Veysi Piskobulu, Marina Athanasouli, Hanh Witte, Christian Feldhaus, Adrian Streit, Ralf J. Sommer
{"title":"High Nutritional Conditions Influence Feeding Plasticity in Pristionchus pacificus and Render Worms Non-Predatory","authors":"Veysi Piskobulu, Marina Athanasouli, Hanh Witte, Christian Feldhaus, Adrian Streit, Ralf J. Sommer","doi":"10.1002/jez.b.23284","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.b.23284","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Developmental plasticity, the ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental conditions, has been subject to intense studies in the last four decades. The self-fertilising nematode <i>Pristionchus pacificus</i> has been developed as a genetic model system for studying developmental plasticity due to its mouth-form polyphenism that results in alternative feeding strategies with a facultative predatory and non-predatory mouth form. Many studies linked molecular aspects of the regulation of mouth-form polyphenism with investigations of its evolutionary and ecological significance. Also, several environmental factors influencing <i>P. pacificus</i> feeding structure expression were identified including temperature, culture condition and population density. However, the nutritional plasticity of the mouth form has never been properly investigated although polyphenisms are known to be influenced by changes in nutritional conditions. For instance, studies in eusocial insects and scarab beetles have provided significant mechanistic insights into the nutritional regulation of polyphenisms but also other forms of plasticity. Here, we study the influence of nutrition on mouth-form polyphenism in <i>P. pacificus</i> through experiments with monosaccharide and fatty acid supplementation. We show that in particular glucose supplementation renders worms non-predatory. Subsequent transcriptomic and mutant analyses indicate that <i>de novo</i> fatty acid synthesis and peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathways play an important role in the mediation of this plastic response. Finally, the analysis of fitness consequences through fecundity counts suggests that non-predatory animals have an advantage over predatory animals grown in the glucose-supplemented condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":15682,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution","volume":"344 2","pages":"94-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.b.23284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas Ferriolli Mariotto, Leandro Lofeu, Tiana Kohlsdorf
{"title":"Developmental Plasticity in Growth and Performance Blur Taxonomic Boundaries in South American True Toads (Rhinella)","authors":"Lucas Ferriolli Mariotto, Leandro Lofeu, Tiana Kohlsdorf","doi":"10.1002/jez.b.23283","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.b.23283","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Developmental plasticity can affect traits directly related to survival, and some changes may promote or impair population persistence in changing environments. At the same time, it can also originate new complex phenotypes, surpassing species-specific boundaries. Therefore, plastic responses have the potential to participate in processes of micro and macroevolution. In this study, we evaluate plastic responses to different thermal regimes during development in traits related to survival and also used for taxonomic classification of two true-toad species, <i>Rhinella icterica</i> and <i>Rhinella ornata</i>. We raised tadpoles representing distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at different temperatures, and the resulting phenotypic patterns suggest canalization in <i>R. icterica</i> and complex variation revealed by plasticity among <i>R. ornata</i> OTUs. Plastic responses to thermal regimes produced differences among the OTUs in traits associated with specific survival strategies of <i>Rhinella</i> species. Some changes surpassed taxonomic boundaries and rescued lineage-specific phenotypic patterns, establishing unusual phenotypic combinations for these species. Our results illustrate the contribution of developmental plasticity for processes involving phenotypic differentiation among species in traits directly related to survival.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15682,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution","volume":"344 2","pages":"80-93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142881839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hugo Cano-Fernández, Miguel Brun-Usan, Tazzio Tissot, Isaac Salazar-Ciudad
{"title":"A Morphospace Exploration Using a General Model of Development Reveals a Basic Set of Morphologies for Early Animal Development and Evolution","authors":"Hugo Cano-Fernández, Miguel Brun-Usan, Tazzio Tissot, Isaac Salazar-Ciudad","doi":"10.1002/jez.b.23279","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.b.23279","url":null,"abstract":"<p>What morphologies are more likely to appear during evolution is a central question in zoology. Here we offer a novel approach to this question based on first developmental principles. We assumed that morphogenesis results from the genetic regulation of cell properties and behaviors (adhesion, contraction, etc.). We used EmbryoMaker, a general model of development that can simulate any gene network regulating cell properties and behaviors, the mechanical interactions and signaling between cells and the morphologies arising from those. We created spherical initial conditions with anterior and dorsal