Yeonji Jeong , Jeongho Han , Seoro Lee , Sangjoon Bak , Gwanjae Lee , Jonggun Kim , Kyoung Jae Lim
{"title":"Development and application evaluation of baseflow separation/pollution load estimation tool considering the characteristics of the recession by flow condition-specific","authors":"Yeonji Jeong , Jeongho Han , Seoro Lee , Sangjoon Bak , Gwanjae Lee , Jonggun Kim , Kyoung Jae Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces the WAPLE4 system, developed to accurately separate direct runoff and baseflow and calculate pollution loads while considering the recession characteristics of hydrographs under varying flow condition-specific. The system was applied to four major watersheds in South Korea, demonstrating improved accuracy in baseflow separation, with an average baseflow reduction of 7 % when the <em>β</em> parameter by flow condition-specific was applied. Furthermore, pollution load analysis revealed reductions in TP and TN loads by 10.92 % and 10.56 %, underscoring the effectiveness of this parameter in refining pollution load estimates. These findings highlight the system's ability to improve flow condition-specific baseflow and pollutant load calculations while reflecting the distinct characteristics of individual watersheds. By enabling precise quantification of pollutant loads from both direct runoff and baseflow, this system can be effectively utilized to provide foundational data for the development of more comprehensive watershed management strategies and aid decision-makers in addressing water quality challenges more effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of contaminant hydrology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 104832"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145952082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuming Xu , Jiawei Wang , Chunfang Deng , Xiao Yu , Rui Nie , Siya Wang , Wei Huang
{"title":"Metagenomic insights into rhizosphere microbiome dynamics of Oenanthe javanica in ecological floating beds under different hydrodynamic regimes","authors":"Xuming Xu , Jiawei Wang , Chunfang Deng , Xiao Yu , Rui Nie , Siya Wang , Wei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ecological floating beds (EFBs) are a cost-effective and sustainable technology that utilizes macrophyte to remove nutrients from aquatic ecosystems, where rhizosphere bacterial degradation and assimilation play a key role in nutrient removal. However, the current knowledge about how hydrodynamic regimes impact the rhizosphere bacterial community on EFB systems remains limited. Here, we investigated the effects of different hydrodynamic regimes (<em>i.e.</em>, stagnant water, pulsed water, and flowing water conditions) on the rhizosphere bacterial community structure and function of <em>Oenanthe javanica</em> in an experimental EFB system based on metagenomic sequencing. We observed that bacterial community compositions on the roots of <em>O. javanica</em> were significantly differed across the three hydrodynamic regimes, with the highest bacterial biodiversity captured from the flowing water condition. Moreover, a total of 65 nitrogen functional genes (NFGs) were identified in the rhizosphere bacterial community, with nitrate reduction pathways dominating the nitrogen cycling processes. In contrast, totally 139 phosphorus functional genes (PFGs) were detected, primarily involved in purine metabolism, which drove the phosphorus cycling dynamics. We found the distinct nitrogen and phosphorus metabolic strategies of rhizosphere bacterial communities in response to hydrodynamic regime changes. Specifically, the relative abundances of NFGs like <em>nasB</em>, <em>narl</em>, and <em>ansB</em> were significantly increased under the pulsed water condition, whereas <em>gdh_K00262</em> were relative abundant under the flowing condition. Moreover, pulsed water condition promoted the relative abundances of PFGs such asas <em>phnC</em>, <em>phoD</em>, and <em>pgtP</em> in rhizosphere bacterial communities, in contrast to the stagnant condition, which favored genes like <em>ugpC</em>, <em>purK</em>, <em>phoH</em>, and <em>purA</em>. Our study offers technical support for regulating plant degradation of pollutants to improve EFB's performance in engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of contaminant hydrology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 104795"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ming Li , Liang Guo , Yimo Zhao , Shanshan Huang , Ruofei Jia , Lijiao Zheng , Yongyang Chen , Shanping Li
{"title":"Construction of an efficient synergistic catalytic system using DBD plasma and Fe-TiO2-rGO/HCP catalytic coating for ofloxacin removal","authors":"Ming Li , Liang Guo , Yimo Zhao , Shanshan Huang , Ruofei Jia , Lijiao Zheng , Yongyang Chen , Shanping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An efficient synergistic catalytic system was constructed by combining a Fe-rGO-TiO<sub>2</sub> coating on honeycomb ceramic plates (HCP) with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. The catalyst coating was comprehensively characterized, and its structural and morphological characteristics, chemical bond state, optical properties, and catalytic activity were systematically analyzed. The results show that by doping TiO<sub>2</sub> with Fe and graphene, the catalytic performance of TiO<sub>2</sub> can be enhanced by refining its grains and increasing the specific surface area. Ofloxacin (OFLX) was the target pollutant to evaluate the catalytic activity. The effects of initial pH, electrolyte concentration, and current density