Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Inpatient care for stiff person syndrome in the United States: a nationwide readmission study.","authors":"James A G Crispo,&nbsp;Dylan P Thibault,&nbsp;Yannick Fortin,&nbsp;Allison W Willis","doi":"10.1186/s40734-018-0071-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40734-018-0071-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by axial muscle rigidity and involuntary spasms. Autoimmune and neoplastic diseases are associated with SPS. Our study objectives were to describe inpatient care for SPS in the United States and characterize 30-day readmissions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We queried the 2014 Nationwide Readmission Database for hospitalizations where a diagnosis of SPS was recorded. For readmission analyses, we excluded encounters with missing length of stay, hospitalization deaths, and out-of-state and December discharges. National estimates of index hospitalizations and 30-day readmissions were computed using survey weighting methods. Unconditional logistic regression was used to examine associations between demographic, clinical, and hospital characteristics and readmission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 836 patients with a recorded diagnosis of SPS during a 2014 hospitalization. After exclusions, 703 patients remained, 9.4% of which were readmitted within 30 days. Frequent reasons for index hospitalization were SPS (27.8%) and diabetes with complications (5.1%). Similarly, readmissions were predominantly for diabetes complications (24.2%) and SPS. Most readmissions attributed to diabetes complications (87.5%) were to different hospitals. Female sex (OR, 3.29; CI: 1.22-8.87) and routine discharge (OR, 0.26; CI: 0.10-0.64) were associated with readmission, while routine discharge (OR, 0.18; CI: 0.04-0.89) and care at for-profit hospitals (OR, 10.87; CI: 2.03-58.25) were associated with readmission to a different hospital.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Readmissions in SPS may result from disease complications or comorbid conditions. Readmissions to different hospitals may reflect specialty care, gaps in discharge planning, or medical emergencies. Studies are required to determine if readmissions in SPS are preventable.</p>","PeriodicalId":15374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders","volume":"5 ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40734-018-0071-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36410566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrum of practice in the routine management of cervical dystonia with abobotulinumtoxinA: findings from three prospective open-label observational studies.","authors":"Vijay P Misra,&nbsp;Richard M Trosch,&nbsp;Pascal Maisonobe,&nbsp;Savary Om","doi":"10.1186/s40734-018-0072-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40734-018-0072-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cervical dystonia is a heterogeneous disorder with several possible presentations, for which first-line therapy is often botulinum toxin (BoNT). In routine clinical practice the success of each BoNT injection is dependent on several variables, including individual presentation and injection technique. Large multicenter, observational studies provide important information on individualized administration strategies that cannot be otherwise ascertained from controlled clinical trials. In this meta-analysis of patient level data, we aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with cervical dystonia undergoing routine treatment with botulinum toxin, specifically abobotulinumtoxinA. We also aimed to characterize current abobotulinumtoxinA injection techniques and parameters and to explore international differences in patient presentation and treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a meta-analysis of baseline data from three prospective, international, multicenter, observational studies (NCT01314365, NCT00833196 and NCT01753349) of botulinum toxin treatment for the routine management of adult cervical dystonia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data presented illustrate the significant heterogeneity of CD presentation in routine practice. Most subjects presented with a complex pattern of dystonic movements and the majority had additional components of shoulder elevation, tremor and/or jerk. Dosing was generally in accordance with that recommended in the abobotulinumtoxinA prescribing information, although the range of dosing also indicates that injections are tailored to individual presentation. Sub-group analyses at the country level revealed distinct differences in injection practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This meta-analysis is based on the largest dataset of subjects with cervical dystonia studied to date. The heterogeneity revealed in our baseline findings support the need to develop consistent, practical and comprehensive best practice guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":15374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders","volume":"5 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40734-018-0072-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36309308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crossing barriers: a multidisciplinary approach to children and adults with young-onset movement disorders.","authors":"Martje E van Egmond, Hendriekje Eggink, Anouk Kuiper, Deborah A Sival, Corien C Verschuuren-Bemelmans, Marina A J Tijssen, Tom J de Koning","doi":"10.1186/s40734-018-0070-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40734-018-0070-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diagnosis of less common young-onset movement disorders is often challenging, requiring a broad spectrum of skills of clinicians regarding phenotyping, normal and abnormal development and the wide range of possible acquired and genetic etiologies. This complexity often leads to considerable diagnostic delays, paralleled by uncertainty for