Monikongkona Boruah, Shipra Agarwal, Riyaz Ahmad Mir, Chirom A Singh, Rajeev Kumar, Kapil Sikka, Kamal Kataria
{"title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: insights from prospective immune profiling and implications for targeted immunotherapy.","authors":"Monikongkona Boruah, Shipra Agarwal, Riyaz Ahmad Mir, Chirom A Singh, Rajeev Kumar, Kapil Sikka, Kamal Kataria","doi":"10.1136/jcp-2025-210585","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jcp-2025-210585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) exhibits limited responsiveness to immunotherapy. The current study characterises the immune cell repertoire in ATC compared with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) and thyroid follicular nodular disease (TFND) and evaluates <i>IFN-γ</i> and <i>TGF-β</i> mRNA expression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), regulatory T cells (TREGs), natural killer cells (NK), B lymphocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were analysed by multicolour flow cytometry in prospectively collected ATC, DTC and TFND tissues. <i>IFN-γ</i> and <i>TGF-β</i> mRNA expression was quantified using RT-PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ATC demonstrated significantly higher MDSC infiltration than DTC or TFND. CTLs were elevated in ATC relative to DTC, while TREGs, NK and B-cells were lower. <i>IFN-γ</i> and <i>TGF-β</i> expression did not differ significantly although <i>IFN-γ</i> expression was higher in DTC and ATC than in TFND.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ATC microenvironment is rich in immunosuppressive MDSCs. These findings support MDSC-focused immunomodulation as a promising adjunct therapy in ATC.</p>","PeriodicalId":15391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"634-638"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148030795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Basal plasmacytosis and eosinophilia for distinguishing inflammatory bowel disease from gastrointestinal tuberculosis on mucosal biopsy.","authors":"Sagir Akhtar, Lalita Mehra, Mridul Mahajan, Sowkat Hossain, Subham Bhowmik, Ashok Tiwari, Rimlee Dutta, Saurav Kedia, Rajni Yadav, Govind Makharia, Vineet Ahuja, Prasenjit Das","doi":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210685","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Accurate distinction of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastrointestinal tuberculosis (GITB) on mucosal biopsies remains challenging, especially in South-East Asia. Our previous meta-analysis highlighted that mucosal basal plasmacytosis (BP) can help in identifying IBD although evidence is limited. This study was planned to evaluate the utility of mucosal BP and combined presence of BP and mucosal eosinophilia (ME) (BP+ME) in differentiating ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD) and GITB using endoscopic mucosal biopsies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analysed 500 mucosal biopsies from patients diagnosed with UC, CD and GITB based on clinical, radiological, endoscopic findings and treatment response. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and histological evaluation was performed independently by two experienced pathologists. Presence of BP and BP+ME was systematically compared across patient groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 500 biopsies reviewed, 412 met inclusion criteria (UC: 194, CD: 68, GITB: 114, IBD-unclassified: 36). BP was significantly more prevalent in both UC and CD than in GITB. BP+ME was significantly more prevalent in mucosal biopsies from IBD than in GITB. Also, in segmental mucosal biopsies from IBD patients, BP was found significantly more in three or more biopsy fragments than in biopsies from GITB. Both BP and BP+ME demonstrated good diagnostic utility in differentiating IBD from GITB and CD from GITB (positive likelihood ratio 3.24 and 4.35, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Histological identification of mucosal BP and/or BP+ME provides moderate diagnostic utility in distinguishing IBD from GITB. Identification of BP in three or more biopsy fragments further strengthens histological diagnosis of IBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"613-619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148308129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Contextual interpretation of luminal phenotype in low-grade breast epithelial proliferations.","authors":"Emad A Rakha","doi":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210821","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diagnosing low-grade intraductal epithelial proliferations and distinguishing hyperplasia from neoplasia has traditionally relied on well-established morphological and immunophenotypic criteria. However, in routine practice, differentiating luminal epithelial proliferations that are not necessarily clonal from bona fide neoplastic precursor lesions remains challenging. In specific clinical scenarios, such as gynaecomastia, adolescent breast tissue and fibroepithelial lesions, epithelial proliferations may appear morphologically and immunophenotypically worrisome for neoplasia, yet the clinical context supports a non-neoplastic process. Rather than representing conventional clonal neoplasia, these changes may reflect hormonally driven or stromal-induced luminal differentiation and often lack the sharp demarcation typical of conventional neoplasia. This narrative review delineates these context-dependent diagnostic pitfalls and proposes an integrated framework that emphasises architectural features, clonal demarcation and the clinical setting. By positioning these borderline lesions within a biological continuum and refining diagnostic thresholds in context, this approach aims to improve diagnostic reproducibility, mitigate the risk of overdiagnosis and support appropriate, risk-adapted patient management.