Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders最新文献

{"title":"The complicated relationship between inflammation and metabolic dysfunction.","authors":"Shima Abtin, Tayebeh Ziveh, Mostafa Rezaee-Tavirani","doi":"10.1007/s40200-025-01729-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40200-025-01729-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, is rising steadily and has emerged as a global health issue. Evidence indicates that chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the development and progression of metabolic diseases. This review article addresses the intricate and reciprocal link between chronic inflammation and disrupted glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, it explores the influence of factors such as the gut microbiome, socio-psychological variables, and aging. The article ultimately discusses future research directions and the need for a better understanding of the complexities between inflammation and metabolism. Addressing these factors could provide effective strategies for preventing and managing metabolic disorders, improving quality of life and public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":15635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12535578/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145337143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between dietary and lifestyle insulinemic indices and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults undergoing abdominal surgery.","authors":"Hamid Ahmadirad, Hossein Farhadnejad, Farshad Teymoori, Ghazaleh Shimi, Ebrahim Mokhtari, Golaleh Asghari, Emad Yuzbashian, Parvin Mirmiran, Maryam Zarkesh, Alireza Khalaj","doi":"10.1007/s40200-025-01759-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40200-025-01759-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The present study investigated the association of insulinemic indices including dietary (DIH) and lifestyle (LIH) insulinemic indices for hyperinsulinemia, as well as dietary (DIR) and lifestyle (LIR) insulinemic indices for insulin resistance with cardiometabolic factors, including the waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglycerides, total cholesterol(TC), and insulin level.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 176 individuals, aged 18 to 84, took part in this cross-sectional study. The food frequency questionnaire was used to record individuals' dietary intake data and calculate insulinemic indices. Associations between these indices and cardiometabolic factors were evaluated using linear regression, and results were presented as unstandardized β values with 95% confidence intervals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the final adjusted model, participants with a body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg/m² exhibited a positive association between the LIH and LIR scores and the FBS levels. Among participants with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², positive associations were observed between LIH and LIR scores with WC and HC. Additionally, a direct association was found between the scores of DIR and FBS levels. Among all participants, there were positive associations between LIH and LIR scores with levels of SBP, DBP, WC, HC, and insulin.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Greater adherence to a diet and lifestyle characterized by higher DIR, LIH, and LIR scores was positively associated with elevated levels of cardiometabolic factors, including SBP, DBP, WC, HC, and insulin.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-025-01759-6.</p>","PeriodicalId":15635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12535573/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145337120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The linear association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and diabetic retinopathy : a cross-sectional study in diabetic patients.","authors":"Zhuolin Xie, Xiangxia Luo, Di Ling, Dongpeng Zhang, Xinglin Chen, Dinghua Zhang, Juan Ling","doi":"10.1007/s40200-025-01728-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40200-025-01728-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of visual impairment. While dyslipidemia has been implicated in DR pathogenesis, the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and DR remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between HDL-C levels and DR prevalence in diabetic patients type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is the second analysis based on a cross-sectional studv. A total of 2001 (858 men and 1143 women) diabetic patients who visited the diabetic clinic in the Internal Medicine out-patient departments of two hospitals in southern Taiwan between April 2002 and November 2004. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and serum HDL-C levels were measured. The association between HDL-C and DR was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression, accounting for potential confounders. Additionally, we explored the potential correlation between HDL-C and DR through a smooth curve fitting approach, utilizing a generalized additive model (GAM). and a generalized additive model (GAM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 2001 participants, 701 (35.0%) were diagnosed with DR. Our findings demonstrated a significant inverse linear relationship between HDL-C levels and the presence of DR. Higher HDL-C was inversely associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). In continuous analyses, each 10 mg/dL increase in HDL-C corresponded to lower odds of DR across all models, including Model 3 (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.84-0.99; <i>P</i> = 0.027).Additionally, analysis of HDL-C levels by tertiles revealed that participants in the highest tertile (53.0-99.0 mg/dL) had a lower prevalence of DR, with an OR of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.62-0.97; <i>P</i> = 0.029) in Model 1; this association was borderline in Model 2 (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.63-1.01; <i>P</i> = 0.055) and non-significant in Model 3 (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.66-1.09; <i>P</i> = 0.209). In categorical analyses (reference: ≤40 mg/dL), participants with HDL-C ≥ 60 mg/dL exhibited a significantly lower prevalence of DR in Model 1 (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56-0.97; <i>P</i> = 0.028), a borderline association in Model 2 (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.57-1.01; <i>P</i> = 0.059), and a non-significant association in Model 3 (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.61-1.14; <i>P</i> = 0.259).