simple-shield thermocouple in fire environments 火灾环境中简易屏蔽热电偶的研制与验证
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-20 DOI: 10.1177/0734904120963812
Ho-Sik Han, Cheol-Hong Hwang
{"title":"Development and validation of simple-shield thermocouple in fire environments","authors":"Ho-Sik Han, Cheol-Hong Hwang","doi":"10.1177/0734904120963812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120963812","url":null,"abstract":"A novel simple-shield thermocouple that is capable of radiation correction in fire environments and that has a simpler structure and greater convenience than conventional aspirated thermocouples was proposed. The measurement errors of bare-bead, double-shield aspirated, and simple-shield thermocouples were then compared in a simulated fire environment. In addition, a fire experiment using wood cribs was performed in order to verify the measurement performance of the proposed simple-shield thermocouple in a real fire environment using a one-third-scale ISO 9705 room. The simple-shield thermocouple produced fairly accurate temperatures that fell within 5% of the actual gas temperature in the simulated fire environment. In addition, variations in the surface emissivity and the installation angle of the simple-shield thermocouple in the real fire environment further reduced the measurement error. With a radiant heat flux of 20 kW/m2, it was confirmed that the bare-bead thermocouple had a relative measurement error of up to 80% compared to the aspirated thermocouple, while the proposed simple-shield thermocouple was capable of measuring the temperature within a relative error of around 15% compared to the aspirated thermocouple.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120963812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45965607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development and calibration of reduced-size plate thermometer for measuring incident heat flux 用于测量入射热通量的小尺寸板温度计的研制和校准
IF 1.9 4区 工程技术
Journal of Fire Sciences Pub Date : 2020-10-04 DOI: 10.1177/0734904120958602
Hong-Seok Yun, Ho-Sik Han, Cheol-Hong Hwang
{"title":"Development and calibration of reduced-size plate thermometer for measuring incident heat flux","authors":"Hong-Seok Yun, Ho-Sik Han, Cheol-Hong Hwang","doi":"10.1177/0734904120958602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904120958602","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a new reduced-size plate thermometer with a modified shape and improved insulation performance in order to resolve problems commonly found when using conventional plate thermometers to measure incident heat flux in fire environments, for example, a low spatial resolution caused by the large plate area and a non-uniform temperature distribution on the plate. The main results of this study showed that the new plate thermometer exhibits high spatial temperature uniformity, and that the plate thermometer can be reduced in size to 30 mm. Moreover, it was found that the relative error of the incident heat flux of the plate thermometer was substantially reduced compared to that of a heat flux meter using a conduction correction factor expressed as a third-order polynomial function of heat flux, rather than using an average empirical constant calculated from measurement over a wide range of heat fluxes. Finally, it was confirmed that the incident heat flux measured by the new reduced-size plate thermometer in a heptane pool fire was in good agreement with the heat flux meter measurements during the rapid-fire growth, fully developed and decay phases of a fire.","PeriodicalId":15772,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0734904120958602","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45378247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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