Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the Usefulness of Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography for the Early Detection of Anastomotic Leakage After Esophagectomy.","authors":"Kazuhiko Morikawa, Yuichiro Tanishima, Takao Igarashi, Yohei Ohki, Keita Takahashi, Takanori Kurogochi, Fumiaki Yano, Hiroya Ojiri","doi":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001595","DOIUrl":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Anastomotic leakage is one of the most severe complications after esophagectomy. However, a diagnostic gold standard for anastomotic leakage has not been established yet. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the potential use of routine postoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography findings as an early predictor of anastomotic leakage in patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 75 patients who underwent Mckeown esophagectomy, of whom 22 developed anastomotic leakage after surgery. The computed tomography findings for this patient cohort were categorized into 3 grades based on mural enhancement patterns observed at the anastomotic site. Both semiquantitative and quantitative analyses were performed, and the interobserver agreement between the 2 experienced radiologists was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found that poor enhancement in both the early and portal venous phases (grade 2) had a robust association with the occurrence of anastomotic leakage. The computed tomography enhancement ratio that is used to estimate wall degeneration and ischemia was significantly higher in patients with anastomotic leakage.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Routine postoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography could be beneficial for the early detection of anastomotic leakage, even in asymptomatic patients, after esophagectomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15402,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography","volume":" ","pages":"719-726"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139722857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value of the Air Bronchogram Sign and Other Computed Tomography Findings in the Early Diagnosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma.","authors":"Jia-Chang Liu, Jun Sheng, Song Xue, Ming Fang, Juan Huang, Zhong-Zhong Chen, Rui-Kai Wang, Mei Han","doi":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001604","DOIUrl":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study aims to explore the application value of the air bronchogram (AB) sign and other computed tomography (CT) signs in the early diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The pathological information and CT images of 130 patients diagnosed with N 0 and M 0 solitary pulmonary nodules (diameter ≤3 cm) and treated with surgical resection in our hospital between June 2021 and June 2022 were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patients were divided into the benign pulmonary nodule (BPN) group (14 cases), the AIS group (30 cases), the MIA group (10 cases), and the IAC group (76 cases). Among the 116 patients with AIS and LUAD, 96 showed an AB sign. Among the 14 patients with BPN, only 4 patients showed an AB sign. The average CT value and maximum diameter were significantly higher in the IAC group than in the AIS and MIA groups. In the BPN group, 5 patients had an average CT value of >80 HU. Among all LUAD-based groups, there was only 1 patient with a CT value of >60 HU.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The identification of the AB sign based on CT imaging facilitates the differentiation between benign and malignant nodules. The CT value and maximum diameter of pulmonary adenocarcinoma nodules increase with the increase of the malignancy degree. The nodule type, CT value, and maximum diameter are useful for predicting the pathological type and prognosis. If the average CT value of pulmonary nodules is >80 HU, LUAD may be excluded.</p>","PeriodicalId":15402,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography","volume":" ","pages":"789-793"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140049655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of O-RADS MRI Score in Differentiating Benign From Malignant Ovarian Teratomas: MR Feature Analysis for Differentiating O-RADS 4 From O-RADS 2.","authors":"Robert Petrocelli, Ankur Doshi, Chrystia Slywotzky, Marissa Savino, Kira Melamud, Angela Tong, Nicole Hindman","doi":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001629","DOIUrl":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of the ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system magnetic resonance imaging (O-RADS MRI) score and perform individual MRI feature analysis for differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian teratomas.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this institutional review board-approved retrospective study, consecutive patients with a pathology-proven fat-containing ovarian mass imaged with contrast-enhanced MRI (1.5T or 3T) from 2013 to 2022 were included. Two blinded radiologists independently evaluated masses per the O-RADS MRI lexicon, including having a \"characteristic\" or \"large\" Rokitansky nodule (RN). Additional features analyzed included the following: nodule size/percentage volume relative to total teratoma volume, presence of bulk/intravoxel fat in the nodule, diffusion restriction in the nodule, angular interface, nodule extension through the teratoma border, presence/type of nodule enhancement pattern (solid versus peripheral), and evidence for metastatic disease. An overall O-RADS MRI score was assigned. Patient and lesion features associated with malignancy were evaluated and used to create a malignant teratoma score. χ 2 , Fisher's exact tests, receiver operating characteristic curve, and κ analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred thirty-seven women (median age 34, range 9-84 years) with 123 benign and 14 malignant lesions were included. Mean teratoma size was 7.3 cm (malignant: 14.4 cm, benign: 6.5 cm). 