Journal of Biology and Life Science最新文献

{"title":"Response Rate After Modified Regime DHAP and Toxicity with Refractory and Relapsed Disease in Lymphoma Patients","authors":"Reeta Kumari, Ghullam Haider, Nargis Abro, Amera Shah, Tooba Sarim, Khadijah Abid","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.348","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To assess the response rate and toxicity of a modified regimen DHAP (dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin) and to compare treatment response and toxicity profile with disease status in patients with refractory and relapsed lymphoma who presented to a public hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.Study Design: A cross sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Oncology Department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan, from December 2021 to October 2022.Methods: Modified DHAP was used to treat all individuals with lymphoma who had refractory disease or had relapse. The modified DHAP treatment includes intravenous infusions of dexamethasone 40 mg every 15 2 minutes on days 1 through 4, cisplatin 25 mg every 3 hours on days 1 through 4, and cytarabine 2x0.5 g/m every hour on days 1 through 4. Cycles were repeated every three weeks. Following each cycle, toxicity was evaluated using WHO criteria. A CT scan and a physical examination were used to assess the therapy response.Results: The median age was 41, ranging from 20 to 74 years. Most of the patients were males (73.9%). Of 92 patients, 32 had refractory disease, and 60 had relapse. Twenty-nine patients had a complete response, 45 patients had a partial response, and the overall response rate of modified DHAP was 80.4%. The most frequent toxicity of modified DHAP was pancytopenia (46.7%), followed by febrile neutropenia (14.1%), respectively. Mortality occurred in 4 patients (13%). Febrile neutropenia was reported more in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients than in Hodgkin's lymphoma patients, with a p-value=0.014. Conclusion: Modified DHAP has a better overall response rate and manageable toxicity profile in patients with refractory or relapsed lymphoma.
 How to cite this: Kumari R, Haider G, Abro N, Shah A, Sarim T, Abid K. Response Rate After Modified Regime DHAP and Toxicity with Refractory and Relapsed Disease in Lymphoma Patients. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 469-475. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.348","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homocysteine and Vitamin D Levels: An Association with Depression and its Severity","authors":"Asif Azeem Bajwa, Sikandar Khan, Hassan Raza, Tashfeen -Bin- Nazir","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.385","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the association of serum Homocysteine and serum vitamin D levels with depression and its severity.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Institute of Mental Health (AFIMH), Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from December 2021 to May 2022. Methods: We recorded demographic data, including age, gender, and socioeconomic status of consecutively sampled 155 subjects. Depression and its severity was assessed by applying the Urdu version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D U). Blood samples were collected to assess serum homocysteine and serum vitamin D before commencing any treatment for depression; these samples were assessed at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP Rawalpindi).Results: The mean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D U) score was 17.14 ± 4.29 with minimum and maximum scores as 8 and 22. There were 97 (62.6%) cases that had mild to moderate depression, and 58 (37.4%) patients had severe depression. The frequencies of intermediate to severe Homocysteine levels were statistically higher in individuals with severe depression (p < 0.001), while vitamin D deficiency was also statistically higher in individuals experiencing severe depression (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Raised serum homocysteine levels and deficiency of serum vitamin D is associated with the severity of depression.&#x0D; How to cite this: Bajwa AA, Khan S, Raza H, Nazir TB. Homocysteine and Vitamin D Levels: An Association with Depression. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 372-378. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.385","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrum of Flat Epithelial Atypia in Breast Lesions","authors":"Nazish Jaffar, Amna Khan, Rabisa Batool, Noshaba Rahat","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.333","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the frequency of flat epithelial atypia and its association with breast lesions in trucut biopsies and lumpectomy specimens in the local population.Study Design: A cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology at Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center Karachi, Pakistan, from October 2019 to September 2022.Methods: In total, 286 biopsy specimens of breast tissue diagnosed with various pathologies, including benign and malignant cases, were included in our study. The overall frequency of flat epithelial atypia was noted. Furthermore, the Fischer Exact/Chi-square test of association was applied to observe the association of FEA with other breast lesions. Open Epi software was utilized for sample size calculations, and data was analyzed with SPSS version 22.0. Results: The most common age range for flat epithelial atypia was 17 to 80 years, and the mean age was 27.05 ± 10.34 SD. Fibroadenoma was the most frequent clinical presentation in 214 (74.8%) cases. Features of flat epithelial atypia were found in a total of 11 (3.84%) cases. However, Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) showed 100% positivity for flat epithelial atypia followed by fibrocystic disease (62%), Invasive Ductal Carcinoma( IDC) (15%), and adenosis (12.5%).Conclusion: The frequency of flat epithelial atypia, was 3.84% in trucut biopsies and lumpectomy specimens of the breast. The Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS), IDC, fibrocystic disease, and adenosis showed a positive association with flat epithelial atypia.&#x0D; How to cite this: Jaffar N, Khan A, Batool R, Rahat N. Spectrum of Flat Epithelial Atypia in Various Breast Lesions. An Alarming Sign. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 415-420. