Journal of Clinical Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve radiofrequency ablation for craniofacial postherpetic neuralgia: efficacy and safety in a retrospective cohort","authors":"Ying Li ,&nbsp;Xin Zeng ,&nbsp;Lei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Craniofacial postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), though relatively uncommon, presents significant clinical challenges through chronic headache and facial pain manifestations. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for craniofacial zoster-related pain.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 91 patients with cephalofacial PHN admitted to the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2023 and December 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve (supraorbital, infraorbital, mental, and greater occipital nerves) RFA. Pain intensity, sleep quality, and quality of life were objectively quantified using standardized metrics: Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for nociceptive assessment, 5-item validated questionnaire for sleep evaluation, and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) for multidimensional functional analysis. Both pharmacological protocols and post-RFA complications were systematically documented.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>RFA demonstrated significant therapeutic outcomes: VAS scores decreased from 6.7 ± 1.0 to 2.2 ± 1.3 (p &lt; 0.001), accompanied by SF-36 improvement and enhanced sleep quality (6.0 ± 3.4 vs. 10.7 ± 2.4; p &lt; 0.001). Medication requirements substantially reduced, with pregabalin decreasing from 292 ± 74 mg to 70 ± 91 mg and tramadol from 163 ± 61 mg to 38 ± 63 mg (both p &lt; 0.001). Postoperative complications analysis (n = 64) revealed cutaneous hypoesthesia as the most prevalent (82.8 %, 53/64), followed by puncture-site edema (57.8 %, 37/64). Less frequent occurrences included periorbital ecchymosis (15.6 %, 10/64), de novo neuralgia (7.8 %, 5/64), transient visual disturbances (4.7 %, 3/64), and localized infections (3.1 %, 2/64).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve RFA effectively alleviates craniofacial zoster-related pain with concomitant improvements in quality of life and sleep metrics, though sustained vigilance regarding long-term sequelae remains clinically imperative.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15487,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 111408"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertebral artery injury following cervical disc arthroplasty – A systematic review","authors":"Gonzalo F. Del Rio Montesinos ,&nbsp;Lancelot Benn ,&nbsp;Christopher P. Bellaire ,&nbsp;Addisu Mesfin","doi":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cervical Disc Arthroplasty (CDA) treats cervical disc degeneration while preserving spinal mobility. Although effective, the procedure poses a risk to the Vertebral Artery (VA), which transverses the foramina of C2-C6 and enters the skull via the foramen magnum. While the vertebral artery injury (VAI) is rare, it can lead to serious complications. This review analyses VAI during CDA by examining anatomical variations, surgeon experience, and strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and management.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The articles chosen were from 06/30/2000 to 04/30/2025 and sourced from PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science. The keywords were cervical, cervical disc, vertebral artery, vertebral artery injury, disc arthroplasty, and degenerative disc.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Anatomic VA variations occurred in 7.6 % of 250 individuals. The anterior approach in CDA shows a 0.4 % VAI rate. Preoperative MRI and postoperative imaging should be widely used to assess VA course. Surgeon experience of &lt;300 cases had a 0.33 % VAI prevalence versus 0.06 % in those with &gt;300. Although CDA has been used in Europe since 1960 s, it was FDA approved in 2007. Of 11 approved devices, eight reported blood loss, two vascular injuries and one cerebrovascular bleed, yet no VAI is listed a complication. Only two published case reports document VAI during CDA. Stenting has a proved 97 % success rate but may require reintervention. The rise in CDA use of 190 % from 2007 to 2013 suggest a likely increase in reported VAI cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>VAI must be considered when approaching a CDA due the higher prevalence of these procedures being implemented. Anatomic variations, Physician Experience, and preventative and treatment management are factors to consider in VAI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15487,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 111383"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor: Skeletal muscle mass as a modifiable predictor of endovascular thrombectomy outcomes: Implications for prehabilitation and nutritional interventions","authors":"Muhammad Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Fida Hussain ,&nbsp;Marium Nadeem Khan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Husnain Ahmad ,&nbsp;Iqra Nasir","doi":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111399","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15487,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 111399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal trends and projections of brain and central nervous system cancers burden in the Western Pacific region (1990–2036): insights from the global burden of disease study 2021","authors":"Jiannan Tu ,&nbsp;Liangwen Shi ,&nbsp;Zhuhong Chen ,&nbsp;Zhixing Kuang","doi":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers constitute a substantial public health burden in the Western Pacific Region. However, there is a paucity of contemporary, comprehensive epidemiological data on this matter.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A thorough and methodologically rigorous evaluation of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data was conducted, incorporating key epidemiological indicators such as age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (ASDRs). Temporal trends from 1990 to 2021 were assessed using Joinpoint regression, with decomposition analysis identifying factors driving changes in disease burden. Bayesian age-period-cohort models were employed to project future trends through 2036.