patients and their families. Therefore, we hypothesized that these patients might benefit from a multidisciplinary approach. We report on the first 100 young-onset movement disorders patients who visited our multidisciplinary outpatient clinic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Clinical data were obtained from the medical records of patients with disease-onset before age 18 years. We investigated whether the multidisciplinary team, consisting of a movement disorder specialist, pediatric neurologist, pediatrician for inborn errors of metabolism and clinical geneticist, revised the movement disorder classification, etiological diagnosis, and/or treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 100 referred patients (56 males) had a mean age of 12.5 ± 6.3 years and mean disease duration of 9.2 ± 6.3 years. Movement disorder classification was revised in 58/100 patients. Particularly dystonia and myoclonus were recognized frequently and supported by neurophysiological testing in 24/29 patients. Etiological diagnoses were made in 24/71 (34%) formerly undiagnosed patients, predominantly in the genetic domain. Treatment strategy was adjusted in 60 patients, of whom 43 (72%) reported a subjective positive effect.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This exploratory study demonstrates that a dedicated tertiary multidisciplinary approach to complex young-onset movement disorders may facilitate phenotyping and improve recognition of rare disorders, with a high diagnostic yield and minimal diagnostic delay. Future studies are needed to investigate the cost-benefit ratio of a multidisciplinary approach in comparison to regular subspecialty care.</p>","PeriodicalId":15374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders","volume":"5 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5887190/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35992839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atrophy of the putamen at time of clinical motor onset in Huntington's disease: a 6-year follow-up study.","authors":"Emma M Coppen,&nbsp;Jeroen van der Grond,&nbsp;Raymund A C Roos","doi":"10.1186/s40734-018-0069-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40734-018-0069-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Striatal atrophy is detectable many years before the predicted onset of motor symptoms in premanifest Huntington's disease (HD). However, the extent of these neurodegenerative changes at the actual time of conversion from premanifest to a motor manifest disease stage is not known. With this study, we aimed to assess differences in degree and rate of atrophy between converters, i.e. premanifest individuals who develop clinically manifest HD over the course of the study, and non-converters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Structural T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans were used to measure volumes of seven subcortical structures. Images were acquired yearly over a maximum follow-up period of 6 years (mean 4.8 ± 1.8 years) in 57 participants (healthy controls <i>n</i> = 28, premanifest HD gene carriers <i>n</i> = 29). Of the premanifest HD gene carriers, 20 individuals clinically developed manifest HD over the course of the study, i.e. converters, whereas 9 individuals did not show any clinical signs. Differences between controls, converters and non-converters in volumetric decline over time were assessed using a one-way ANCOVA with age, gender and intracranial volume as covariates. All data were adjusted for multiple comparisons using Bonferonni correction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The putamen showed a significant difference in volume at the time of conversion in the converters group compared to the non-converters group (adjusted <i>p</i> = 0.04). Although, volumes of all other subcortical structures were smaller at time of conversion compared to non-converters and controls, these differences were not statistically significant. Over time, rate of volumetric decline in all subcortical structures in converters did not significantly differ from non-converters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Putamen volume is smaller at the time of manifestation of motor symptoms compared with premanifest HD that not showed any clinical disease progression during the course of this 6-year follow-up study.</p>","PeriodicalId":15374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders","volume":"5 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40734-018-0069-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35957802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive fluctuations in Parkinson's disease dementia: blood pressure lability as an underlying mechanism.","authors":"David E Riley,&nbsp;Alberto J Espay","doi":"10.1186/s40734-018-0068-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40734-018-0068-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cognitive fluctuations refer to alterations in cognition, attention, or arousal occurring over minutes to hours, most commonly in patients with dementias associated with advanced Lewy body pathology. Their pathophysiologic underpinning remains undetermined.