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides evidence of a linear association that elevated HDL-C levels are associated with decreased odds of DR in diabetic patients. Future research should further focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying this association and its implications for therapeutic strategies.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-025-01728-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":15635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12535564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145336719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The lived reality of diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review and meta-synthesis on patients' experiences and coping for a high-quality life.","authors":"Arman Erjaee, Mahdie Bahrami, Zahra Sedighifar, Mohammadamin Jandaghian-Bidgoli, Khadije Jahangasht Ghoozlu, Mahla Talebi","doi":"10.1007/s40200-025-01726-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40200-025-01726-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a severe complication of diabetes mellitus, leading to infection, amputation, and reduced quality of life. Beyond their clinical impact, DFUs impose psychological, social, and economic burdens on affected individuals. Despite extensive research on DFU prevention and management, the lived experiences of those suffering from DFUs remain underexplored. Understanding these experiences is essential for improving patient-centered interventions and holistic care approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies were conducted following PRISMA and ENTREQ guidelines. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science from 2020 to 2024. Studies were selected based on the SPIDER framework, focusing on adults with DFUs and their lived experiences. Noblit and Hare's meta-ethnographic approach was used to synthesize data, identifying first-, second-, and third-order constructs. Thematic synthesis was applied to extract key challenges, coping strategies, and resilience factors from the included studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis included 27 studies with 576 participants and identified four uplifting themes: (1) Rising Above Daily Challenges with DFUs, showing how people stay active, turn struggles into strengths, and care for their feet with pride; (2) Moving Forward Through Uncertainty and Connection, highlighting hope, teamwork with others, and efforts to find helpful information; (3) Embracing a New Way of Living, reflecting creative solutions, joy in fresh starts, and welcoming support; and (4) Growing Stronger with Purpose and Support, capturing personal growth and building encouraging relationships. These themes reveal the many ways participants shine through their experiences.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This meta-synthesis underscores the complex, multifaceted impact of DFUs beyond the physical wound, emphasizing the necessity of holistic, patient-centered care. Enhancing communication, addressing psychosocial challenges, and integrating support systems can improve outcomes and quality of life for DFU patients. Future research should focus on culturally tailored interventions and longitudinal studies to track resilience over time.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-025-01726-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":15635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12532981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145329300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overbasalization and glycemic control: longitudinal analysis in people with type 2 diabetes in Peru.","authors":"Sandra Analí Vadillo-Saravia, Antonio Bernabé-Ortiz, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Cayetano Heredia","doi":"10.1007/s40200-025-01756-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40200-025-01756-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal association between overbasalization and glycemic control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective cohort study including subjects with T2DM diagnosis, insulin users and treated in the Endocrinology Service of EsSalud through the National Telemedicine Center, part of the Social Security (EsSalud) in Lima, Peru. Data was taken from January 2023 to December 2024, and only those with at least two assessments were considered. Hospitalized participants, chronic users of corticosteroids, those with transfusions, and pregnant women during the study period were excluded. The dependent variable was glycemic control, defined using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol [< 7%] or ≥ 53mmol/mol [≥ 7%]), while the independent variable was overbasalization, defined as a basal insulin dose > 0.5 IU/Kg/day. The association of interest was evaluated cross-sectionally and longitudinally.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 398 records, mean age of 63.8 (SD: 10.4) years and 50.8% women, was analyzed. The mean duration of diabetes was 15.8 (SD: 8.7) years, whereas the median duration of insulin use was 3.3 (interquartile range: 6) years. The prevalence of overbasalization at the cohort baseline was 43.4%, whereas only 14.5% had appropriate glycemic control. In cross-sectional analysis, no association of overbasalization with glycemic control was found; however, in the longitudinal analysis (mean: 9.6 [SD: 3.5] months of follow-up), the group with overbasalization had a 42% reduction (95% CI: 20% - 58%) in the probability of having appropriate glycemic control.