</p>","PeriodicalId":15391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"587-592"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148054719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cindy Lt Lum, Wei Lin Tay, Brenda Sm Chiang, Ming Hwee Lim, Clement Km Ho
{"title":"Assay-dependent variability in free thyroxine (FT4): differential interference related to immunoassay design in a patient with subclinical hypothyroidism.","authors":"Cindy Lt Lum, Wei Lin Tay, Brenda Sm Chiang, Ming Hwee Lim, Clement Km Ho","doi":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210787","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In clinical practice, thyroid function tests (TFTs) usually comprise thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), with free triiodothyronine (FT3) measured less frequently. We report a 76-year-old woman with autoimmune thyroiditis presenting with raised TSH and incongruously elevated FT4. The discordance between biochemical findings and clinical status prompted further investigations for assay interference. TFTs were assessed using four different immunoassay platforms and equilibrium dialysis. Additional studies included heterophilic antibody blocking and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. PEG precipitation demonstrated a high-molecular-weight interferent, consistent with thyroid hormone autoantibodies. FT4 measured by two-step immunoassays (Abbott Alinity and Beckman DxI) aligned with FT4 reported by equilibrium dialysis, whereas one-step assays (Roche Cobas and Siemens Atellica) reported spuriously elevated FT4. One-step immunoassays are particularly susceptible to interference from thyroid hormone autoantibodies, which may yield misleading results. Recognition of potential TFT assay interference and the use of alternative methodologies are essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate patient management.</p>","PeriodicalId":15391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"645-648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148301898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MRI-targeted versus systematic needle core biopsies in prostate cancer: a patient-based analysis of potential diagnostic and biologic underestimation.","authors":"Faisal Saeed, Adeboye O Osunkoya","doi":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210778","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>MRI-targeted needle core biopsy (MRI-NCB) improves detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa), but whether it can replace systematic ultrasound-guided biopsy (US-NCB) remains debated, as most studies have focused on cancer detection and grade.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analysed 562 patients with PI-RADS 3-5 lesions who underwent both MRI-NCB and concurrent US-NCB. Outcomes included cancer detection, Grade Group (GG) and adverse features (cribriform morphology and intraductal carcinoma (IDCP)). csPCa was defined as GG ≥2. A composite endpoint of clinically meaningful under-detection or underestimation was defined as missed or under-graded csPCa and/or missed adverse histological features on MRI-NCB relative to US-NCB.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MRI-NCB alone would have missed PCa in 13.0% (73/562) of patients, including csPCa in 11.4% (64/562) and would have underestimated GG in 13.3% (75/562). Systematic biopsy identified additional cribriform morphology in 4.3% (24/562) and IDCP in 2.5% (14/562) of patients not detected on MRI-NCB. Overall, MRI-NCB alone would have resulted in clinically meaningful under-detection or underestimation in 16.4% (92/562). Of these, 63.0% had missed or under-graded csPCa only, 30.4% had missed adverse histologic features only and 6.5% had both. Missed cancers were more frequent in lower PI-RADS lesions whereas upgrading was more common in higher PI-RADS lesions. Incremental detection of IDCP was significantly higher in PI-RADS 5 compared with PI-RADS 4 lesions (adjusted p=0.048).