on OFLX degradation were analyzed. Compared with the single DBD plasma system, the catalytic ability of the constructed synergistic catalytic system was significantly improved. Under the optimal initial conditions, the Fe-rGO-TiO<sub>2</sub>-DBD synergistic system achieved a 99.98 % OFLX degradation rate and enhanced energy output after 60 min of reaction. The measurements of liquid H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> in the system and free-radical scavenging experiments proved that the synergistic method can increase the production of active substances. LC-MS analysis and theoretical calculations were used to propose possible OFLX degradation pathways and identify intermediates. Comprehensive toxicity analysis showed that intermediate products exhibited progressively lower toxicity. Finally, the comprehensive mechanism of DBD synergistic Fe-rGO-TiO<sub>2</sub> catalytic degradation of OFLX was summarized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of contaminant hydrology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 104791"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paolo Pastorino , Damià Barceló , Christian Griebler
{"title":"Microplastics in freshwater systems: Occurrence and effects","authors":"Paolo Pastorino , Damià Barceló , Christian Griebler","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) have been detected in every environmental compartment, yet most research still focused on marine systems. Although freshwater environments are key pathways for the transport of plastics from land to sea, they remained comparatively underexplored. This Virtual Special Issue (VSI) of <em>Journal of Contaminant Hydrology</em>, titled “Microplastics in freshwater systems: occurrence and effects”, partly fills this gap by gathering 45 contributions (30 research articles and 15 reviews) from across the globe. Together, the VSI provides a comprehensive view of MNP occurrence, transport, fate, and ecotoxicological effects in various freshwater habitats, including estuary ecosystems. The collected manuscripts highlight advances in analytical methods, modeling, and mitigation strategies, while identifying major knowledge gaps such as limited long-term data sets, methodological inconsistencies, and scarce field-based ecotoxicological studies. This VSI underscores the need for standardized quantification methods, interdisciplinary approaches, and stronger links between science and policy to support effective management of plastic pollution in freshwater systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of contaminant hydrology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 104824"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145889252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aifang Pan , Runyong Ma , Jianwu Zhang , Dahong Chen , Longyue Li , Yao Ke
{"title":"High-performance polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate from Baihe pyrite slag: Enhanced coagulation in soil leaching alkaline wastewater and mechanistic insights","authors":"Aifang Pan , Runyong Ma , Jianwu Zhang , Dahong Chen , Longyue Li , Yao Ke","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient removal of inorganic suspended matter is crucial for the recovery of soil leaching alkaline wastewater. This study aimed to develop a high-alumina inorganic polymer coagulant, polymerized aluminum ferric sulfate (PAFS), specifically targeting inorganic suspended matter in alkaline soil leaching wastewater. PAFS was prepared from aluminum ferric sulfate (Al<sub>0.862</sub>Fe<sub>0.138</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O) synthesized from Baihe pyrite slag, enabling resource utilization of this industrial waste. The physicochemical properties of the slag, intermediate sulfate, and final PAFS were characterized by XRD, SEM, and FT-IR. The optimal synthesis conditions were pH 3.0, aging temperature 80 °C, aging time 75 min, and combined Al<img>Fe content 11 %. The coagulation mechanism was systematically investigated, revealing a three-stage pH-dependent synergy of “charge neutralization - adsorption bridging - precipitation”: (1) At pH 1.0–2.0, low-polymerization PAFS destabilizes colloids via charge neutralization; (2) At the optimal pH 3.0, enhanced hydrolysis produces multi-nuclear hydroxo-complexes ([Fe<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4+</sup> and [Al<sub>13</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>24</sub>]<sup>7+</sup>) that efficiently bridge particles into dense, settleable flocs through hydroxo bridging and sweep flocculation; (3) The sulfate-linked Fe<img>Al copolymer structure imparts superior alkali resistance, while over-hydrolysis at pH > 3.0 causes precipitation and efficiency loss. In simulated wastewater treatment, PAFS achieved a 99.9 % turbidity removal rate under alkaline conditions (pH 8.0–11.0). This work provides an efficient, low-cost solution for alkaline soil leaching wastewater by converting pyrite slag into a high-performance coagulant, offering notable economic and environmental benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of contaminant hydrology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 104839"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145917571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aipu Wu , Chunzi Ma , Shouliang Huo , Tianxiao Li , Qiang Fu