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among insulin users, overbasalization was observed to be associated with reduced glycemic control and higher HbA1c levels. More than 40% of insulin users had overbasalization at the cohort baseline. Our study suggests that overbasalization is frequent among people using insulin and should be evaluated to optimize glycemic control.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-025-01756-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":15635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12528568/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145329322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-difference in the association between Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) index and dementia.","authors":"Giovanni Zuliani, Gloria Brombo, Francesco di Paola Dario, Marco Zuin, Tommaso Romagnoli, Michele Polastri, Carlo Renzini, Alessandro Trentini, Raffaella Riccetti, Carlo Cervellati","doi":"10.1007/s40200-025-01744-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40200-025-01744-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to evaluate the association between the insulin resistance as assessed by Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) index and dementia and to determine whether this relationship varies by sex.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed TyG index in older patients admitted to an Italian Memory Clinic with different cognitive status: 335 (71% females-F) participants with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 99 (61% F) with vascular dementia (VAD), 301 (67% F) with mixed dementia (MIXED: AD + VAD), 442 (57% F) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 173 cognitively healthy controls (61% F).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that only in females high TyG index was associated with a greater probability of receiving a diagnosis of MCI (odd ratio - O.R.: 1.91, 95% confidence interval - C.I.: 1.08-3.34), VAD (O.R.: 2.23; 95% C.I.: 1.10-4.51), and MIXED (O.R.: 1.92, 95% C.I.: 1.10-3.33), but not AD (O.R.: 1.07, 95% C.I.: 0.63-1.85). Notably, these associations remained significant in a multi-adjusted model, including age, smoking, total cholesterol and comorbidities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that insulin resistance may be a risk factor for dementia with a cerebrovascular component, but only in older females.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-025-01744-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":15635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12528581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145329325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adjunctive melatonin in periodontal therapy for type 2 diabetic patients: Systematic review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Pedro Sampaio, Saife Muhsin, Ahmad Shoeb Hashmi, Sargon Shazo, Valentino Vellone, Giulia Romanelli, Alexandros Damalas, Arwa Hussain Chaiwala, Luciano Barreto Silva","doi":"10.1007/s40200-025-01748-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40200-025-01748-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Melatonin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties relevant to periodontal therapy. However, its effectiveness as an adjunct in patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis remains uncertain. This meta-analysis evaluated its clinical impact in this population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library through June 2025 for studies comparing adjunctive melatonin plus scaling and root planing (SRP) versus SRP alone or placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis. Primary outcomes were probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Secondary outcome: plaque index (PI). Meta-analyses used a random-effects model (Review Manager 5.4), and risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane RoB 2 tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 79 records, 4 studies (269 participants) were included. Adjunctive melatonin significantly improved PD (mean difference [MD]: -1.38 mm; 95% CI: -2.28 to - 0.47; <i>p</i> = 0.003) and CAL (MD: -1.17 mm; 95% CI: -1.82 to - 0.52; <i>p</i> = 0.0004). BOP also improved (risk ratio [RR]: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.88; <i>p</i> = 0.003). Sensitivity analyses excluding one outlier showed larger effects and reduced heterogeneity. PI data, descriptively analyzed, favored melatonin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adjunctive melatonin improves clinical periodontal parameters and reduces inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis. These findings suggest melatonin may serve as a biologically plausible and well-tolerated adjunct, though current evidence remains limited and should be interpreted with caution. Further high-quality trials are needed to confirm these outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12528584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145329161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between body composition measured using Dual-Energy X-Ray absorptiometry and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: A systematic review.","authors":"Xiaomei Yao, Morgan McKeown, Oliver Li, Yingying Luo, Jinhui Ma","doi":"10.1007/s40200-025-01712-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40200-025-01712-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to rise. This systematic review assessed the relationship between dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) body composition measures and risk of T2DM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched. The review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and employed the GRADE approach. The registration ID for this study in PROSPERO is CRD42023434571.