Journal of Experimental Zoology最新文献_第4页

Muscle actin genes and muscle cells in the appendicularian, Oikopleura longicauda: phylogenetic relationships among muscle tissues in the urochordates. 长尾胸膜尾尾动物的肌动蛋白基因和肌肉细胞:尾脊索动物肌肉组织的系统发育关系。

Journal of Experimental Zoology Pub Date : 2000-08-15

A Nishino, Y Satou, M Morisawa, N Satoh

{"title":"Muscle actin genes and muscle cells in the appendicularian, Oikopleura longicauda: phylogenetic relationships among muscle tissues in the urochordates.","authors":"A Nishino, Y Satou, M Morisawa, N Satoh","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Appendicularians (larvaceans) are planktonic tunicates. They possess a tail throughout their life, which marks a distinct difference between appendicularians and the other tunicate groups, including salps, doliolids, pyrosomes, and ascidians. We isolated cDNA clones encoding muscle-type and cytoplasmic-type actin isoforms from the appendicularian, Oikopleura longicauda. The types of the actin isoforms were confirmed by amino acid identities in the diagnostic residues compared to those of the other chordate muscle and cytoplasmic actins. Interestingly the appendicularian muscle actin isoform sequence has an intermediate feature between the ascidian tail (larval) muscle actin isoform and the body-wall (adult) muscle actin isoform. Analysis of a genomic clone from a muscle actin gene revealed that it contains only one intron in the coding region. It is located at a position that does not correspond to those of any introns reported in other deuterostome actin genes. Whole-mount in situ hybridization shows that the muscle actin transcript is detected specifically in the tail muscle cells of late tailbud-stage embryos. A signal is also found transiently in the region where the heart will form. In adults, the gene is expressed in tail muscle cells but not in the heart. Together with results of cytochemical and histochemical studies demonstrating the structure of muscle tissue, the present study highlights characteristics of appendicularian muscle organization, which are compared with those of the larval and adult muscle of ascidians.","PeriodicalId":15686,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Zoology","volume":"288 2","pages":"135-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21770576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evolutionary history of the uterine serpins. 子宫蛇形动物的进化史。

Journal of Experimental Zoology Pub Date : 2000-08-15

M R Peltier, L C Raley, D A Liberles, S A Benner, P J Hansen

{"title":"Evolutionary history of the uterine serpins.","authors":"M R Peltier, L C Raley, D A Liberles, S A Benner, P J Hansen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"A bioinformatics analysis was conducted on the four members of the uterine serpin (US) family of serpins. Evolutionary analysis of the protein sequences and 86 homologous serpins by maximum parsimony and distance methods indicated that the uterine serpins proteins form a clade distinct from other serpins. Ancestral sequences were reconstructed throughout the evolutionary tree by parsimony. These suggested that some branches suffered a high ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations, suggesting episodes of adaptive evolution within the serpin family. Analysis of the sequences by neutral evolutionary distance methods suggested that the uterine serpins diverged from other serpins prior to the divergence of the mammals from other vertebrates. The porcine uterine serpins are paralogs that diverged from a single common ancestor within the Sus genus after pigs separated from other artiodactyls. The uterine serpins contain several protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase phosphorylation sites. These sites may be important for the lymphocyte-inhibitory activity of OvUS if, like other basic proteins, OvUS can cross the cell membrane of an activated lymphocyte. Internalized OvUS could serve as an alternative target to protein kinases important for the mitogenic response to antigens.","PeriodicalId":15686,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Zoology","volume":"288 2","pages":"165-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21770578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Origin of germ cells, sex determination, and sex inversion in medusae of the genus Clytia (Hydrozoa, leptomedusae): the influence of temperature. 水螅属水母科生殖细胞的起源、性别决定和性别反转:温度的影响。

Journal of Experimental Zoology Pub Date : 2000-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/1097-010x(20000801)287:3<233::aid-jez5>3.3.co;2-6

