Journal of Clinical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of autorefractor with focometer in patients with refractive errors attending Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria - A cross sectional survey","authors":"O.O.G. Amusan, K. Musa, O. Aribaba, A. Aina, A. Onakoya, F. Akinsola","doi":"10.4103/jcls.jcls_36_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcls.jcls_36_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Uncorrected refractive error is the most common cause of visual impairment globally. Yet, there is paucity of refractionists in rural areas of most developing countries. Thus, there is a need for a cost effective but accurate method of refraction that could be used by rural health workers with minimal training. To compare refractive error measurements of autorefractor with that of focometer with a view to determining the accuracy and reliability of focometer. Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted among patients with refractive errors attending the Guinness Eye Centre Clinic, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Consecutively consenting patients who met the eligibility criteria were recruited until the sample size was attained. All participants had a standardized protocol examination including visual acuity assessment and ocular examination. Refractive error was measured using the autorefractor, focometer and subjective refraction in both eyes of each participant. Comparison was done based on the means of variables of autorefractor, subjective refraction and focometer measurements using the paired-sample t-tests, Pearson's correlation and linear regression. Agreement between the measurements was investigated using the Bland-Altman analysis and reliability of the repeated measurements tested with Cronbach's alpha. The analysis was considered statistically significant when the P < 0.05. Results: Four hundred eyes of 200 patients were analyzed in this study. The mean age of respondents was 45.1 ± 16.3yrs and the male:female ratio was 1: 2.1. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean spherical (P < 0.001) and cylindrical (P < 0.001) readings of the focometer and autorefractor. However, the mean difference between the spherical equivalent of focometer and that of the autorefractor was not statistically significant (P = 0.66). Pearson correlation coefficient was high for the compared methods of refraction as both the bivariate linear regression between the autorefractor and focometer, and that between the subjective refraction and focometer showed good linearity. Bland-Altman plot showed good agreement between the mean focometer measurements with both the autorefractor (mean difference = +0.02 ± 0.85 DS; mean difference ± 1.96 standard deviation [SD] = 1.69 to − 1.65 DS) and subjective refractive (mean difference = +0.06 ± 0.72 DS; mean difference ± 1.96 SD = 1.49 to − 1.36 DS) measurements. Cronbach's alpha showed good reliability of focometer and autorefractor repeated measurements. Conclusion: This study showed a good correlation and agreement between focometer and autorefractor. Hence, focometer could be used for refraction in low resource settings where locals could be trained in its use.","PeriodicalId":15490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Sciences","volume":"114 1","pages":"24 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80721860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis with emphasis on Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis assay – Clinical review","authors":"G. Gaude, S. Vishwanath","doi":"10.4103/jcls.jcls_52_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcls.jcls_52_19","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB), due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB), remains a major public health issue. It causes ill health for approximately 10 million people each year and is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. For the past 5 years, it has been the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, ranking above HIV/AIDS. Effective diagnosis of pulmonary TB requires the availability – on a global scale – of standardized, easy-to-use, and robust diagnostic tool that would allow the direct detection of both the MTB complex and the resistance to key drugs, such as rifampicin. The latter result can serve as a marker for multidrug-resistant (MDR) MTB and has been reported in >95% of the MDR-TB isolates. Here, we review some of the recent molecular methods in the diagnosis of TB.","PeriodicalId":15490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Sciences","volume":"83 1","pages":"93 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87400001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary tract infections and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among female students in a tertiary institution in southwest Nigeria - A cross sectional study","authors":"T. Ajani, C. Elikwu, V. Nwadike, B. Tayo, O. Shonekan, Celen Okangba, C. Anaedobe, T. Thompson, A. Omeonu, F. Bibitayo, M. Ajani, N. Nkwogu, J. Emejuru, K. Okangba, O. Ugwa, M. Afolabi, A. Atere, Temidola Kalejaye, T. Oluwasola, Olu Coker","doi":"10.4103/jcls.jcls_47_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcls.jcls_47_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) is a common medical problem that affects all age groups but with significant morbidity in females because of the nature of their anatomy and physiology. This study was aimed to identify the common causative organisms of UTI and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among female students in Babcock University. Methods: A cross-sectional study, in which 200 female participants with symptoms of UTI were recruited. Mid-stream urine was collected from them and processed using the standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on isolates from the samples with significant bacteriuria. Sociodemographic and risk factors were obtained using standard questionnaires, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: UTIs were confirmed in 14.5% (29/200) participants. Of the pathogens isolated, Escherichia coli was predominant 30.6% (11/36). Most of the pathogens isolated were susceptible to ofloxacin and gentamicin, while ceftriaxone had the least susceptibility (18.2%). The majority of the participants, 165 (82.5%) though symptomatic, did not have bacteriuria. The participants aged 15–20 years were mostly infected [24 (13.4%)]. No significant association was found between the sociodemographic factors and UTI. Conclusion: The prevalence of UTI from this study was 14.5%. E. coli was the predominant bacteria pathogen isolated, and ofloxacin and gentamycin were the most active antibiotics on susceptibility pattern. The majority of the patients though symptomatic, had