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We documented serial blood pressure (BP) measurements in an 86-year-old man with Parkinson's disease dementia experiencing cognitive fluctuations during an office visit. This patient's associated dysautonomia included labile BP with orthostatic hypotension and nocturnal hypertension. A spontaneous episode of unresponsiveness occurred while his BP was 72/48. His mental status began to recover immediately as his BP increased to 84/56 when he was placed in a recumbent position; it fully returned to baseline when it reached 124/66 within 1 min. His heart rate remained in the mid-to-high 60s throughout. Subsequent treatment with midodrine markedly reduced the frequency of cognitive fluctuations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Paroxysmal hypotension may represent an explanatory mechanism for cognitive fluctuations, a common clinical feature in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders","volume":"5 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40734-018-0068-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35841869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adductor focal laryngeal Dystonia: correlation between clinicians' ratings and subjects' perception of Dysphonia.","authors":"Celia Faye Stewart,&nbsp;Catherine F Sinclair,&nbsp;Irene F Kling,&nbsp;Beverly E Diamond,&nbsp;Andrew Blitzer","doi":"10.1186/s40734-017-0066-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40734-017-0066-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although considerable research has focused on the etiology and symptomology of adductor focal laryngeal dystonia (AD-FLD), little is known about the correlation between clinicians' ratings and patients' perception of this voice disturbance. This study has five objectives: first, to determine if there is a relationship between subjects' symptom-severity and its impact on their quality of life; to compare clinicians' ratings with subjects' perception of the individual characteristics and severity of AD-FLD; to document the subjects' perception of changes in dysphonia since diagnosis; to record the frequency of voice arrest during connected speech; and, finally, to calculate inter-clinician reliability based on results from the Unified Spasmodic Dysphonia Rating Scale (USDRS) (Stewart et al, J Voice 1195-10, 1997).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty subjects with AD-FLD who were receiving ongoing injections of BoNT participated in this study. Subjects' mean age was 60.78 years and their mean duration of symptoms was 16.1 years. Subjects completed the Disease Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) (specifically designed for this study) and the Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) (Jacobson et al, Am J Speech Lang Pathol 6:66-70, 1997) to measure the symptoms of their dysphonia and the impact of the disease on their quality of life.Two speech-language pathologists and two laryngologists used the Voice Arrest Measure (VAM) (specifically designed for this study) and the USDRS to independently rate voice recordings of 56/60 subjects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean VHI-10 score was 21.3 which is clinically significant. The results of the DSQ and the USDRS were highly correlated. The most severe symptoms identified by both subjects and clinicians were roughness, strain-strangled voice quality, and increased expiratory effort. Voice arrest, aphonia, and tremor were uncommon. Subjects rated their current voice quality at the time of reinjection (i.e., at the time of the study) as significantly better than at the time of their initial AD-FLD diagnosis (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Inter-clinician reliability on the USDRS was significant at the 0.001 level.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings from the VHI-10 suggest that AD-FLD has a profound impact on quality of life. The results of the DSQ and the USDRS suggest that there is a strong correlation between subjects' perception and clinicians' assessment of the individual symptoms and the severity of the dysphonia. The findings from the VAM suggest that voice arrests are infrequent in subjects with AD-FLD who are receiving ongoing BoNT injections. The strong inter-clinician reliability on the USDRS suggests that it is an appropriate measure for identifying symptoms and severity of AD-FLD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders","volume":"4 ","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40734-017-0066-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35669646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An unusual presentation of tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency.","authors":"Linn E Katus,&nbsp;Steven J Frucht","doi":"10.1186/s40734-017-0065-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40734-017-0065-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) has largely been associated with autosomal dominant mutations in the GCH1 gene leading to GTP cyclohydrolase 1 deficiency. More recently, a deficiency in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) has been recognized to cause DRD. This is a rare disorder resulting from genetic mutations in the TH gene on chromosome 11. The phenotype ranges from DRD with complete resolution on levodopa to infantile parkinsonism and encephalopathy only partially responsive to levodopa. Here we discuss an adult with TH deficiency with a history of possible parkinsonism and dystonia responsive to levodopa, notable for a residual dynamic segmental dystonia.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Our patient grew up in rural Myanmar with limited medical care. Childhood was normal except for episodic illness with difficulty moving and speaking. At 18 years he developed difficulty writing. At 21 years he could not speak, walk, or write and was taken to a city hospital. Multiple medications were tried without benefit until he received carbidopa/levodopa, to which he had a miraculous response. Since then he has attempted to come off medication, however after several weeks his symptoms returned. On presentation to us at 31 years he was taking 450 mg levodopa/day and 4 mg trihexyphenidyl/day. He had a dynamic dystonia in his neck and trunk, subtle at rest and prominent with walking. He exhibited a sensory trick when touching his hand to his chin; improvement occurred to a lesser degree when he imagined touching his chin, and to an even lesser degree when the examiner touched his chin. He had no parkinsonism. He underwent genetic testing which revealed a homozygous variant mutation in the TH gene (p.Thr494Met) leading to a diagnosis of autosomal recessive tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TH deficiency can cause a broad range of clinical symptoms and severity. As more