Journal of Composites Science最新文献

{"title":"Fractographic Investigation of Cryogenic Temperature Mode-II Delamination Behavior of Filament Wound CFRP Laminates with Varied Resin Systems","authors":"Recep Ufuk, Kaan Bilge, Barış Emre Kıral, Murat Ereke, Arif Karabeyoğlu","doi":"10.3390/jcs7110450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7110450","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the mode-II delamination performance of filament-wound unidirectional composites with different types of epoxies as their matrix phase under room and cryogenic temperatures. A typical vacuum infusion resin, an aerospace-grade cold-curing resin and crack-resistant toughened resin systems were wet-wound with 12K carbon fiber tows to manufacture the composite samples. Test samples with a (0)16 ply sequence were tested according to ASTM D7905-19. The tested samples were investigated via microscopic analysis to assess the failure mechanisms associated with varying the matrix material and temperature. ENF tests at room temperature were found to be susceptible to the inherent variance in the fiber architectures along with resin-viscosity-driven fiber wetting. Cryogenic conditions induce a shift in the mode-II delamination behavior from a rather complex failure mechanism to a consistent fiber/matrix debonding mode with diminishing GIIc values except for the toughened resin system. The provided comprehensive fractographic analysis enables an understanding of the various causes of fracture, which determines the laminate performance. The combined evaluation of the distinctive damage modes reported in this study provides guidance on the conventional wet-winding process, which still remains a volumetrically dominant and viable option for cryogenic applications, particularly for vessels with limited operational durations like sounding rockets.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"5 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136103283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of the Dissimilar AA7075 and AA2024 Aluminum Alloys Reinforced with Different Carbide Particles Welded by Friction Stir Welding","authors":"Essam B. Moustafa, Mazen Sharaf, Ghazi Alsoruji, Ahmed O. Mosleh, S. S. Mohamed, Hossameldin Hussein","doi":"10.3390/jcs7110448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7110448","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, AA7075 and AA2024 aluminum alloys were reinforced with ZrC, and the particles of WC were joined using the friction stir welding (FSW) method. The microstructural and mechanical properties of the welds were investigated using SEM, EDS, and tensile tests. The FSW process resulted in high-quality welds with fine grain structure; the stirred zone has 666% smaller grain size than AA7075 and AA2024 aluminum alloys. The tensile test showed strong and ductile welds. The fracture test showed ductile and less brittle composite joints of AA2024 and AA7075 alloys reinforced with WC and ZrC. The processing parameters in the FSW process significantly affect tensile strength (UTS); therefore, the improvement of UTS with tool speed is much greater than with welding speed. Increasing the tool speed from 400 to 560 rpm increased UTS by 7.1%, and from 560 to 700 rpm by 5.4%. The tensile test results showed that the welds exhibited considerable strength and ductility. Fracture analysis showed that the composite joints made of different AA2024 and AA7075 alloys and reinforced with WC and ZrC were ductile and less brittle. This study showed that FSW can efficiently fuse different aluminum alloys reinforced with ceramic particles.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136103285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moisture and Glass Transition Temperature Kinetics of Ambient-Cured Carbon/Epoxy Composites","authors":"Behnaz Hassanpour, Vistasp M. Karbhari","doi":"10.3390/jcs7110447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7110447","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are widely used in the rehabilitation, repair, and strengthening of civil, marine, and naval infrastructure and structural systems. In these applications, they are exposed to a range of exposure conditions, including humidity and immersion, which are known to affect the durability of the resin and the fiber–matrix interface over long periods of time. This paper presents results of long-term hygrothermal aging of wet layup carbon/epoxy composites including through acceleration by temperature focusing on the development of a comprehensive understanding of moisture uptake kinetics and its effects on glass transition temperature and interface and inter-/intra-laminar dominated performance characteristics. A two-phase model for uptake that incorporates both diffusion- and relaxation-/deterioration-dominated regimes, as well as a transition regime, is shown to describe uptake well. The inclusion of damage terms to the diffusion and relaxation coefficients is seen to capture changes well, with the effective diffusion and relaxation coefficients increasing with fiber volume fraction and temperature. Effects of uptake, including at elevated temperatures, reflective of accelerated aging, on glass transition temperature and flexural strength are correlated, emphasizing a three-stage progression of overall response in line with the moisture uptake changes. The drop in glass transition temperature per percent increase in moisture uptake was seen to range from a low of 4.38% per % increase in moisture content, for the highest volume fraction at the highest temperature, to a high of 6.95% per % increase in moisture content, for the intermediate volume fraction at the lowest temperature. The composites with heavier fabric showed the greatest drop in both glass transition temperature and flexural strength, indicating a level of correlation between these characteristics as well. It is shown that both glass transition temperature and flexural strength show steep initial decreases, followed by a regime with slower decrease and, then, an asymptotic or near-asymptotic response with time of immersion, suggesting a close correlation with moisture uptake, which forms the basis for future modeling.