no pathogens isolated from their urine. Therefore, caution should be applied on the use of antibiotics when managing UTI based on symptoms alone, to prevent antibiotic resistance","PeriodicalId":15490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"131 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79671753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with mortality in patients with peritonitis presenting for anesthesia and surgery in a tertiary center in Nigeria - A cross-sectional study","authors":"T. Adigun, O. Idowu, O. Ayandipo, O. Afuwape, M. Kuti","doi":"10.4103/jcls.jcls_7_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcls.jcls_7_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Peritonitis is one of the surgical emergencies commonly encountered by the general surgeons. Sepsis, dehydration, hypovolemia, and multiple organ dysfunctions have been associated with high mortality rate. The study aimed to assess risk factors associated with mortality in patients with peritonitis presenting for anesthesia and surgery in a tertiary institution. Methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study involving consenting patients managed for peritonitis under general anesthesia over a year period. A study proforma was used to collect the data on demographic characteristics and clinical and biochemical parameters. The association between postoperative mortality and demographic characteristics and clinical and biochemical parameters was determined with Chi-square test, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 52 adult patients were studied with 38 (73.1%) males and 14 (26.9%) females. The mean age was 39.7 ± 15.3 years. Nineteen patients died, and the mortality rate was 36.5%. Mortality was more in females and in patients more than 50 years (P = 0.917 and P = 0.34), respectively. Preoperative high American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASAs) physical status (P = 0.002), higher Mannheim Peritonitis Index (MPI) scores (P = 0.005), preoperative systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg (P = 0.006) and preoperative respiratory rate more than 30 breaths/min (P = 0.002), serum creatinine level more than 1.5 (P = 0.04), and acidosis (P = 0.02) were statistically significant risk factors for mortality in this study. Conclusion: The mortality following perforation peritonitis is high in our center. Poor outcome is seen in patients with high ASA status, high MPI scores, preoperative shock, acidosis, renal failure, and tachypnea. Proper resuscitation from shock, correction of acidosis, and improving the ASA status will improve survival in patients with perforated peritonitis.","PeriodicalId":15490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Sciences","volume":"58 1","pages":"108 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84608581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge of SCD and psychosocial burden experienced by caregivers of children with SCD at a secondary level hospital in Lagos, Nigeria - A cross sectional study","authors":"Adedoyin Fetuga, M. Balogun, A. Akinsete","doi":"10.4103/jcls.jcls_49_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcls.jcls_49_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is the most prevalent genetic disease in the world and the most severe of the sickle cell disorders. Individuals with SCA undergo numerous psychosocial problems. The severity of the clinical status of SCA imposes differing degrees of suffering to patients and their relatives, and the overall health of these patients depends on the quality of life and psychological preparedness of the caregivers. This study assessed the knowledge of sickle cell disease (SCD) and the psychosocial burdens of the disease on caregivers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Massey Street Children Hospital. Following consent, an interviewer-administered structured pro forma was utilized for the survey. The study was approved by the Health, Research, and Ethics Committee with permission from the Lagos State Health Service Commission. Data were analyzed using Epi Info™ 7.140. Results: Two hundred and sixteen respondents were interviewed with a mean age of 37.7 ± 7.8 years. Most of the respondents were female (90.7%) and presently married (90.7%). The mean knowledge score was 7.5 ± 2.1, with most (74.1%) of the respondents having good knowledge. The vast majority of respondents had lost income or financial benefits due to time spent caring for the child (91.2%) and reported that a child's illness disturbs activities at home (77.3%). Almost all (96.8%) reported an atmosphere of tension in the homes due to a child's illness, 80.6% reported episodes of depression and feeling sorrowful, 34% felt angry with self or child, and 14.3% felt stigmatized because of child's illness. There was a statistically significant association between respondents' level of education, gender, age, relationship to a child, and knowledge of SCD, and a higher proportion of those with good knowledge had no disruption of family interactions. Conclusion: Majority of the caregivers accessing care for children with SCD had good knowledge of the disease and experienced varied degrees of disruption in their finances, family routine, and family interaction. Improving knowledge of SCD is recommended among caregivers to alleviate psychosocial burdens, especially those associated with family interactions.","PeriodicalId":15490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":"113 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84994415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repositioning the Journal of Clinical Sciences for greater impact: Stepping out of the “comfort zone”","authors":"A. Ademuyiwa","doi":"10.4103/jcls.jcls_76_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcls.jcls_76_20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Sciences","volume":"51 1","pages":"89 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87763133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perception and practice of handwashing among public secondary school students in Somolu Local Government Area, Lagos, Nigeria - A cross-sectional study","authors":"E. Oluwole, A. Ajayi, T. Olufunlayo","doi":"10.4103/jcls.jcls_5_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcls.jcls_5_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hand hygiene is a simple and effective means of preventing the spread of communicable diseases, and the promotion of hand hygiene is an important public health measure. This study assessed knowledge, attitude, and practice of and barriers to handwashing among secondary school students in Somolu Local Government Area (LGA), Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional, conducted in selected secondary schools in Somolu LGA, Lagos State. Multistage sampling method was employed to select 420 respondents from the selected public secondary schools. Self-administered and pretested questionnaires were used to collect data. Analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 22. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted with level of significance (P) at ≤0.05. Results: The mean ± standard deviation age of the respondents was 14.09 ± 2.06 years. Less than two-third (64.0%) of the respondents had good knowledge, almost all (99.5%) had positive attitude, while about 71% had good practice of handwashing. Forgetfulness (49.8%) and laziness (33.8%) were the major reasons for not practicing handwashing at home as opposed to unavailability of soap (50%) and lack of nearby water supply (46.2%) in schools. A statistically significant association was found between class of respondents, parent's level of education, and handwashing practices (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Although majority of the respondents had positive attitude toward handwashing, knowledge and practice of handwashing, which is a key to infection control, was not at par with their attitudes. We recommend targeted health education sessions on handwashing and provision of handwashing facilities in secondary schools.","PeriodicalId":15490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Sciences","volume":"128 1","pages":"136 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86593332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case series of harmful eye practices following trauma seen at Lagos University Teaching Hospital","authors":"O. Ilo, Adetunji Adenekan, O. Aribaba, F. Oduneye","doi":"10.4103/jcls.jcls_65_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcls.jcls_65_19","url":null,"abstract":"A case series which highlights the different harmful eye practices which are still being practiced by individuals even following an initial ocular trauma in an Urban City like Lagos in Nigeria. Three cases of patients with vision loss/blindness, following instillation of harmful substances into the eyes, are presented. The first is a 24-year-old female undergraduate who applied her urine and “holy water” into both eyes, following an initial bilateral blunt ocular injury with resultant bilateral corneal abscess. The second is a 54-year-old male auto-electrician who applied his urine and then alum solution into his left eye, following trauma to the eye with resultant anterior staphyloma. In the third case, olive oil and kerosene were applied into the right eye of a 5-year-old male pupil, following accidental application of super glue into the eye, with resultant ankyloblepharon and vision loss. Harmful eye practices and poor health-seeking behavior still remain a challenge in the 21st-century Nigeria. There is a need for more awareness and information dissemination programs, which can be instituted to help reduce needless vision loss/blindness resulting from harmful eye practices.","PeriodicalId":15490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"154 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86970234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The clinical profile and outcome of children with acute malnutrition in a tertiary health center in North-West Nigeria: A 1-year retrospective review","authors":"I. Aliyu, H. Ibrahim, Umma Idris, G. Michael, U. Ibrahim, A. Mohammed, I. Ahmad, Junaid Habib","doi":"10.4103/jcls.jcls_55_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcls.jcls_55_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acute malnutrition is broadly classified as severe acute malnutrition (SAM) or moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). It affects almost 20 million children worldwide, with majority of the cases in developing countries. In Africa, it was estimated that about 5%–15% of deaths in children age ranging from 0 to 59 months are due to SAM. Therefore, this study sought to determine common clinical features and outcome in children with acute malnutrition. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted at the Federal Medical Centre Birnin Kudu, Jigawa State. Case files of patients admitted into the Emergency Pediatric unit and Ppediatric Medical Ward over the period of 1 year (January–December 2017) with a diagnosis of acute malnutrition were reviewed. Results: There were 123 cases of acute malnutrition during the study period: 53 (43.1%) males and 70 (56.9%) females. There were 103 (83.7%) cases of SAM and 20 (16.3%) cases of MAM. Among the SAM cases, there were 70 (56.9%) cases of marasmus, 10 (8.1%) cases of kwashiorkor, and 23 (18.7%) cases of marasmic kwashiorkor. Infection was the most common morbidity associated with SAM. Relatively death was mostly witnessed in the marasmic kwashiorkor subgroup (17.4%). However, majority of the subjects who spent 1–2 weeks on admission were discharged without complications, while death occurred mostly in those who spent <7 days on admission and this observation was statistically significant (Fisher's exact = 32.351, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Marasmus remains the most common form of SAM, and infection is a common comorbidity; however, majority of our cases were discharged without any noticeable complication.","PeriodicalId":15490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"120 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79942810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of olecranon autograft as a void filler in the surgical management of enchondroma of the phalanx- A case report","authors":"M. Mruthyunjaya, Supreeth Nekkanti, V. Sheshagiri, A. Siddartha, T. Pramod, C. Likhit, M. Ameen","doi":"10.4103/jcls.jcls_59_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jcls.jcls_59_19","url":null,"abstract":"Enchondromas of the phalanx are common benign tumours. They exhibit a monostotic or polyostotic pattern of presentation.These lesions are symptomatic and are usually diagnosed coincidentally. We report a 56-year-old female patient who presented to us with complaints of pain and swelling of the left-hand fourth finger when it was jammed in a gate. Plain radiograph of the hand confirmed the diagnosis of an enchondroma. A surgical curettage and olecranon bone graft was performed in this patient. In this article, the authors attempt to highlight the advantages of olecranon bone harvesting and the good functional results associated with this graft. Our patient had a good functional outcome with no evidence of recurrence at the end of one year.","PeriodicalId":15490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Sciences","volume":"118 1","pages":"150 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89121796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}