18/123 (14.6%) of benign teratomas were assigned an O-RADS 4 based on the presence of a \"large\" (11/18) or \"noncharacteristic\" (12/18) RN. 12/14 malignant nodules occupied >25% of the total teratoma volume ( P = 0.09). Features associated with malignancy included the following: age <18 years, an enhancing noncharacteristic RN, teratoma size >12 cm, irregular cystic border, and extralesional extension; these were incorporated into a malignant teratoma score, with a score of 2 or more associated with area under the curve of 0.991 for reviewer 1 and 0.993 for reviewer 2. Peripheral enhancement in a RN was never seen with malignancy (64/123 benign, 0/14 malignant) and would have appropriated downgraded 9/18 overcalled O-RADS 4 benign teratomas.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>O-RADS MRI overcalled 15% (18/123) benign teratomas as O-RADS 4 but correctly captured all malignant teratomas. We propose defining a \"characteristic\" RN as an intravoxel or bulk fat-containing nodule. Observation of a peripheral rim of enhancement in a noncharacteristic RN allowed more accurate prediction of benignity and should be added to the MRI lexicon for improved O-RADS performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15402,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography","volume":" ","pages":"749-758"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141537957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of Malignancy in Incidentally Detected Lung Nodules in Patients Aged Younger Than 35 Years.","authors":"Suzanne C Byrne, Caroline Peers, Mary Louise Gargan, Ronilda Lacson, Ramin Khorasani, Mark M Hammer","doi":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001592","DOIUrl":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The risk of malignancy in pulmonary nodules incidentally detected on computed tomography (CT) in patients who are aged younger than 35 years is unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of lung cancer in incidental pulmonary nodules in patients who are 15-34 years old.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included patients aged 15-34 years who had an incidental pulmonary nodule on chest CT from 2010 to 2018 at our hospital. Patients with prior, current, or suspected malignancy were excluded. A chart review identified patients with diagnosis of malignancy. Incidental pulmonary nodule was deemed benign if stable or resolved on a follow-up CT at least 2 years after initial or if there was a medical visit in our health care network at least 2 years after initial CT without diagnosis of malignancy.Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed with nodule size. Association of categorical variables with lung cancer diagnosis was performed with Fisher exact test, and association of continuous variables was performed with logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five thousand three hundred fifty-five chest CTs performed on patients aged 15-34 years between January 2010 and December 2018. After excluding patients without a reported pulmonary nodule and prior or current malignancy, there were a total of 779 patients. Of these, 690 (89%) had clinical or imaging follow-up after initial imaging. Of these, 545 (70% of total patients) patients had imaging or clinical follow-up greater than 2 years after their initial imaging.A malignant diagnosis was established in 2/779 patients (0.3%; 95% confidence interval, 0.1%-0.9%). Nodule size was strongly associated with malignancy ( P = 0.007), with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.97. There were no malignant nodules that were less than 10 mm in size. Smoking history, number of nodules, and nodule density were not associated with malignancy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Risk of malignancy for incidentally detected pulmonary nodules in patients aged 15-34 years is extremely small (0.3%). There were no malignant nodules that were less than 10 mm in size. Routine follow-up of subcentimeter pulmonary nodules should be carefully weighed against the risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":15402,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography","volume":" ","pages":"770-773"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11347719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140028129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Prediction of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Status by Combined Radiomics of Primary Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer and Distant Metastasis.","authors":"Yue Hu, Yikang Geng, Huan Wang, Huanhuan Chen, Zekun Wang, Langyuan Fu, Bo Huang, Wenyan Jiang","doi":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001591","DOIUrl":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate radiomics based on primary nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and distant metastases to predict epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 290 patients (mean age, 58.21 ± 9.28) diagnosed with brain (BM, n = 150) or spinal bone metastasis (SM, n = 140) from primary NSCLC were enrolled as a primary cohort. An external validation cohort, consisting of 69 patients (mean age, 59.87 ± 7.23; BM, n = 36; SM, n = 33), was enrolled from another center. Thoracic computed tomography-based features were extracted from the primary tumor and peritumoral area and selected using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression to build a radiomic signature (RS-primary). Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging-based features were calculated and selected from the BM and SM to build RS-BM and RS-SM, respectively. The RS-BM-Com and RS-SM-Com were developed by integrating the most important features from the primary tumor, BM, and SM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six computed tomography-based features showed high association with EGFR mutation status: 3 from intratumoral and 3 from peritumoral areas. By combination of features from primary tumor and metastases, the developed RS-BM-Com and RS-SM-Com performed well with areas under curve in the training (RS-BM-Com vs RS-BM, 0.936 vs 0.885, P = 0.177; RS-SM-Com vs RS-SM, 0.929 vs 0.843, P = 0.003), internal validation (RS-BM-Com vs RS-BM, 0.920 vs 0.858, P = 0.492; RS-SM-Com vs RS-SM, 0.896 vs 0.859, P = 0.379), and external validation (RS-BM-Com vs RS-BM, 0.882 vs 0.805, P = 0.263; RS-SM-Com vs RS-SM, 0.865 vs 0.816, P = 0.312) cohorts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study indicates that the accuracy of detecting EGFR mutations significantly enhanced in the presence of metastases in primary NSCLC. The established radiomic signatures from this approach may be useful as new predictors for patients with distant metastases.</p>","PeriodicalId":15402,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography","volume":" ","pages":"780-788"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140158180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Rapid On-site Evaluation on Diagnostic Performance of Computed Tomography-Guided Core Needle Biopsy in Lung Cancer.","authors":"Andrea Magnini, Chiara Lorini, Linda Calistri, Francesca Calcagni, Federico Giuntoli, Prassede Foxi, Cosimo Nardi, Stefano Colagrande","doi":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001606","DOIUrl":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Rapid on-site-evaluation (ROSE) is a technique aimed at improving the diagnostic performance of computed tomography (CT)-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) in lung cancer. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the impact of ROSE on the rate of nondiagnostic specimens and on accuracy computed on diagnostic specimens.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>During a 3-year period, 417 CT-guided CNBs were performed at our center. The biopsies were retrospectively classified into 2 groups: 141 procedures were assisted by ROSE and 276 were not. All of them were reviewed for clinical, procedural, and pathological data. Pathology results were classified as diagnostic (positive or negative for malignancy) or nondiagnostic. The results were compared with the final diagnosis after surgery or clinical follow-up. Nondiagnostic rate, sensitivity/specificity/negative predictive value/positive predictive value for the ROSE and non-ROSE groups were calculated. Finally, procedural complications and the adequacy of the specimens for the molecular analysis were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study evaluated 417 CNBs (mean patients' age 71 years, 278 men). Nondiagnostic rates with and without ROSE were 4% (6/142) and 11% (29/276), respectively ( P = 0.028). Sensitivity/specificity/negative predictive value/positive predictive value with and without ROSE did not show statistically significant differences, and no difference in major/minor complication rates was observed between the 2 groups. The adequacy of specimen for subsequent molecular analysis was 100% with (42/42) and 82% without ROSE (51/62).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Rapid on-site-evaluation reduced the rate of nondiagnostic specimens by 50% with no change in complication rates or accuracy and increased by 20% the chances of a successful subsequent molecular analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15402,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography","volume":" ","pages":"803-809"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140189787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Monoenergetic Images Facilitate Better Identification of the Arc of Riolan During Splenic Flexure Takedown.","authors":"Qian Li, Pengfei Zhang, Ranxu Zhang, Jianfeng Zhang, Ruoxi Tian, Tianyi Gao, Yu Huang, Ping Zhang, Wei Wei, Rui Hong, Guiying Wang, Jian Zhao","doi":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001586","DOIUrl":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate whether virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) can aid radiologists and surgeons in better identifying the arc of Riolan (AOR) and to determine the optimal kilo electron volt (keV) level.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-three patients were included. Conventional images (CIs) and VMI (40-100 keV) were reconstructed using arterial phase spectral-based images. The computed tomography (CT) attenuation and noise of the AOR, the CT attenuation of the erector spinal muscle, and the background noise on VMI and CI were measured, respectively. The signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and signal intensity ratio were calculated. The image quality of the AOR was evaluated according to a 4-point Likert grade.