D Carré, C Carré

{"title":"Origin of germ cells, sex determination, and sex inversion in medusae of the genus Clytia (Hydrozoa, leptomedusae): the influence of temperature.","authors":"D Carré, C Carré","doi":"10.1002/1097-010x(20000801)287:3<233::aid-jez5>3.3.co;2-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-010x(20000801)287:3<233::aid-jez5>3.3.co;2-6","url":null,"abstract":"In Cnidaria, a separation between soma and germline remains unclear. In this work, we studied the origin of germinal cells and determination of the sexual phenotype in Clytia hemisphaerica and Clytia sp. Colonies of C. Hemisphaerica were cultivated and the medusae liberated by each colony raised until maturity. Two hermaphrodite colonies were obtained, liberating male and female medusae. These two colonies and their medusae were raised at 15 degrees C, 21 degrees C, or 24 degrees C. The medusae budded and cultured at 24 degrees C were mainly female (80%). In contrast, if the medusae were released at 15 degrees C, at whatever temperature they were raised later, they were mainly male (85%). The same occurred if, after release at 24 degrees C but before the formation of the gametes, they were kept at 15 degrees C for at least 24 hr. We suggest that there are two subpopulations of germ cells. The female line will be dominant at 24 degrees C but temperature sensitive, with inhibition of this line by a temperature drop to 15 degrees C, this inverting the population sex-ratio. The irreversible action of a temperature drop to 15 degrees C supports the view that the germ cells are isolated very early. In C. hemisphaerica, hermaphrodite medusae were never observed. On the contrary, in Clytia sp., probably a new species, we have found male, female, but also hermaphrodite specimens. This is the second definite example of hermaphroditism described in any hydromedusan. The transformation of female into hermaphrodite then into male specimens occurs at 13 degrees C. These results demonstrate the unstable character of genetic sex determination in cnidarians, at least in certain species.","PeriodicalId":15686,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Zoology","volume":"287 3","pages":"233-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21741613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Avian galanin: cloning of complementary DNAs and characterization of transcripts in different tissues. 禽丙氨酸:不同组织中互补dna的克隆及转录本的鉴定。

Journal of Experimental Zoology Pub Date : 2000-07-01

C Kohchi, K Tsutsui

{"title":"Avian galanin: cloning of complementary DNAs and characterization of transcripts in different tissues.","authors":"C Kohchi, K Tsutsui","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Avian galanin was first isolated from the chicken intestine, and subsequently from the quail oviduct. Avian galanin is a 29-residue peptide including an amidated threonine at the C-terminus and differs at several positions from the C-terminal part of mammalian galanins. In contrast to extensive mammalian studies, no information is available on the structure of precursor molecule of avian galanin. In this study, therefore, we conducted complementary DNA (cDNA) cloning of the avian galanin gene from quail brain RNA using degenerated 3'RACE and 5'RACE techniques. A cloned cDNA for avian galanin contained an open reading frame consisting of 117 amino acids which had overall amino acid homology of 63%, 60%, 54%, 58%, and 62% with bovine, human, mouse, porcine, and rat galanins, respectively. Another cDNA containing a 69-nucleotide insertion, which gave an additional 23 amino acids to mature avian galanin, was also cloned, suggesting the presence of two transcripts by alternative splicing. Northern blot analysis revealed that avian galanin mRNA was expressed, as a shorter transcript, in the quail brain, ovary, and intestine, unlike the liver and oviduct. A larger mRNA of avian galanin may be further expressed only in the ovary.","PeriodicalId":15686,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Zoology","volume":"287 2","pages":"183-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21741608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Morphological and functional variations of Leydig cells in testis of the domestic pig during the different biological stages of development. 家猪睾丸间质细胞在不同生物学发育阶段的形态和功能变化。

Journal of Experimental Zoology Pub Date : 2000-07-01

S Tripepi, A Carelli, E Perrotta, E Brunelli, R Tavolaro, R M Facciolo, M Canonaco