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MRI-targeted biopsy alone may incompletely assess cancer detection and tumour biology. Systematic biopsy provides complementary diagnostic value, and omission may result in clinically meaningful under-detection or underestimation, even in high PI-RADS lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"605-612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148308152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measurement of microinvasive breast carcinoma in the 6th edition WHO Classification: risk of overstaging and clinical implications.","authors":"Emad A Rakha","doi":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210775","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210775","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"593-595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mesenchymal neoplasms with RAF/BRAF alterations: eight cases revealing novel fusions, V600E mutation and clonal evolution.","authors":"Xiaolong Feng, Xianming Huang, Weiwei Hao, Jiacong Wei, Xiaoqi Liu, Yaru Wen, Qi Cao, Yulu Jiang, Lihua Gong","doi":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210784","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>While kinase-altered spindle cell tumours were classically recognised in paediatric superficial soft tissues, recent literature indicates an expanding clinicopathologic spectrum. This study investigates a cohort of <i>RAF/BRAF</i>-altered mesenchymal tumours to further characterise their presentations in adults, deep-seated/visceral locations, variable immunophenotypes and complex molecular evolution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight molecularly confirmed <i>RAF/BRAF</i>-altered mesenchymal tumours were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical characteristics, histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, targeted next-generation sequencing profiles and follow-up data were comprehensively analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort comprised seven females and one male (median age, 34.5 years). Tumours arose in soft tissues (n=5, including the deep pelvis) and visceral organs (n=3; two breast, one lung). Histologically, the neoplasms exhibited a broad morphologic spectrum: three demonstrated low-grade spindle cell morphology, whereas five displayed high-grade pleomorphic or fibrosarcoma-like features, including one pelvic tumour mimicking myxoid leiomyosarcoma. Immunophenotypes diverged significantly with histologic grade: low-grade tumours retained CD34 and S100 coexpression, whereas high-grade lesions consistently lost both markers, with one case exhibiting focal Desmin positivity. Molecular profiling revealed ubiquitous mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, identifying six kinase gene fusions (including novel <i>IQSEC1::RAF1</i> and <i>PLEKHH3::BRAF</i> variants) and two <i>BRAF</i> V600E mutations. High-grade tumours frequently harboured concurrent tumour suppressor gene alterations (eg, <i>TP53</i>, <i>PTEN</i>). Notably, one pelvic tumour exhibited a trunk <i>NTRK1</i> mutation alongside a subclonal <i>BRAF</i> V600E mutation. Notably, despite the alarming high-grade histomorphology in several cases, clinical behaviour remained relatively indolent, with no disease-related deaths to date.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong><i>RAF/BRAF</i>-driven mesenchymal tumours possess a broader clinicopathologic spectrum than traditionally recognised, frequently affecting adults and deep/visceral sites. Their inherently variable immunophenotypes and the presence of high-grade morphologic features do not strictly predict an aggressive clinical trajectory. Comprehensive molecular profiling is essential to refine diagnostic criteria, accurately identify these neoplasms, and elucidate the genomic events associated with tumour progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":15391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"620-628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148156720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhengyang Dong, Si Wu, Jiaxian Miao, Hongbo Liu, Yueping Liu, Yan Ding
{"title":"HER2-low as a unique subgroup in breast cancer: insights from neoadjuvant chemotherapy response and survival analysis.","authors":"Zhengyang Dong, Si Wu, Jiaxian Miao, Hongbo Liu, Yueping Liu, Yan Ding","doi":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210732","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Traditional breast cancer treatment relies on binary human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) classification, while HER2-low breast cancer represents an intermediate subgroup. Given the efficacy of novel antibody-drug conjugates, this study aimed to clarify whether HER2-low breast cancer is biologically and clinically distinct from HER2-0 disease, especially in response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was performed on 1274 early breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients were divided into HER2-0 (n=210), HER2-low (n=590) and HER2-positive (n=474) groups. Clinicopathological features, pathological complete response (pCR) and long-term survival were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HER2-low tumours were predominant in Luminal A-like subtype, with lower pCR rate (14.7%) than HER2-0 (27.6%) and HER2-positive (35.5%) groups. Hormone receptor (HR)-positive status was associated with higher pCR in HER2-low patients. HER2-low tumours showed higher lymph node metastasis and lower Ki-67 levels. No significant differences in disease-free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS) were observed between HER2-low and HER2-0 groups, with distinct prognostic factors for each subgroup.