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In 2021, the Western Pacific reported 130,080 incident cases (95 % UI: 103,369–158,977), 80,488 deaths (95 % UI: 62,373–100,431), and 2,640,226 DALYs (95 % UI: 2,054,858–3,300,564) from CNS cancers, reflecting increases of 129.8 %, 81.1 %, and 25 % since 1990, respectively. China accounted for 81.13 % of incidence, 85.61 % of mortality, and 85.13 % of DALYs. ASIRs correlated positively with Socio-Demographic Index and per capita healthcare expenditure. Declines in ASDRs and ASMRs were observed in Australia, New Zealand, China, and South Korea, signaling advancements in disease management. However, ASIRs are projected to rise over the next 15 years, driven by increased healthcare investments and socioeconomic development in low- and middle-income countries.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While reductions in ASDRs and ASMRs over 30 years highlight progress in CNS cancer management, rising ASIRs emphasize the urgent need for enhanced prevention, innovative treatment strategies, and equitable healthcare access to address the growing burden and persistent regional disparities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15487,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 111409"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tethered cord syndrome caused by duplicated filum terminale","authors":"Madhusudhan Nagesh,&nbsp;Sanjeet Sivakumar,&nbsp;Manish Beniwal,&nbsp;Andiperumal R. Prabhuraj","doi":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111406","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15487,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 111406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Similar reoperation rates in upper versus lower thoracic to pelvis instrumentation: an analysis of 7,300 patients utilizing a national administrative database","authors":"Adeesya Gausper ,&nbsp;Paal Nilssen ,&nbsp;Robin Babadjouni ,&nbsp;Suhas K. Etigunta ,&nbsp;Andy M. Liu ,&nbsp;David L. Skaggs ,&nbsp;Justin K. Scheer ,&nbsp;Corey T. Walker ,&nbsp;Alexander Tuchman","doi":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A critical aspect of adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery is selection of the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) in the lower thoracic (LT) or upper thoracic (UT) spine. This study compares reoperation rates among patients fused to the UT and LT spine.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective analysis was conducted using PearlDiver, a national insurance claims database. ASD patients who underwent thoracolumbar fusion with pelvic fixation spanning at least 7 segments were included. The primary outcome was reoperation rates at 1-, 2-, and 5-years. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed using logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>7,300 patients were included, 6,124 undergoing 7–12 segments of instrumentation and 1,176 undergoing 13 + segments. Unmatched analysis revealed significantly greater osteoporosis (18.8 % vs 13.3 %, p &lt; 0.001) and osteopenia (27.0 % vs 20.9 %, p &lt; 0.001) in the 13 + segment group. Curve morphology significantly differed on unmatched analysis, with the 13+ segment group demonstrating greater rates of scoliosis, kyphosis, and sagittal plane deformity. 1,028 patients were included in a 1:1 matched analysis. Overall reoperation rate in matched cohorts were 25.9 % and 25.5 % for 7–12 segments and 13+ segments, respectively. No significant difference was found in reoperation rates at 1-, 2-, and 5- years in unmatched and matched cohorts. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed similar reoperation-free probabilities between both cohorts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study found no significant difference in reoperation rates between patients with 7–12 and 13+ segments of spinal instrumentation. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis supports these findings. Further research is needed to explore other factors and surgical techniques contributing to reoperation rates and long-term outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15487,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 111391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the accuracy, efficiency and safety of Stereoelectroencephalography with robotic assisted electrode placement compared to traditional frame based stereotaxy","authors":"Charles T. Fish ,&nbsp;Thanomporn Wittayacharoenpong ,&nbsp;Christopher Donaldson ,&nbsp;Joshua Laing ,&nbsp;Andrew Neal ,&nbsp;Hugh D. Simpson ,&nbsp;Martin Hunn ,&nbsp;Terence J. O’Brien ,&nbsp;Matthew Gutman","doi":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) has been used to localise the epileptogenic zone in focal epilepsy for several decades. Our centre’s current method of implantation with a CRW Precision Arc system will soon be no longer supported in our region, necessitating alternative devices in SEEG procedures. In this study we compared accuracy, efficiency and safety of the CRW frame with the Autoguide robotic system.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed of all patients in a single Australian institution who underwent SEEG between August 2019 and July 2024. Pre- and post-operative stereotactic image-based analysis was performed, with target accuracy and error measurements, operation time logs, and inpatient notes reviewed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>50 patients with a total of 629 electrodes were identified who had undergone SEEG electrode implantation with the CRW frame and 8 patients with a total of 119 electrodes with the assistance of the Medtronic Autoguide robot. The electrode target point error was significantly lower in the CRW group (1.85 mm [1.23–2.58]) compared to the Autoguide assisted group (2.97 mm [1.81––4.22], p = 0.01). The difference was also significant in the individual parameters of depth error (0.57 vs.1.33 mm, p = 0.01) and the radial error (1.56 vs. 2.25 mm, p = 0.01). Bone entry point error was lower in the CRW group (1.04 vs. 2.32 mm, p &lt; 000.1). However, the Autoguide assisted cases demonstrated a significant reduction in pre-implantation time (104.9 Vs. 129.0 min, p = 0.01) and time per electrode (13.9 vs 17.3 min, p = 0.005) compared to the CRW frame. Neither group recorded any significant adverse events nor required re-implantation due to electrode inaccuracy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our experience demonstrates that the Medtronic Autoguide robot can safely be used for SEEG electrode implantation, and has improved the pre-implantation and implantation time per electrode for SEEG cases. However, accuracy in our initial cohort was reduced compared to the CRW frame.