cases are discovered, the phenotype expands. Here we describe a unique case of DRD and possible parkinsonism due to TH deficiency with residual symptoms of dystonia that was task dependent and responded to a sensory trick. In addition, while the history is limited, it is possible he may have had episodes similar to \"lethargy-irritability crises\" seen in more severe cases. In large part he fits within the milder form of TH hydroxylase deficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":15374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders","volume":"4 ","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40734-017-0065-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35329259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-research metrics matter: letter regarding article \"indirect tolerability comparison of Deutetrabenazine and Tetrabenazine for Huntington disease\".","authors":"Filipe B Rodrigues,&nbsp;Gonçalo S Duarte,&nbsp;João Costa,&nbsp;Joaquim J Ferreira,&nbsp;Edward J Wild","doi":"10.1186/s40734-017-0067-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40734-017-0067-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here we discuss the report by Claassen and colleagues describing an indirect treatment comparison between tetrabenazine and deutetrabenazine for chorea in Huntington's disease using individual patient data. We note the potential for discrepancies in apparently statistically significant findings, due to the rank reversal phenomenon. We provide some cautionary observations and suggestions concerning the limitations of indirect comparisons and the low likelihood that good quality evidence will become available to guide clinical decision comparing these two agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":15374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders","volume":"4 ","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40734-017-0067-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35218912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary progressive apraxia: an unusual ideomotor syndrome.","authors":"Yeva M Fernandez,&nbsp;Steven J Frucht","doi":"10.1186/s40734-017-0064-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40734-017-0064-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Primary progressive apraxia is a rare form of apraxia in the absence of dementia which develops insidiously and is slowly progressive. Most reports of patients with apraxia also describe coexisting aphasias or involve additional apraxias with affected speech, usually in the setting of neurodegenerative diseases such as corticobasal degeneration, Alzheimer's disease or frontotemporal dementia. The aim of this report is to describe and demonstrate by video two cases of isolated primary progressive ideomotor apraxia seen in our clinic.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We describe two patients with 2-5 years of progressive difficulty using their hands, despite having intact cognition and lack of correlating lesions on imaging.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We report two cases of primary progressive apraxia that may be early presentations of taupathic disease in both patients. In both cases, there is isolated profound ideomotor apraxia of the hands, with preserved cognition, language skills, muscle power and tone, and gait. There are no correlating lesions on imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":15374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders","volume":"4 ","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40734-017-0064-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35773201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pure akinesia with gait freezing: a clinicopathologic study.","authors":"Ahmad Elkouzi,&nbsp;Esther N Bit-Ivan,&nbsp;Rodger J Elble","doi":"10.1186/s40734-017-0063-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40734-017-0063-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pure akinesia with gait freezing is a rare syndrome with few autopsied cases. Severe freezing of gait occurs in the absence of bradykinesia and rigidity. Most autopsies have revealed progressive supranuclear palsy. We report the clinical and postmortem findings of two patients with pure akinesia with gait freezing, provide video recordings of these patients, and review the literature describing similar cases. We also discuss bradykinesia, hypokinesia and akinesia in the context of this clinical syndrome.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Two patients with the syndrome of pure akinesia with gait freezing were examined by the same movement disorder specialist at least annually for 9 and 18 years. Both patients initially exhibited freezing, tachyphemia, micrographia and festination without bradykinesia and rigidity. Both autopsies revealed characteristic tau pathology of progressive supranuclear palsy, with nearly total neuronal loss and gliosis in the subthalamus and severe neuronal loss and gliosis in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Previously published postmortem studies revealed that most patients with this syndrome had progressive supranuclear palsy or pallidonigroluysian atrophy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pallidonigroluysian degeneration produces freezing and festination in the absence of generalized slowing (bradykinesia). Freezing and festination are commonly regarded as features of akinesia. Akinesia literally means absence of movement, and akinesia is commonly viewed as an extreme of bradykinesia. The pure akinesia with gait freezing phenotype illustrates that bradykinesia and akinesia should be viewed as separate phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":15374,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Movement Disorders","volume":"4 ","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40734-017-0063-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35468210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}