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CT attenuation, noise, CNR, and signal intensity ratio of the AOR were significantly higher in VMI at 40 and 50 keV compared with CI ( P < 0.001); VMI at 40 keV was significantly higher than 50 keV ( P < 0.05). No significant difference in signal-to-noise ratio, background noise, and CT attenuation of the spinal erector muscle was observed between VMI and CI ( P > 0.05). virtual monoenergetic image at 40 keV produced the best subjective scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Virtual monoenergetic image at 40 keV makes it easier to observe the AOR with optimized subjective and objective image quality. This may prompt radiologists and surgeons to actively search for it and encourage surgeons to preserve it during splenic flexure takedown.</p>","PeriodicalId":15402,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography","volume":" ","pages":"640-646"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139722860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to Guest Section on Neuroendocrine Tumors.","authors":"Eric P Tamm","doi":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001650","DOIUrl":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001650","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15402,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography","volume":"48 4","pages":"509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141599943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Approaches to Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of Unknown Primary Site.","authors":"Taher Daoud, Ajaykumar C Morani, Rebecca Waters, Priya Bhosale, Mayur K Virarkar","doi":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001548","DOIUrl":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are relatively uncommon heterogeneous neoplasms arising from endocrine and neuronal origin cells showing highly variable clinical behavior. By the time these tumors are discovered, up to 14% of patients with histologically proven NETs have metastasis, with the liver as the most frequently affected organ. Sometimes, no known primary site can be identified via routine imaging. Neuroendocrine tumors of unknown origin carry a poorer prognosis (compared with metastatic NETs with a known primary site) because of a lack of tailored surgical intervention and appropriate medical therapy (eg, chemotherapy or targeted therapy). A multimethod approach is frequently used in the trial to accurately determine the primary site for NETs of unknown primary sites and may include clinical, laboratory, radiological, histopathological, and surgical data. New molecular techniques using the genomic approach to identify the molecular signature have shown promising results. Various imaging modalities include ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), dual-energy CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and functional and hybrid imaging (positron emission tomography/CT, positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging); somatostatin receptor imaging with new tracers is frequently used in an attempt for localization of the primary site.</p>","PeriodicalId":15402,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography","volume":" ","pages":"588-600"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50157979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Illustrated Review of the Recent 2019 World Health Organization Classification of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Radiologic and Pathologic Correlation.","authors":"Stephan Ursprung, M Lisa Zhang, Luigi Asmundo, Mina Hesami, Zahra Najmi, Lina Garcia Cañamaque, Anuradha S Shenoy-Bhangle, Theodore T Pierce, Amirkasra Mojtahed, Michael A Blake, Rory Cochran, Konstantin Nikolau, Mukesh G Harisinghani, Onofrio A Catalano","doi":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001593","DOIUrl":"10.1097/RCT.0000000000001593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Recent advances in molecular pathology and an improved understanding of the etiology of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) have given rise to an updated World Health Organization classification. Since gastroenteropancreatic NENs (GEP-NENs) are the most common forms of NENs and their incidence has been increasing constantly, they will be the focus of our attention. Here, we review the findings at the foundation of the new classification system, discuss how it impacts imaging research and radiological practice, and illustrate typical and atypical imaging and pathological findings. Gastroenteropancreatic NENs have a highly variable clinical course, which existing classification schemes based on proliferation rate were unable to fully capture. While well- and poorly differentiated NENs both express neuroendocrine markers, they are fundamentally different diseases, which may show similar proliferation rates. Genetic alterations specific to well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors graded 1 to 3 and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine cancers of small cell and large-cell subtype have been identified. The new tumor classification places new demands and creates opportunities for radiologists to continue providing the clinically most relevant report and on researchers to design projects, which continue to be clinically applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":15402,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography","volume":" ","pages":"601-613"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140028195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}