territories. We performed simulations changing the cell properties and behaviors regulated in these territories to explore which morphologies may have been possible. Thus, we obtained a set of the most basic animal morphologies that can be developmentally possible assuming very simple induction and morphogenesis. Our simulations suggest that elongation, invagination, evagination, condensation and anisotropic growth are the morphogenetic transformations more likely to appear from changes in cell properties and behaviors. We also found some parallels between our simulations and the morphologies of simple animals, some early stages of animal development and fossils attributed to early animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":15682,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution","volume":"344 2","pages":"45-58"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.b.23279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142877346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco Mundaca, Japhet Rojas, Lefney Cumilaf, Federico Jara, David Muñoz, Luis Pastenes, Marco Méndez, Lina M Tovar, Marcela Torrejón, Germán Montoya-Sanhueza, Sylvain Marcellini
{"title":"Skull Ossification in the Andean Toad Rhinella spinulosa (Bufonidae) and the Genetic Model Organism Xenopus tropicalis (Pipidae) Reveals Heterochrony Phenomena and Frontoparietal Suture Modifications.","authors":"Marco Mundaca, Japhet Rojas, Lefney Cumilaf, Federico Jara, David Muñoz, Luis Pastenes, Marco Méndez, Lina M Tovar, Marcela Torrejón, Germán Montoya-Sanhueza, Sylvain Marcellini","doi":"10.1002/jez.b.23280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.23280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anurans are famous for having evolved a highly simplified skull through bone loss and fusion events. Nevertheless, their skeleton displays a rich morphological diversity associated with adaptations to diverse lifestyles and ecological niches. Here, we report larval skull ossification in the Andean toad Rhinella spinulosa (Bufonidae), and compare it to the phylogenetically distant genetic model organism Xenopus tropicalis (Pipidae). We find that the ossification timing of most skull bones is conserved between both species, except for the prootic and the angulosplenial that ossify at much later stages in R. spinulosa than X. tropicalis. We propose that a delayed lower jaw ossification in R. spinulosa is tightly related to the more extensive metamorphosis process observed in this species where the ventrally oriented mouth opening shifts anteriorly. We also report two conspicuous notches in the R. spinulosa frontoparietal bone mineralization front which are absent in X. tropicalis, and presumably represent evolutionary remnants of the coronal suture that separates the frontal and parietal bones in most vertebrates. As such notches have not been overtly reported in the literature, we examined the X. tropicalis sibling species Xenopus laevis, and were able to identify similar, albeit transient, indentations in the forming frontoparietal bone, suggesting that vestigial coronal sutures might exist in more frog species than anticipated. Taken together, we show that R. spinulosa represents an ideal organism to study heterochronic shifts and the mechanisms underlying cranial suture loss which drove anuran skull simplification.</p>","PeriodicalId":15682,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Domain-Shuffling in the Evolution of Cyclostomes and Gnathostomes","authors":"Hirofumi Kariyayama, Takeshi Kawashima, Hiroshi Wada, Haruka Ozaki","doi":"10.1002/jez.b.23282","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.b.23282","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vertebrates acquired various novel traits that were pivotal in their morphological evolution. Domain shuffling, rearrangements of functional domains between genes, is a key molecular mechanism in deuterostome evolution. However, comprehensive studies focusing on early vertebrates are lacking. With advancements in genomic studies, the genomes of early vertebrate groups and cyclostomes are now accessible, enabling detailed comparative analysis while considering the timing of gene acquisition during evolution. Here, we compared 22 metazoans, including four cyclostomes, to identify genes containing novel domain architectures acquired via domain-shuffling (DSO-Gs), in the common ancestor of vertebrates, gnathostomes, and cyclostomes. We found that DSO-Gs in the common ancestor of vertebrates were associated with novel vertebrate characteristics and those in the common ancestor of gnathostomes correlated with gnathostome-specific traits. Notably, several DSO-Gs acquired in common ancestors of vertebrates have been linked to myelination, a distinct characteristic of gnathostomes. Additionally, in situ hybridization revealed specific expression patterns for the three vertebrate DSO-Gs in cyclostomes, supporting their potential functions. Our findings highlight the significance of DSO-Gs in the emergence of novel traits in the common ancestors of vertebrates, gnathostomes, and cyclostomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15682,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution","volume":"344 2","pages":"59-79"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.b.23282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In the Spotlight—Established Researcher","authors":"Néva Meyer","doi":"10.1002/jez.b.23281","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.b.23281","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15682,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution","volume":"344 1","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142750724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arjuna Rajakumar, Luigi Pontieri, Ruyan Li, Rasmus Stenbak Larsen, Angelly Vásquez-Correa, Johanne K. L. Frandsen, Ab Matteen Rafiqi, Guojie Zhang, Ehab Abouheif