{"title":"Morphological and functional variations of Leydig cells in testis of the domestic pig during the different biological stages of development.","authors":"S Tripepi, A Carelli, E Perrotta, E Brunelli, R Tavolaro, R M Facciolo, M Canonaco","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship of morphometrical and androgen receptor evaluations of the main testicular interstitium cellular element (Leydig cells) in the domestic pig provided interesting numerical and morphological features during the different aging stages. As early as 25 days (a period in which the pig is sexually immature) there was a low number of Leydig cells (1.46 x 10(8)) with respect to a 78% and 35% increase in the adult (2.48 x 108) and aged (1.78 x 10(8)) animal, respectively. Interestingly, when the volume density of Leydig cells was considered, the average volume of these cells seemed to be high (75%) in the aged pig with respect to the young immature animal whereas a lower increase (27%) was observed for the adult animal. Moreover, the evaluation of testosterone receptor binding sites in the testis at the various stages of development also displayed a differentiated pattern since elevated testosterone receptor binding levels of the high dissociation affinity type were obtained for the adult pig. Thus, from the combined morphological variations of Leydig cells and testosterone receptor binding activity, it appears that this androgenic receptor component exerts distinct autocrine effects on the different functional features of some testicular tissue constituents at the different aging stages of the domestic pig.","PeriodicalId":15686,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Zoology","volume":"287 2","pages":"167-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21741606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Relationships between hepatic melanogenesis and respiratory conditions in the newt, Triturus carnifex. 蝾螈肝脏黑色素生成与呼吸系统疾病的关系。

Journal of Experimental Zoology Pub Date : 2000-07-01

G Frangioni, G Borgioli, S Bianchi, S Pillozzi

{"title":"Relationships between hepatic melanogenesis and respiratory conditions in the newt, Triturus carnifex.","authors":"G Frangioni, G Borgioli, S Bianchi, S Pillozzi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The Kupffer cells (melanomacrophages) in the livers of lower vertebrates contain varying quantities of melanin according to the season. Specimens of Triturus carnifex raised for 2 months at 6 degrees C and then transferred to water at 22 degrees C show a rapid increase in the hepatic accumulation of the pigment. The Kupffer cells make up more than one fourth of the liver mass in chlorbutol-anesthetized animals isolated for 6-7 hr in hypoxic water at 18 degrees C (to bring the oxygen content in a 620-mL respiratory chamber from 1.1 ppm to 0.0). Thus, hepatic melanin is synthesized when the newt's oxygen supply is inadequate to meet its metabolic needs; melanogenesis, however, requires the presence of oxygen and does not occur in anesthetized specimens immersed in a totally anoxic fluid such as paraffin oil. The intraperitoneal injection prior to hypoxic treatment of 1 mg/g of body weight of kojic acid (inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosinase which catalyzes melanin synthesis) blocks melanogenesis and doubles oxygen consumption. The combination of hypoxia and tyrosinase inhibition causes permanent damage to essential functions of the nervous system, while hypoxic treatment alone has no irreversible consequences. The genic expression of tyrosinase in hypoxia appears to be a physiological response aimed at prolonging survival time in anaerobiosis by lowering the metabolic level; melanin would be an inert subproduct of this function.","PeriodicalId":15686,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Zoology","volume":"287 2","pages":"120-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21741755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Environmental factors affecting sexual differentiation in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. 影响嗜菌异芽线虫性别分化的环境因素。

Journal of Experimental Zoology Pub Date : 2000-07-01

H Kahel-Raifer, I Glazer

{"title":"Environmental factors affecting sexual differentiation in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora.","authors":"H Kahel-Raifer, I Glazer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was aimed at determining the influence of various environmental factors on sex differentiation (SD) in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 strain, under in vivo and in vitro culture conditions. Injection of individual nematodes into last instars of Galleria mellonella resulted in development of a similar number of females and hermaphrodites (35-40%) and 20-25% males. Increasing the number of nematodes injected into the insect did not change these proportions. In smaller insects (0.7-1.5 cm long), an increase in the proportion of hermaphrodites was recorded as compared with larger size cadavers (2.4-2.7 cm long). When individual hermaphrodites were placed on NGM, the proportion of hermaphrodites, females and male progeny was 63%, 31%, and 6%, respectively. Rearing on richer medium (\"Dog-food\" agar) resulted in reduction in the proportion of hermaphrodites. Nematodes introduced to the symbiotic bacterium obtained from other nematode strains (IS-5 and IS-33) developed similarly to the culture reared on the HP88 bacteria. Rearing the nematodes at a temperature range between 21 degrees C to 30 degrees C also did not have a significant effect on the sexual differentiation among nematodes cultured on NGM. The proportion of hermaphrodites increased as the starvation period of hatching nematode juveniles lengthened (>6 hr). The data obtained in the present study strongly suggest that the main factor affecting sex differentiation in H. bacteriophora is the nutrition source. The practical and biological implications of the results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":15686,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Zoology","volume":"287 2","pages":"158-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21741759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Longitudinal and allometric variation in indicators of muscle metabolic capacities in atlantic cod (Gadus morrhua). 大西洋鳕鱼肌肉代谢能力指标的纵向和异速变化。