{"title":"Vegetation type dominates slope-scale material loss under extreme rainfall: Nonlinear responses revealed by machine learning","authors":"Aipu Wu , Chunzi Ma , Shouliang Huo , Tianxiao Li , Qiang Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2026.104846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2026.104846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extreme rainfall events may be intensified by climate change. These events pose significant threats to slope-scale soil erosion and non-point source (NPS) pollution in mountainous agricultural watersheds. In this study, seven years (2014–2020) of field observations from four runoff plots with different vegetation (farmland vs. shrubland) and slope types (steep vs. gentle) within the Miyun Reservoir watershed, northern China, were used to investigate material losses under contrasting rainfall patterns. Losses of soil, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP), along with runoff and chemical oxygen demand (COD), were quantified using a novel machine learning framework that integrated a Random Forest (RF) model with Sequential Backward Selection (SBS) and relative importance (RI) analyses. A total of 61 runoff-generating rainfall events, that included 10 rainfall events classified as extreme on the basis of the rainfall depth and 30-min maximum intensity (I<sub>30</sub>), were analyzed. Extreme rainfall accounted for only 16.4 % of the runoff events but contributed to 41.9 % in soil loss and 49.2 % in COD. Farmland was particularly vulnerable, and it had 2–5 times the losses of shrubland under extreme rainfall events. The vegetation type and 60-min rainfall intensity (I<sub>60</sub>) emerged as dominant factors that controlled losses under extreme rainfall events, while vegetation type and rainfall intensity governed material losses under normal rainfall events. A partial dependence plot (PDP) analysis revealed a nonlinear response of the material loss to I<sub>30</sub>, with sharp increases between 30 and 40 mm·h<sup>−1</sup>. This result indicated critical material loss thresholds. These results revealed the dominant role of the vegetation type in controlling material loss at the slope scale and confirmed the potential of machine learning to explain complex hydrological processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of contaminant hydrology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 104846"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identification of time-varying contaminant discharge rates using a data-driven Transformer model","authors":"Yaning Xu , Wenxi Lu , Liuzhi Zhu , Qingchun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2026.104847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2026.104847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The identification of groundwater contamination sources (IGCS) is a critical prerequisite for the development of contamination remediation strategies and is vital for safeguarding groundwater resources. However, the recurrent neural networks (RNNs) previously applied to address IGCS have limitations due to their requirement for stepwise processing of data and inability to handle parallel processing, which restrict both accuracy and efficiency. This study applies the Transformer model to directly identify groundwater contamination source characteristics. The self-attention mechanism of the Transformer model effectively captures long-range dependencies in input data, overcoming the limitations of step-by-step data processing and supporting parallel processing of sequential information. This advantage allows the Transformer model to capture the dynamic changes in contamination source characteristics (e.g., contaminant discharge rates) across different time steps, resulting in more accurate IGCS. A hypothetical case study is conducted to compare the performance of data-driven methods (Transformer and MLP inverse mapping models) with surrogate-assisted physics-based methods (optimization and data assimilation methods), for identifying contamination source characteristics. The results indicate that the Transformer model performs better in terms of identification accuracy. The data assimilation method provides satisfactory results with a lower computational burden, making it more suitable for scenarios with strict time requirements. The optimization method requires more computational time and produces less accurate identification results compared to the other three methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of contaminant hydrology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 104847"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145966236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of changes in river eco-surplus and eco-deficit based on variable infiltration capacity model and Shapley Additive exPlanations model of Jialing River, China","authors":"Gaozhen Wang , Wenxian Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2026.104872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2026.104872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Few studies have evaluated variations in riverine Eco-Surpluses and Eco-Deficits (ES and ED) from the perspective of flow processes. Therefore, this study evaluated the river ES (ED) change from multiple time scales through the intra-annual flow process and assessed the synergistic change relationship between ES (ED) and various hydro-meteorological factors by combining the Copula model. The study also constructed a ES (ED) prediction system through the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), analyzing each influencing factor's role in the LightGBM simulation through the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) model. It was found that: the ES (ED) based on the