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 3,140 papers retrieved, 9 cohort studies (59,276 individuals) were included in the analysis. Of the results that could be pooled, whole-body fat % (HR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.32 to 1.44), trunk fat mass (HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.49 to 1.65), and trunk fat % (HR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.25 to 2.07), were associated with incident T2DM in women. No fat mass measures could be pooled for men. Lean mass measures were not statistically associated with incident T2DM in women or men.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is an association between DXA fat measures and incident T2DM in women and there may be an association between DXA fat measures and incident T2DM in men as well. Further high-quality investigations are required to validate these findings.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-025-01712-7.</p>","PeriodicalId":15635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12528635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145329270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A dual <i>in silico-in vitro</i> assessment of nine glimepiride apis: efficacy and oxidative stress protection in type 2 diabetes.","authors":"Amine Hssaine, Fatima Ez-Zahra Ousaid, Imane Nait Irahal, Fatima Zahra Khaddach, Miloud El Karbane, Mohamed Azougagh, Noureddine Bourhim, Brahim Benaji","doi":"10.1007/s40200-025-01755-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40200-025-01755-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Glimepiride, a sulfonylurea drug, is commonly used to manage blood glucose levels in T2DM patients. However, the efficacy of various active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of Glimepiride has not been thoroughly compared. Here, we systematically evaluate nine Glimepiride APIs for their modulation of oxidative stress pathways <i>via</i> computational and laboratory models. Molecular docking simulations were performed to investigate the binding affinity between Glimepiride and aldose reductase (AR), revealing a strong binding interaction. Furthermore, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis was conducted to assess the purity of the APIs, showing consistent results with all samples exceeding 99.5% purity. In vitro experiments were performed using liver enzymes extracted from diabetic rats to assess the effects of the nine APIs of Glimepiride on AR and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Significant variations in AR inhibition and GR activation were observed among the APIs. In particular, compound G1 exhibited potent AR inhibition and a marked reduction in MDA levels, highlighting its strong antioxidant potential. Meanwhile, compound I2 was the most effective at activating GR, suggesting a potential role in enhancing the natural antioxidant defences. These results support the therapeutic potential of Glimepiride in mitigating oxidative stress and its beneficial effects on key metabolic enzymes in T2DM. The observed differences in the efficacy of the Glimepiride APIs were likely due to factors such as variations in bioavailability, formulation composition, and pharmacokinetic properties. The findings highlight the importance of assessing these factors when evaluating generic formulations for therapeutic use in T2DM management.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":15635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12528524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145329476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From steatosis to cirrhosis: the role of obesity in the progression of liver disease.","authors":"Klaudia Nowak, Maria Paluch, Maja Cudzik, Klaudia Syska, Wiktoria Gawlikowska, Jakub Janczura","doi":"10.1007/s40200-025-01754-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40200-025-01754-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), the most common subtype of steatotic liver disease (SLD), affects approximately 38% of the global adult population and is strongly linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Projections estimate its prevalence may exceed 55% by 2040. Obesity plays a central role in the progression from simple steatosis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Excess adiposity contributes to hepatic fat accumulation, systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and activation of hepatic stellate cells. key mechanisms in liver injury and fibrogenesis. Diagnosis traditionally relied on liver biopsy, but noninvasive techniques, along with serum-based indices, are now commonly used. MASLD is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and endocrine disorders, particularly in obese individuals. Management is centered on weight reduction, which can reverse steatosis, resolve MASH, and regress fibrosis depending on the degree of weight loss. Recent therapeutic advances include the approval of resmetirom, a thyroid hormone receptor-β agonist, and promising results from glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Bariatric surgery offers significant benefits in selected patients, improving liver histology and associated metabolic parameters. Despite these developments, no universally accepted pharmacotherapy exists for MASLD. Future directions include expanding access to diagnostic tools, validating novel biomarkers, and implementing public health strategies targeting obesity to prevent progression to end-stage liver disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":15635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 2","pages":"227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12521716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145308179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}