Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Through the eDNA looking glass: Responses of fjord benthic foraminiferal communities to contrasting environmental conditions","authors":"Inda Brinkmann,&nbsp;Magali Schweizer,&nbsp;David Singer,&nbsp;Sophie Quinchard,&nbsp;Christine Barras,&nbsp;Joan M. Bernhard,&nbsp;Helena L. Filipsson","doi":"10.1111/jeu.12975","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jeu.12975","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The health of coastal marine environments is severely declining with global changes. Proxies, such as those based on microeukaryote communities, can record biodiversity and ecosystem responses. However, conventional studies rely on microscopic observations of limited taxonomic range and size fraction, missing putatively ecologically informative community components. Here, we tested molecular tools to survey foraminiferal biodiversity in a fjord system (Sweden) on spatial and temporal scales: Alpha and beta diversity responses to natural and anthropogenic environmental trends were assessed and variability of foraminiferal environmental DNA (eDNA) compared to morphology-based data. The identification of eDNA-obtained taxonomic units was aided by single-cell barcoding. Our study revealed wide diversity, including typical morphospecies recognized in the fjords, and so-far unrecognized taxa. DNA extraction method impacted community composition outputs significantly. DNA extractions of 10 g sediment more reliably represented present diversity than of 0.5-g samples and, thus, are preferred for environmental assessments in this region. Alpha- and beta diversity of 10-g extracts correlated with bottom-water salinity similar to morpho-assemblage diversity changes. Sub-annual environmental variability resolved only partially, indicating damped sensitivity of foraminiferal communities on short timescales using established metabarcoding techniques. Systematically addressing the current limitations of morphology-based and metabarcoding studies may strongly improve future biodiversity and environmental assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":15672,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jeu.12975","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9754709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Memoriam: Richard Dean Allen","authors":"Klaus Hausmann,&nbsp;Helmut Plattner","doi":"10.1111/jeu.12974","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jeu.12974","url":null,"abstract":"Richard Dean Allen passed away on February 10, 2023, in Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, the United States. The protozoological and cell biological community sadly lost one of its best and highly esteemed colleagues with international reputation. He was born on September 20, 1935, in Dallas Center, Iowa. Being raised on a farm likely sparked his lifelong interest in biology and his passion for the natural world. After graduating from Dallas Center High School in 1953, Richard left his hometown to obtain a B.A. degree in Biology from Greenville College, Illinois, in 1957, then, in 1960, from the University of Illinois a M.S. degree in Botany. Later, in 1964, he received a Ph.D. in Cell Biology from Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, followed by work as a Postdoc in Cell Biology at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1964– 1965, where he was working with one of the first pioneers in electron microscopy, Prof. Keith Roberts Porter. After stations as an assistant professor of biology, Messiah College, Grantham, Pennsylvania (1965– 1968), and as a Director of an EM Service Laboratory, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1968– 1969), he moved with his family to Oahu, Hawaii, in 1969 to accept a position as an Associate Professor of Microbiology in the Pacific Biomedical Research Center at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu, Oahu. In 1975, he became a professor of microbiology. Starting in 1985, he was Director of the Biological EM Facility of the University of Hawaii (Figure 1) until his retirement in December 2006. The scientific topic of his Ph.D.thesis originated from the field of botany. Richard studied ultrastructurally the mitotic cell division in sporogenous cells of the fernlike vascular plant Psilotum nudum, using transmission electron microscopy (Allen & Bowen, 1966). During his time in Messiah College, and Harvard University, Richard started ultrastructural studies about the cortex and associated structures in Tetrahymena and Paramecium. Later, being settled in Hawaii, his further research concentrated preferably on protozoa, predominantly on ciliates, eventually almost exclusively on Paramecium. Over a long period of time, his research was carried out under the heading Membrane Dynamics in Intracellular Digestion (1979– 1992) followed by Endosome System and Membrane Trafficking (1992– 1995). Starting in 1995, he focused his interest on Osmoregulation and Contractile Vacuole Function, working in this field until his retirement. A great deal of the results of all these studies already found entrance in protistological textbooks (Hausmann et al., 2003). Richard Allen has contributed valuable data on the dynamic structure of Paramecium cells. This started with