river flow process was more in line with the actual situation of the river after the validation of the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and other methods; there were significant discrepancies in the joint return periods among ES (ED) and various hydro-meteorological factors by the two-dimensional and three-dimensional Copula models; the prediction system constructed by coupling the baseflow extracted from the VIC model with the LightGBM algorithm exhibits better performance, and the simulation accuracy (R<sup>2</sup>) exceeds 0.85; the results of SHAP model showed that base flow variations exert a significant influence on ES and ED dynamics, followed by the role of various hydro-meteorological factors. The study results can provide a reference basis for scheduling river cascade reservoirs and planning regional water resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of contaminant hydrology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 104872"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of aging on nanoplastic aggregation and release from low-density polyethylene (LDPE)","authors":"Somayeh Saliminasab, Tao Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pervasive use of plastics has led to significant environmental pollution, with nanoplastics (NPs) emerging as a critical yet less understood component that poses elevated risks due to high mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity. To address the limitations of using artificial pristine NP proxies, we investigated the aggregation of NPs released from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and heat treatment. We measured physicochemical property changes, conducted aggregation experiments in various electrolyte solutions, applied DLVO theory, and developed a mathematical model to simulate aggregation kinetics. Our findings reveal that aging processes, particularly heat treatment, significantly promote NP generation from LDPE and alter their physicochemical properties such as surface charge. NP aggregation is notably influenced by aging, pH, and cation valence. Heat-aged NPs exhibited enhanced stability due to more negative surface charges, while UV-aged NPs showed complex aggregation behavior in the presence of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, potentially due to bridging effects. The effect of aging and water chemistry on aggregation in most cases can be explained by the DLVO theory. The simple model we developed effectively simulated the observed aggregation kinetics. These results underscore the critical role of aging in determining NP generation and aggregation dynamics. This study highlights both the applicability and limitations of using artificial NPs as environmental proxies and emphasizes the need for further research on the properties and behavior of real-world, aged nanoplastics to improve predictions of their environmental fate and transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of contaminant hydrology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 104809"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145768387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily B. Stockwell , David T. Adamson , Jeff D. Gamlin , Poonam R. Kulkarni , Aman Singh , Ronald W. Falta , Charles J. Newell
{"title":"Modeling per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance precursor transformation in groundwater at a well-characterized site","authors":"Emily B. Stockwell , David T. Adamson , Jeff D. Gamlin , Poonam R. Kulkarni , Aman Singh , Ronald W. Falta , Charles J. Newell","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2025.104766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a class of <em>per</em>- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that are mobile in groundwater, are not known to degrade, and are highly regulated. PFAAs can be generated by the transformation of certain PFAS compounds called precursors. A semi-analytical groundwater model that considers matrix diffusion was calibrated to field PFAS data at a site known to contain both PFAAs and their respective precursor compounds. The modeling effort considered four key PFAAs: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). Individual precursor compounds were grouped together according to their ability to transform into one of these four key PFAAs.</div><div>Model calibration that varied source characteristics, fate and transport parameters, and precursor transformation indicated that precursor transformation could be a critical process for three of the four PFAAs: 40 years after the initial source release approximately 59%, 84%, and 87% of the PFOA, PFHxS, and PFBS plume maximum concentrations, respectively, originated from precursor transformation. In addition, precursor transformation led to PFOA, PFHxS, and PFBS plumes that were up to 17% longer than if precursor transformation did not occur. In contrast, PFOS was not substantially affected by precursor transformation due to high PFOS concentrations in the source zone compared to its precursors. Additional modeling of complete PFAS source removal indicated that the effects of matrix diffusion coupled with no natural degradation of certain PFAAs may result in PFAS plumes at this site that persist and are sustained by precursor transformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15530,"journal":{"name":"Journal of contaminant hydrology","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 104766"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145458425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}