Journal of Experimental Zoology Pub Date : 2000-06-15

M Martínez, J D Dutil, H Guderley

{"title":"Longitudinal and allometric variation in indicators of muscle metabolic capacities in atlantic cod (Gadus morrhua).","authors":"M Martínez, J D Dutil, H Guderley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated whether indicators of metabolic capacity of cod white muscle differ along the length of the body, whether this variation persists over a large range of body sizes, and whether the allometry of metabolic capacities is similar along the length of the body. We examined the maximal activities of two glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase (PFK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a mitochondrial enzyme, cytochrome C oxidase (CCO), and the biosynthetic enzyme nucleotide diphosphate kinase (NDPK). All enzymes examined showed significant size dependence, which was generally apparent in all regions. The activity of glycolytic enzymes increased with size, whereas that of CCO and NDPK decreased with size. For PFK and LDH, the size dependence decreased caudally, whereas for CCO and NDPK it was strongest in the caudal sample. For each size range, the activities of PFK, LDH, and CCO were higher in the last third of the body than in the middle or just behind the head. In contrast, NDPK activity was higher just behind the head than at the middle or in the last third of the body, suggesting that nuclear proliferation is more rapid in this zone. The high capacity for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation in the caudal region suggests that increases in mass-specific ATP output are advantageous in this relatively thin section of the body.","PeriodicalId":15686,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Zoology","volume":"287 1","pages":"38-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21704840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gastrin-cholecystokinin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of Helix aspersa during rest and activity. 静息和活动时螺旋体中枢神经系统胃泌素-胆囊收缩素免疫反应性。

Journal of Experimental Zoology Pub Date : 2000-06-15

M B Pisu, E Conforti, E Scherini, G Bernocchi

引用次数: 0

Effect of the dry-cold season dormancy on the tonic and phasic neural control of heart rate in the toad, Bufo paracnemis. 干寒季节休眠对蟾蜍心率强直和相位神经控制的影响。

Journal of Experimental Zoology Pub Date : 2000-06-15

A Hoffmann, S M Romero

{"title":"Effect of the dry-cold season dormancy on the tonic and phasic neural control of heart rate in the toad, Bufo paracnemis.","authors":"A Hoffmann, S M Romero","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"This work examined basal heart rate and autonomic cardiac tone as well as sympathetic cardiac reactivity to hypotension induced by systemic nitroprusside injection in dormant toads (dry-cold season), Bufo paracnemis, comparing the values with those of toads collected during the active months (hot-rainy season). Autonomic tone was calculated according to the method of Lin and Horwath ('72), which allows its evaluation as a percentage of intrinsic heart rate. Specimens were maintained in an outdoors terrarium except for the week preceding surgery, when they were transferred to indoor nonclimatized tanks. The heart rate of dormant toads (27.8 +/- 2.7 beats/min) was lower than that of active toads at rest (38.6 +/- 2. 3). Cholinergic tone was higher than adrenergic tone both in active (26.2% and 7.8%, respectively) and aestivated (19.5% and 4.8%, respectively) animals. Thus, cholinergic tone and adrenergic tone were both lower in dormant animals. The reflex tachycardia elicited by nitroprusside-induced hypotension was lower in aestivated toads (9.3 +/- 0.9 beats/min) when compared to active toads (19.9 +/- 1.0), indicating a reduced sympathetic reactivity. Nitroprusside-induced hypotensions were not different in the two groups. We conclude that at rest Bufo paracnemis heart is under the influence of a double cholinergic and adrenergic tone, and that both influences, as well as the reflex adrenergic reactivity to the unloading produced by nitroprusside-induced hypotension, are reduced in aestivated toads.","PeriodicalId":15686,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Zoology","volume":"287 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21704837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0