the demonstration of microtubular “rails” as longrange signals for cyclosis in Paramecium (Allen, 1974). Vesicle trafficking was his leitmotif throughout his work. In several regards, ciliates are very complicated cells, but one can much profit from the distinct routes of ves","PeriodicalId":15672,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9742518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenomics of novel ploeotid taxa contribute to the backbone of the euglenid tree","authors":"Gordon Lax,&nbsp;Anna Cho,&nbsp;Patrick J. Keeling","doi":"10.1111/jeu.12973","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jeu.12973","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Euglenids are a diverse group of flagellates that inhabit most environments and exhibit many different nutritional modes. The most prominent euglenids are phototrophs, but phagotrophs constitute the majority of phylogenetic diversity of euglenids. They are pivotal to our understanding of euglenid evolution, yet we are only starting to understand relationships amongst phagotrophs, with the backbone of the tree being most elusive. Ploeotids make up most of this backbone diversity—yet despite their morphological similarities, SSU rDNA analyses and multigene analyses show that they are non-monophyletic. As more ploeotid diversity is sampled, known taxa have coalesced into some subgroups (e.g. Alistosa), but the relationships amongst these are not always supported and some taxa remain unsampled for multigene phylogenetics. Here, we used light microscopy and single-cell transcriptomics to characterize five ploeotid euglenids and place them into a multigene phylogenetic framework. Our analyses place <i>Decastava</i> in Alistosa; while <i>Hemiolia</i> branches with <i>Liburna</i>, establishing the novel clade Karavia. We describe <i>Hemiolia limna</i>, a freshwater-dwelling species in an otherwise marine clade. Intriguingly, two undescribed ploeotids are found to occupy pivotal positions in the tree: <i>Chelandium granulatum</i> nov. gen. nov. sp. branches as sister to <i>Olkasia</i>, and <i>Gaulosia striata</i> nov. gen. nov. sp. remains an orphan taxon.</p>","PeriodicalId":15672,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jeu.12973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10116512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Cascading effects of prey identity on gene expression in a kleptoplastidic ciliate”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/jeu.12968","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jeu.12968","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Paight, C., Johnson, M.D., Lasek-Nesselquist, E. &amp; Moeller, H.V. (2023) Cascading effects of prey identity on gene expression in a kleptoplastidic ciliate. <i>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</i>, 70, e12940. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12940</p><p>In the originally published version of the article, Figure S1 from the supporting information and Figure 1 from the main article were transposed. The correct Figure 1 appears below, and the correct Figure S1 has been included in the supporting information of the original article. We have also corrected these figures in the online version of the article.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":15672,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","volume":"70 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10316970/pdf/JEU-70-e12968.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9804280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo-phago-trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean","authors":"Aditee Mitra,&nbsp;David A. Caron,&nbsp;Emile Faure,&nbsp;Kevin J. Flynn,&nbsp;Suzana Gonçalves Leles,&nbsp;Per J. Hansen,&nbsp;George B. McManus,&nbsp;Fabrice Not,&nbsp;Helga do Rosario Gomes,&nbsp;Luciana F. Santoferrara,&nbsp;Diane K. Stoecker,&nbsp;Urban Tillmann","doi":"10.1111/jeu.12972","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jeu.12972","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Protist plankton are major members of open-water marine food webs. Traditionally divided between phototrophic phytoplankton and phagotrophic zooplankton, recent research shows many actually combine phototrophy and phagotrophy in the one cell; these protists are the “mixoplankton.” Under the mixoplankton paradigm, “phytoplankton” are incapable of phagotrophy (diatoms being exemplars), while “zooplankton” are incapable of phototrophy. This revision restructures marine food webs, from regional to global levels. Here, we present the first comprehensive database of marine mixoplankton, bringing together extant knowledge of the identity, allometry, physiology, and trophic interactivity of these organisms. This mixoplankton database (MDB) will aid researchers that confront difficulties in characterizing life traits of protist plankton, and it will benefit modelers needing to better appreciate ecology of these organisms with their complex functional and allometric predator–prey interactions. The MDB also identifies knowledge gaps, including the need to better understand, for different mixoplankton functional types, sources of nutrition (use of nitrate, prey types, and nutritional states), and to obtain vital rates (e.g. growth, photosynthesis, ingestion, factors affecting photo’ vs. phago’ -trophy). It is now possible to revisit and re-classify protistan “phytoplankton” and “zooplankton” in extant databases of plankton life forms so as to clarify their roles in marine ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":15672,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jeu.12972","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9760506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and molecular diagnosis of two new species of Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 infecting South African cordylid lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae: Cordylinae), Trypanosoma (Squamatrypanum) ndumoensis n. sp. and Trypanosoma (Trypanosoma) tokoloshi n. sp.","authors":"Bernard J. Jordaan,&nbsp;Johann van As,&nbsp;Edward C. Netherlands","doi":"10.1111/jeu.12970","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jeu.12970","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite reptile trypanosomes forming a large group, the majority of species descriptions are data deficient, lacking key characteristic data and supporting molecular data. Reptile hosts show potential to facilitate transmission of zoonotic trypanosomiases and offer key information to understanding the genus of <i>Trypanosoma</i>. Several species of squamates from different localities in South Africa were screened molecularly and microscopically for trypanosomes in the present study. Based on the combination of morphological and molecular analyses, two new species of <i>Trypanosoma</i>, <i>Trypanosoma</i> (<i>Squamatrypanum</i>) <i>ndumoensis</i> n. sp. and <i>Trypanosoma</i> (<i>Trypanosoma</i>) <i>tokoloshi</i> n. sp., infecting South African cordylid lizards (Cordylidae: Cordylinae) are described in this study. The first molecular data for a South African reptile trypanosome is provided herewith.</p>","PeriodicalId":15672,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jeu.12970","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10134478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic placement of the protosteloid amoeba Microglomus paxillus identifies another case of sporocarpic fruiting in Discosea (Amoebozoa)","authors":"Alexander K. Tice,&nbsp;Frederick W. Spiegel,&nbsp;Matthew W. Brown","doi":"10.1111/jeu.12971","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jeu.12971","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Protosteloid amoebae are a paraphyletic assemblage of amoeboid protists found exclusively in the eukaryotic assemblage Amoebozoa. These amoebae can facultatively form a dispersal structure known as a fruiting body, or more specifically, a sporocarp, from a single amoeboid cell. Sporocarps consist of one to a few spores atop a noncellular stalk. Protosteloid amoebae are known in two out of three well-established major assemblages of Amoebozoa. Amoebae with a protosteloid life cycle are known in the major Amoebozoa lineages Discosea and Evosea but not in Tubulinea. To date, only one genus, which is monotypic, lacks sequence data and, therefore, remains phylogenetically homeless. To further clarify the evolutionary milieu of sporocarpic fruiting we used single-cell transcriptomics to obtain data from individual sporocarps of isolates of the protosteloid amoeba <i>Microglomus paxillus</i>. Our phylogenomic analyses using 229 protein coding markers suggest that <i>M</i>. <i>paxillus</i> is a member of the Discosea lineage of Amoebozoa most closely related to <i>Mycamoeba gemmipara</i>. Due to the hypervariable nature of the SSU rRNA sequence we were unable to further resolve the phylogenetic position of <i>M</i>. <i>paxillus</i> in taxon rich datasets using only this marker. Regardless, our results widen the known distribution of sporocarpy in Discosea and stimulate the debate between a single or multiple origins of sporocarpic fruiting in Amoebozoa.</p>","PeriodicalId":15672,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10116494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional ecology of planktonic ciliates: Measuring mortality rates in response to starvation","authors":"Thomas Weisse,&nbsp;Ulrike Scheffel,&nbsp;Peter Stadler","doi":"10.1111/jeu.12969","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jeu.12969","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Population dynamics of aquatic ciliates are controlled “bottom-up” via food supply and “top-down” by grazing and parasitism. While intrinsic growth rates of ciliates under saturating food conditions have been studied in some detail, mortality rates induced by starvation have received little attention thus far. To this end, we examined the response of three algivorous freshwater ciliate species to starvation using three different optical methods. Two of these methods, i.e. ciliate mortality rates (<i>δ</i>) estimated from (i) numerical response experiments and (ii) the rate of decline (ROD) in cell numbers, investigated the response of the ciliate population using conventional light microscopy. The third method, imaging cytometry using a FlowCAM instrument, monitored single cells during the starvation experiment. Like light microscopy, the FlowCAM approach estimated <i>δ</i> based on ROD in the experimental