{"title":"From Egg to Adult: A Developmental Table of the Ant Monomorium pharaonis","authors":"Arjuna Rajakumar, Luigi Pontieri, Ruyan Li, Rasmus Stenbak Larsen, Angelly Vásquez-Correa, Johanne K. L. Frandsen, Ab Matteen Rafiqi, Guojie Zhang, Ehab Abouheif","doi":"10.1002/jez.b.23278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.23278","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ants are one of the most ecologically and evolutionarily successful groups of animals and exhibit a remarkable degree of phenotypic diversity. This success is largely attributed to the fact that all ants are eusocial and live in colonies with a reproductive division of labor between morphologically distinct queen and worker castes. Yet, despite over a century of studies on caste determination and evolution in ants, we lack a complete ontogenetic series from egg to adult for any ant species. We, therefore, present a developmental table for the Pharaoh ant <i>Monomorium pharaonis</i>, a species whose colonies simultaneously produce reproductive queens and completely sterile workers. In total, <i>M</i>. <i>pharaonis</i> embryonic, larval, and pupal development lasts 45 days. During embryogenesis, the majority of developmental events are conserved between <i>M</i>. <i>pharaonis</i> and the fruit fly <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. We discovered, however, two types of same-stage embryos before gastrulation: (1) embryos with internalized germ cells; and (2) embryos with germ cells outside of the blastoderm at the posterior pole. Moreover, we also found two-types of embryos following germ band extension: (1) embryos with primordial germ cells that will develop into reproductive queens; and (2) embryos with no germ cells that will develop into completely sterile workers. Together, these data show that queen and worker castes are already determined and differentiated by early embryogenesis. During larval development, we confirmed that reproductive and worker larvae proceed through three larval instars. Using anatomical and developmental markers, we can further discern the development of gyne (unmated queen) larvae, male larvae, and worker larvae as early as the 1st instar. Overall, we hope that the ontogenetic series we present here will serve as a blueprint for the generation of future ant developmental tables.</p>","PeriodicalId":15682,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution","volume":"342 8","pages":"557-585"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.b.23278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142708375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caroline Rocher, Amélie Vernale, Laura Fierro-Constaín, Nina Séjourné, Sandrine Chenesseau, Christian Marschal, Julien Issartel, Emilie Le Goff, David Stroebel, Julie Jouvion, Morgan Dutilleul, Cédric Matthews, Florent Marschal, Nicolas Brouilly, Dominique Massey-Harroche, Quentin Schenkelaars, Alexander Ereskovsky, André Le Bivic, Emmanuelle Renard, Carole Borchiellini
{"title":"The Buds of Oscarella lobularis (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha): A New Convenient Model for Sponge Cell and Evolutionary Developmental Biology","authors":"Caroline Rocher, Amélie Vernale, Laura Fierro-Constaín, Nina Séjourné, Sandrine Chenesseau, Christian Marschal, Julien Issartel, Emilie Le Goff, David Stroebel, Julie Jouvion, Morgan Dutilleul, Cédric Matthews, Florent Marschal, Nicolas Brouilly, Dominique Massey-Harroche, Quentin Schenkelaars, Alexander Ereskovsky, André Le Bivic, Emmanuelle Renard, Carole Borchiellini","doi":"10.1002/jez.b.23271","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.b.23271","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The comparative study of the four non-bilaterian phyla (Cnidaria, Placozoa, Ctenophora, and Porifera) provides insights into the origin of bilaterian traits. To complete our knowledge of the cell biology and development of these animals, additional non-bilaterian models are needed. Given the developmental, histological, ecological, and genomic differences between the four sponge classes (Demospongiae, Calcarea, Homoscleromorpha, and Hexactinellida), we have been developing the <i>Oscarella lobularis</i> (Porifera, class Homoscleromorpha) model over the past 15 years. Here, we report a new step forward by inducing, producing, and maintaining in vitro thousands of clonal buds that now make possible various downstream applications. This study provides a full description of bud morphology, physiology, cells and tissues, from their formation to their development into juveniles, using adapted cell staining protocols. In addition, we show that buds have outstanding capabilities of regeneration after being injured and of re-epithelization after complete cell dissociation. Altogether, <i>Oscarella</i> buds constitute a relevant all-in-one sponge model to access a large set of biological processes, including somatic morphogenesis, epithelial morphogenesis, cell fate, body axes formation, nutrition, contraction, ciliary beating, and respiration.</p>","PeriodicalId":15682,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution","volume":"342 8","pages":"503-528"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.b.23271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sakuto Yamanaka, Mari Kawaguchi, Shigeki Yasumasu, Kenji Sato, Masato Kinoshita