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15487,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 111403"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation for the treatment of parkinson’s disease: An artificial intelligence approach","authors":"David Shin ,&nbsp;Timothy Tang ,&nbsp;Joel Carson ,&nbsp;Rekha Isaac ,&nbsp;Chandler Dinh ,&nbsp;Daniel Im ,&nbsp;Andrew Fay ,&nbsp;Asael Isaac ,&nbsp;Stephen Cho ,&nbsp;Zachary Brandt ,&nbsp;Kai Nguyen ,&nbsp;Isabel Shaffrey ,&nbsp;Vahe Yacoubian ,&nbsp;Taha M. Taka ,&nbsp;Samantha Spellicy ,&nbsp;Miguel Angel Lopez-Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Olumide Danisa","doi":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Generative artificial intelligence (AI) in deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently unvalidated in its content. This study sought to analyze AI responses to questions and recommendations from the 2018 Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) guidelines on subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus DBS for the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s Disease.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Seven questions were generated from CNS guidelines and asked to ChatGPT 4o, Perplexity, Copilot, and Gemini. Answers were “concordant” if they highlighted all points provided by the CNS guidelines; otherwise, answers were considered “non-concordant” and sub-categorized as either “insufficient” or “overconclusive.” AI responses were evaluated for readability via the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning Fog Index, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) Index, and Flesch Reading Ease tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>ChatGPT 4o showcased 42.9% concordance, with non-concordant responses classified as 14.3% insufficient and 42.8% over-conclusive. Perplexity displayed a 28.6% concordance rate, with 14.3% insufficient and 57.1% over-conclusive responses. Copilot showed 28.6% concordance, with 28.6% insufficient and 42.8% over-conclusive responses. Gemini demonstrated 28.6% concordance, with 28.6% insufficient and 42.8% over-conclusive responses. The Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level scores ranged from 14.44 (Gemini) to 18.94 (Copilot), Gunning Fog Index scores varied between 17.9 (Gemini) and 22.06 (Copilot), SMOG Index scores ranged from 16.54 (Gemini) to 19.67 (Copilot), and all Flesch Reading Ease scores were low, with Gemini showing the highest score of 30.91.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>ChatGPT 4o displayed the most concordance, Perplexity displayed the highest over-conclusive rate, and Copilot and Gemini showcased the most insufficient answers. All responses showcased complex readability. Despite the possible benefits of future developments and innovation in AI capabilities, AI requires further improvement before independent clinical usage in DBS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15487,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 111393"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Temporal trends and risk factors associated with stroke mortality among cancer patients\" [J. Clin. Neurosci. 136 (2025) 111249].","authors":"Yaman B Ahmed, Amy Shi Nan Feng, Mohammad Alrawashdeh, Asmaa Ellaithy, Shivalika Khanduja, Majd M AlBarakat, Sakhr Alshwayyat, Ken Uchino, Aaron M Gusdon, Sung-Min Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111381","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15487,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"111381"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144325902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain metastasis organoids: A systematic review of their methods and clinical application","authors":"Jiahang Chen ,&nbsp;Angus Airth ,&nbsp;Bethany Campbell ,&nbsp;Ignacio Jesus Blanco Varela ,&nbsp;Catherine Voutier ,&nbsp;Stanley Stylli ,&nbsp;Christopher Hovens ,&nbsp;James Dimou","doi":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jocn.2025.111401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brain metastasis represents an ongoing clinical challenge with high morbidity and mortality despite improvements in other areas of oncology. A significant obstacle in brain metastasis research concerns the modelling of the complex tumour-brain microenvironment and there has been a recent shift to the development of more complex assays to improve translational potential. Organoids are three-dimensional tissue aggregates derived from tumour tissue or stem cells and have been utilised extensively in wider biological research. This review aims to summarise the current state of brain metastasis organoid research, with a focus on methodologies, mechanistic understanding, and clinical applicability. A narrative review of the literature was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science and results were screened using PRISMA guidelines. Search strategies included variations of ‘brain metastasis’ and ‘cerebral organoid’ and fifteen articles were included for review. There was a clear lack of uniformity in the methodologies used in organoid production, with additionally fragmented approaches in the investigation of molecular mechanisms and drug discovery. Comparison is thus highly challenging, and this is exacerbated by small sample sizes and diverse primary tumour types. Additionally, there remains an over-reliance on the use of animal-based tissues rather than those derived from human patients. Interestingly, several studies introduced blood–brain-barrier models which show potential however remain in early stages of development. Future studies should aim to streamline organoid production techniques and establish a consensus on relevant molecular pathways of interest, while increasing cohort sizes to enhance clinical applicability. Although it remains in nascent stages, cerebral organoid research represents a field with strong potential to improve knowledge and treatment options for people living with brain metastases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15487,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 111401"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}