containers. However, imaging cytometry also measured the relative cellular chlorophyll <i>a</i> content in the ciliates' food vacuoles as a proxy for the nutritional status of the cells. The linear decline of the cellular chl. <i>a</i> yielded an independent estimate of <i>δ</i> that was similar to <i>δ</i> calculated from ROD. Additionally, the FlowCAM measurements revealed a high degree of phenotypic plasticity of the ciliates when exposed to starvation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15672,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","volume":"70 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jeu.12969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10116495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular phylogeny of Spirotrichonymphea (Parabasalia) with emphasis on Spironympha, Spirotrichonympha, and three new genera Pseudospironympha, Nanospironympha, and Brugerollina","authors":"Satoko Noda,&nbsp;Osamu Kitade,&nbsp;Daniel E. Jasso-Selles,&nbsp;Stephen J. Taerum,&nbsp;Miki Takayanagi,&nbsp;Renate Radek,&nbsp;Nathan Lo,&nbsp;Moriya Ohkuma,&nbsp;Gillian H. Gile","doi":"10.1111/jeu.12967","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jeu.12967","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spirotrichonymphea, one of the six classes of phylum Parabasalia, are characterized by bearing many flagella in spiral rows, and they occur exclusively in the guts of termites. Phylogenetic relationships among the 13 described genera are not well understood due to complex morphological evolution and a paucity of molecular data. One such understudied genus is <i>Spironympha</i>. It has been variously considered a valid genus, a subgenus of <i>Spirotrichonympha</i>, or an “immature” life cycle stage of <i>Spirotrichonympha</i>. To clarify this, we sequenced the small subunit rRNA gene sequences of <i>Spironympha</i> and <i>Spirotrichonympha</i> cells isolated from the hindguts of <i>Reticulitermes</i> species and <i>Hodotermopsis sjostedti</i> and confirmed the molecular identity of <i>H. sjostedti</i> symbionts using fluorescence in situ hybridization. <i>Spironympha</i> as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic, with both <i>H. sjostedti</i> symbiont species branching separately from the “true” <i>Spironympha</i> from <i>Reticulitermes</i>. Similarly, the <i>Spirotrichonympha</i> symbiont of <i>H. sjostedti</i> branches separately from the “true” <i>Spirotrichonympha</i> found in <i>Reticulitermes</i>. Our data support <i>Spironympha</i> from <i>Reticulitermes</i> as a valid genus most closely related to <i>Spirotrichonympha</i>, though its monophyly and interspecific relationships are not resolved in our molecular phylogenetic analysis. We propose three new genera to accommodate the <i>H. sjostedti</i> symbionts and two new species of <i>Spirotrichonympha</i> from <i>Reticulitermes</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":15672,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","volume":"70 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9626776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-resolution phylogenetic analysis reveals long-term microbial dynamics and microdiversity in phytoplankton microbiome","authors":"Chang Jae Choi,&nbsp;Cecile Jauzein,&nbsp;Deana L. Erdner","doi":"10.1111/jeu.12966","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jeu.12966","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phytoplankton-bacteria interactions represent the evolution of complex cross-kingdom networks requiring niche specialization of diverse microbes. Unraveling this co-evolutionary process has proven challenging because microbial partnerships are complex, and their assembly can be dynamic as well as scale- and taxon-dependent. Here, we monitored long-term experimental evolution of phytoplankton-bacteria interactions by reintroducing the intact microbiome into an axenized dinoflagellate <i>Alexandrium tamarense</i> to better understand microbiome assembly dynamics and how microbiome composition could shift and stabilize over 15 months. We examined host functioning by growth rate, photosynthetic capability, cell size, and other physiological signatures and compared it to associated microbial communities determined by 16S rRNA gene sequences. Our results showed that microbiome reconstitution did not restore the intact microbiome, instead a distinct microbial community shift to <i>Roseobacter</i> clade was observed in the re-established cultures. In-depth comparisons of microbial interactions revealed no apparent coupling between host physiology and specific bacterial taxa, indicating that highly represented, abundant taxa might not be essential for host functioning. The emergence of highly divergent <i>Roseobacter</i> clade sequences suggests fine-scale microbial dynamics driven by microdiversity could be potentially linked to host functioning. Collectively, our results indicate that functionally comparable microbiomes can be assembled from markedly different, highly diverse bacterial taxa in changing environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":15672,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","volume":"70 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9626772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}