{"title":"Effects of Light and Water Agitation on Hatching Processes in False Clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris","authors":"Sakuto Yamanaka, Mari Kawaguchi, Shigeki Yasumasu, Kenji Sato, Masato Kinoshita","doi":"10.1002/jez.b.23276","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.b.23276","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>False clownfish (<i>Amphiprion ocellaris</i>) employ a hatching strategy regulated by environmental cues, wherein parents provide water flow to encourage embryos to hatch after sunset on the hatching day. Despite previous studies demonstrating the necessity of complete darkness and water agitation for hatching, the regulatory mechanisms underlying these environmental cues remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate how darkness and water agitation affect the secretion of hatching enzymes and the hatching movements of embryos in false clownfish. Assessment of chorion digestion and live imaging of Ca<sup>2+</sup> in hatching glands using GCaMP6s, a Ca<sup>2+</sup> indicator, revealed that darkness stimulation triggers the secretion of hatching enzymes by increasing Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels in hatching gland cells. On the other hand, water agitation primarily stimulated hatching movements in embryos, which led to the rupture of their egg envelopes. These results suggest that changes in light environments following sunset induce embryos to secrete hatching enzymes and that water agitation provided by parents stimulates hatching movements. These responses to environmental cues, light and water agitation, contribute to the rapid and synchronous hatching in false clownfish.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15682,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution","volume":"344 1","pages":"29-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142190741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In the Spotlight—Postdoc","authors":"Agneesh Barua","doi":"10.1002/jez.b.23277","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jez.b.23277","url":null,"abstract":"<p></p><p>Agneesh Barua was a recipient of the SMBE Graduate Student Excellence Award by the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution and the Peter Gruss Doctoral Dissertation Excellence Award by the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology. He received an honorable mention for the Birnstiel Award of the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (Austria). Agneesh was also awarded an HFSP Long-Term Fellowship by the Human Frontier Science Program.</p><p>Agnees Barua is the first author of the PNAS paper “An ancient, conserved gene regulatory network led to the rise of oral venom systems” (2021, co-authored with Alexander Mikheyev).</p><p>Personal website: https://agneeshbarua.github.io/agneesh_website</p><p>Google scholar page: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1AcPd8kAAAAJ</p><p><b>With whom and where did you study?</b></p><p>I did my PhD at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) under the supervision of Professor Alexander Mikheyev. The main focus of my PhD was unraveling the evolution genetics of snake venoms.</p><p><b>What got you interested in Biology? When did you know EvoDevo was for you?</b></p><p>For as long as I can remember, I have always been fascinated by animals and their diversity. The way evolutionary processes, acting on species across timescales, interact with developmental processes within an organism throughout its lifetime to produce the vast array of phenotypic diversity is truly captivating. There is a certain elegance and beauty to this aspect of nature that I find deeply inspiring. During my PhD, I honed my quantitative and computational skills, but it was a talk by Professor Vincent Laudet on the evo-devo of clownfish, which I attended near the end of my PhD, that sparked my curiosity, leading to the decision to study teleost fish and focus on evo-devo.</p><p><b>What scientific challenges and opportunities does EvoDevo provide that help you design research projects that go beyond your graduate research?</b></p><p>My graduate research was primarily theoretical, with a substantial bioinformatics component. I analysed genomic data to uncover patterns of molecular evolution and made predictions about the roles genes and biological processes might play in shaping phenotypic traits. While many of my predictions about venom evolution have been confirmed in multiple species of venomous animals, achieving true mechanistic validation has been challenging. This difficulty largely stems from the nature of the questions I posed and the limited means available for testing them at a mechanistic level. However, an evo-devo framework allows me to formulate questions that can lead to testable predictions. For example, do genes that regulate metamorphosis in teleosts also influence trait variation between species?</p><p><b>What is the biggest challenge you face as a postdoc? What issues do feel the discipline needs to address for junior researchers?</b></p><p>As someone aspiring to become a PI, I find the grea","PeriodicalId":15682,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution","volume":"342 7","pages":"441-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jez.b.23277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142154274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}