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136318645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and Modelling of Composites, Volume III","authors":"Stelios K. Georgantzinos","doi":"10.3390/jcs7110446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7110446","url":null,"abstract":"The realm of composite materials continues to evolve, with researchers pushing the boundaries of understanding and application. This Special Issue published in the Journal of Composites Science encapsulates the essence of these advancements, presenting a curated collection of research articles that highlight the latest developments in the characterization and modelling of composites. The diversity of the covered topics ranges from a foundational understanding of composite behaviours to the application of cutting-edge modelling techniques. Each contribution offers a fresh perspective, expanding our knowledge of composites and setting the stage for future explorations in this dynamic domain.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"83 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136318606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of “Cissus quadrangularis” Composite Material with Elevated Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability","authors":"Gopinath Gummadavalli, Jens Schuster, Yousuf Pasha Shaik","doi":"10.3390/jcs7110445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7110445","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this work is to evaluate the mechanical and thermal strength of a recently developed composite made of Cissus quadrangularis fiber coupled with Polylacticacid (PLA) in comparison to other natural fibers. This study investigated three different fiber and PLA compositions—20%, 30%, and 40%, respectively used to produce a composite. In contrast, another composite with the same volume percentage was created using calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 to coat the fibers in order to alter their microcrystalline structure and enhance their mechanical properties. The composite was created using an injection molding procedure. Tests were performed to assess the improved properties. According to a preliminary study, the mechanical characteristics of PLA combined with treated Cissus quadrangularis fiber are increased when compared to PLA coupled with untreated Cissus quadrangularis fiber and neat PLA. Calcium hydroxide acted as a binding agent in fiber to enhance stress transmission in the matrix, increasing tensile and flexural modulus as well as toughness elongation. Further DSC analysis showed that the inclusion of the preceding components increased the glass transition temperature and melting temperature. The temperature at the beginning of deflection has risen as a result of showing how increasing HDT, fiber–matrix adhesion, and fiber content are related. The morphological analysis was performed on both untreated and chemical-treated fiber composites by using an optical microscope to see the interaction with the fiber matrix.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"11 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135218224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass Derived High Porous Carbon via CO2 Activation for Supercapacitor Electrodes","authors":"Azamat Taurbekov, Alisher Abdisattar, Meiram Atamanov, Mukhtar Yeleuov, Chingis Daulbayev, Kydyr Askaruly, Bayan Kaidar, Zulkhair Mansurov, Jimena Castro-Gutierrez, Alain Celzard, Vanessa Fierro, Tolganay Atamanova","doi":"10.3390/jcs7100444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7100444","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we systematically study the efficient production method and electrochemical characteristics of activated carbons (AC) derived from rice husk (RH) and walnut shell (WS). In particular, the effectiveness of physical activation using carbon dioxide (CO2) was investigated and compared with the more common chemical activation method using potassium hydroxide (KOH). The results show that the KOH–activated samples have remarkable specific capacities, reaching 157.8 F g−1 for RH and 152 F g−1 for WS at 1 A g−1. However, the rate capability of AC obtained via KOH decreases significantly as the scanning rate increases, retaining only 51.5% and 68% of their original capacities for RH–KOH and WS–KOH, respectively, at 20 A g–1. In contrast, CO2–activated samples show a superior rate performance with a capacity retention of 75.6% for WS and 80% for RH at the same current density. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis shows that AC obtained via CO2 has a lower charge transfer resistance compared to its KOH counterparts. CO2–activated RH and WS electrodes show Rct values of 0.1 Ω and 0.24 Ω, respectively, indicating improved ion transport kinetics and surface area utilization. These results highlight the importance of activation techniques in tailoring the electrochemical behavior of biomass–derived carbon. This study not only expands the understanding of the interaction between activation, morphology, and performance but also indicates the potential of CO2 activation as an environmentally friendly and efficient alternative. As the field of sustainable energy storage advances, this work provides valuable guidance for the development of high–performance supercapacitor electrodes with less environmental impact.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"44 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135512614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finite Element Modelling of the Effect of Adhesive Z-Connections on the Swelling of a Laminated Wood Composite","authors":"Mohammad Sadegh Mazloomi, Wenchang He, Philip David Evans","doi":"10.3390/jcs7100442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7100442","url":null,"abstract":"This study used finite element analysis (FEA) to model the effects of adhesive Z-connections on the thickness swelling of laminated wood composites exposed to water. We hypothesized that the area density, diameter, and spatial distribution of adhesive Z-connections will influence the ability of Z-connections to restrain thickness swelling of the composites. We tested this hypothesis by modelling a wood composite in ANSYS FEA software v. 17.0 to explore the effect of moisture on the thickness swelling of the wood composite. The results were compared with those obtained experimentally. We then examined the effect of the area density, size (diam.), and spatial distribution of the adhesive Z-connections on the thickness swelling of wood composites. Our results showed a positive correlation between the number of adhesive Z-connections in the composites and restriction of thickness swelling following 72 h of simulated moisture diffusion. Similarly, increasing the size of adhesive Z-connections also restricted thickness swelling. In contrast, different spatial distributions of Z-connections had little effect on restraining thickness swelling. Our modelling approach opens up opportunities for more complex designs of adhesive Z-connections, and also to examine the effect of wood properties, such as permeability, density, and hygroscopic swelling ratios on the thickness swelling of laminated wood composites.