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HER2-low breast cancer exhibits unique clinicopathological features and differential chemotherapy response. However, it shows similar survival to HER2-0 disease with standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The clinical value of HER2-low status may rely on targeted antibody-drug conjugate therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"596-604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148396171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Triple-negative breast cancer: a threshold-defined diagnostic category within a biological continuum.","authors":"Emad A Rakha","doi":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210723","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined in routine practice by the absence of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression using fixed immunohistochemical and <i>in situ</i> hybridisation cut-offs. Although this framework ensures reproducibility and regulatory consistency, it does not equate to biological uniformity. TNBC is an operational clinicopathological category defined by reproducible biomarker thresholds applied to continuous gradients of receptor expression. This review examines the evolution of hormone receptor assessment from semiquantitative composite scoring systems to the current ≥1% ER positivity threshold, and analyses the diagnostic and clinical implications of ER-low-positive (1%-10%) tumours. We discuss the rarity and interpretative challenges of ER-/PR+ phenotypes, the impact of evolving HER2 testing criteria, including borderline amplification and HER2-low categories, and the consequences of guideline variation on TNBC classification. We also address histological heterogeneity within TNBC and propose a pragmatic three-tier framework that distinguishes definite TNBC, context-dependent/borderline TNBC and non-TNBC categories. Collectively, these considerations highlight that TNBC is a regulatory definition anchored to diagnostic thresholds rather than a discrete molecular entity. Awareness of definitional sensitivity at receptor cut-off margins is essential for accurate reporting, avoidance of misclassification and informed multidisciplinary decision-making. Recognition of TNBC as a biologically heterogeneous spectrum has implications for therapeutic selection, trial eligibility and future refinement of classification systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":15391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"505-512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148211424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Liver disease diagnostics and access barriers in African settings: a narrative review.","authors":"Habiblah Ayomide Jagunmolu, Emmanuel Oyedeji Oyetola, Yusuff Abiola Lawal, Stella Odunayo Akinsanya, Mukhtar Abimbola Ibrahim, Toluwanimi Oladele Idowu, Samuel Oyeponle Oyelude, Muminat Adeyemi Jubreel, Dhikrat Olamide Ajibade, Taofeek Oyetola Olaniyi, AbdulFatai Arikewuyo Sheriff","doi":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210662","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jcp-2026-210662","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Africa, chronic liver conditions are discordantly higher due to infectious and parasitic aetiologies, especially viral hepatitis. Early diagnosis is a linchpin for successful management and improved outcomes; however, diagnostic power is extremely limited. Yet, profound gaps compromise every step of the diagnostic continuum. Histopathological evaluation through liver biopsy remains the gold standard for establishing aetiology, grading inflammation and staging fibrosis. Biopsy services in Africa are limited by limited infrastructure, a deficit of qualified professionals, substantial costs, unreliable tissue samples and limited access to advanced pathology techniques such as immunohistochemistry and molecular testing. Non-invasive diagnostic tools such as serum markers, transient elastography and imaging techniques are unequally accessible, poorly updated for African-specific aetiologies and largely inaccessible outside tertiary centres. This review explores the aetiological spectrum of chronic liver disease in Africa and evaluates the availability and performance of both histological and non-invasive diagnostic techniques. This review illustrates gaps affecting screening, staging, initiation of management and hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance. Addressing these diagnostic limitations through improved infrastructure, expanded professional training and local validation of non-invasive tools is essential to reducing the burden of liver disease across Africa. In addition, it offers tiered and feasible recommendations while considering the current reality of healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":15391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"513-522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13479226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148054474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}