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135824004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Tailor-Made Natural- and Synthetic-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy-Based Composites for Lightweight Structural Applications","authors":"Meseret Tadesse, Devendra Kumar Sinha, Moera Gutu Jiru, Mohammed Jameel, Nazia Hossain, Pushkar Jha, Gaurav Gupta, Shaik Zainuddin, Gulam Mohammed Sayeed Ahmed","doi":"10.3390/jcs7100443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7100443","url":null,"abstract":"Natural and synthetic fibers offer a multitude of advantages within the automotive sector, primarily due to their lightweight properties, including appealing characteristics such as adequate mechanical strength, low density, improved acoustic–thermal insulation, cost-effectiveness, and ready availability. In this study, we aimed to strengthen epoxy-based composites with natural and synthetic fibers using bamboo and glass, respectively. Additionally, the reinforcement processing of this hybrid composite material was optimized using a Taguchi L9 (nine experimental runs) orthogonal array design with linear modeling through the Design of Experiment (DoE) principles. The fibers were alkali-treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and the composites were manufactured through the hand lay-up process at ambient temperature and characterized comprehensively using ASTM standard methods. The experimental results of the bamboo–glass fiber composite materials presented a significantly high tensile strength of 232.1 MPa and an optimum flexural strength of 536.33 MPa. Based on the overall Taguchi and linear modeling analysis, the NaOH treatment, fiber content, and epoxy resin concentration were optimized. These findings reveal that the ideal combination consists of 20% fiber content, 8% NaOH treatment, and 65% epoxy resin concentration. The statistical method Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to confirm the significance of these factors. The integration of the amount (%) of bamboo fiber used played a pivotal role in influencing the mechanical properties of this hybrid composite. Overall, this study demonstrates that the reinforcement of natural fiber with polymeric material composites on epoxy enhanced the composite characteristics and quality. Therefore, this bamboo–glass–epoxy-based composite can be recommended for lightweight structural applications, especially in the automotive sector, in the future.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135888886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Nano-Carbon-Reinforced Polymeric Nanocomposites: A Review","authors":"Zeeshan Latif, Mumtaz Ali, Eui-Jong Lee, Zakariya Zubair, Kang Hoon Lee","doi":"10.3390/jcs7100441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7100441","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon nanomaterials are an emerging class of nano-reinforcements to substitute for metal-based nanomaterials in polymer matrices. These metal-free nano-reinforcement materials exhibit a high surface area, thermal stability, and a sustainable nature. Compared to conventional reinforcements, nano-carbon-reinforced polymer composites provide enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. While previous reviews summarized the functionality of nanocomposites, here, we focus on the thermomechanical properties of nano-carbon-reinforced nanocomposites. The role of carbon nanomaterials, including graphene, MXenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, carbon quantum dots, fullerene, and metal–organic frameworks, in polymer matrices for the enhancement of thermal and mechanical properties are discussed. Different from metal-based nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials offer high specific strength, abundance, and sustainability, which are of considerable importance for commercial-scale applications.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"173 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135994287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact Testing and Modelling of Composite Laminate Panels for Use in Off-Road Racing Vehicle Belly Guards","authors":"Tim Brinkmann, Christiaan R. Bester","doi":"10.3390/jcs7100440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7100440","url":null,"abstract":"Off-road racing vehicles require protection on the underside of their chassis in order to protect vital components from impact damage. The use of composites in thin laminate form to achieve this protection is widespread, although failure due to impact from foreign objects still occurs. The use of UHMWPE (Ultra High-Molecular Weight Polyethylene) fibres, which have superior mechanical properties to aramid fibres in vehicle belly guards, is not prevalent and, hence, could prove useful in this application. A comprehensive Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is performed in order to determine suitable laminate panel layups that can be tested, analysed, and compared to the original laminate layup, which comprises six layers of aramid and two layers of carbon fibre fabrics. This provides initial insight into the comparison of the new proposed laminates and reveals if improvements have been made. The laminates found using FEA are manufactured into panels that represent the fixture and loading cases seen in racing vehicles. Experimental testing is carried out on the various panels, and the results are compared to those of the mathematical modelling. Substituting the currently used carbon fibres with more aramid fibres increases the impact resistance of the panel. Using UHMWPE fibres greatly increases the impact resistance of the panel; however, fibre delamination becomes more prevalent. This is due to the poor fibre wettability of UHMWPE fibres and the large strain before failure of the fibres. The modelled results show good agreement with the experimental results in terms of the locations at which damage occurred.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135994427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}