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.333","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"302 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Assurance of Multiple-Choice Questions Test Through Item Analysis","authors":"Mashood -uz-Zafar Farooq, Shama Mashood","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.315","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To analyze the value of in use multiple choice questions of ophthalmology by finding discrimination index, distractor efficiency and difficulty index.Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The Study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Karachi Institute of Medical Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan from January 2022 to March 2022. Methods: The study included result of all multiple-choice questions administered during pre-annual examination of the year 2021. There were 45 multiple-choice questions with one correct option and three distractors. Analysis of each item was performed to find difficulty discrimination index and distractor efficiency.Data were entered and analyzed by SPSS software 20.0. Frequency and percentage were calculated for all categorical variables and mean and standard deviation were considered for all continuous variables. Difficulty and discrimination index and distractor efficiency were calculated for multiple-choice questions.Results: Overall, 68.9% had good/acceptable levels of difficulty and were stored, whereas 24.4% were too easy and 6.7% were too complex and confusing. Discrimination analysis demonstrated 27 items to be excellent, 13 good and 5 having poor discrimination. Distractor efficacy was found to be 93.32±19.60. Out of 135 distractors, 129 were functional while non-functioning distractor (NFD) were 6.Conclusion: Item analysis is a valuable assessment tool that identifies better multiple-choice questions to be retained while discarding or reviewing the weak ones. Faculty development programs should be organized for improving item writing skills of faculty&#x0D; How to cite this: Farooq MZ, Mashhood S. Quality Assurance of Multiple Choice Questions Test Through Item Analysis. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 499-505. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.315","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Hospital Stay in Stented Versus Non-Stented Pyeloplasty in Children with Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction","authors":"Mahwish Khan, Muddassar Fiaz Gondal, Asrar Ahmad, Muhammad Omer Fraz, Naveed Ahmed, Amaar Talib","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.352","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To compare the average hospital, stay between stented vs non-stented pyeloplasty in children with hydronephrosis due to pelviureteric junction obstruction at our setup. Study Design: Cross-sectional Study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Paediatric Surgery, Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi, Pakistan from 07th September 2016 to 30th June 2017.Methods: The study was conducted after the ethical clearance was taken from the institutional ethics committee, and patients were enrolled after taking informed consent from parents. In Group-A, patients underwent stented pyeloplasty, whereas those in Group B underwent non-stented pyeloplasty. All of the pyeloplasty were performed by the consultants. The duration of hospital stay after pyeloplasty was compared between study groups. Data was entered and analyzed through SPSS version 20. Results: The mean age was 6.1 (SD: ± 3.29) years in stented and 6.3 (SD: ± 3.15) years in the non-stented pyeloplasty group. The majority of cases were males in both groups, 24 (80%) in stented and 23 (76.7%) in non-stented. Most of the children, 27 (90%), had intrinsic type obstruction in the stented and 26 (86.7%) in the non-stented pyeloplasty group. The mean duration of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the non-stented group (5.27 ± 1.72 days) compared to the stented group 11.43 ± 1.52 days). (p-value, <0.001). Conclusion: Hospital stay after pyeloplasty in pelviureteric junction obstruction patients is significantly shorter in a non-stented group compared to the stented group, irrespective of age, gender, and pelviureteric junction obstruction type.&#x0D; How to cite this: Khan M, Gondal MF, Ahmad A, Fraz MO, Ahmed N, Talib A.Comparison of Hospital Stay in Stented Vs Non-Stented Pyeloplasty in Children with Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 387-392. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.352","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurophilosophy: A Philosophical Analysis for Interpretation of fMRI to Replace the Commonsense Psychology","authors":"Amjad Sohail","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.392","url":null,"abstract":"For thinking, brain activity occurs, yet not every area of our brain is active when we think about various things. There are significant ramifications for cognitive psychology and neuroscience from functional brain areas. It should enable us to apply neurophilosophical theories to the brain. This review aims to draw attention to neurophilosophy and its focus on fundamental problems in neuroscientific theories to address age-old metaphysical issues, i.e., the nature of consciousness, thinking, intention, and action. There are different theories and points of view in the field of neurophilosophy, but eliminative materialists and reductive materialists (a.k.a. mind-brain identity theory) are both strong candidates. Those are very well-established in the philosophy of mind, and they run counter to the development of conceptual succession in neuroscience. Both theorists rely on neuroscience to back up their conclusions about the mind. Eliminative materialism has received a lot of attention from several philosophical points of view. It begins with a critique of commonsense psychology and offers neurophilosophy as an alternative. So, for reductive materialists, mind is brain, whereas for eliminativists mind as brain. Both theorists have different views about mental states to cohere with neurophysiology. The philosophical problem of dualism, as the body/brain (physical), and mind/cognition (mental) is discussed in psychiatry, neuropsychology, and neuroscience. Neurophilosophy deals with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to shed light on psychosocial problems like moral psychology, free will, social interaction, and mood disorders. An fMRI is a neuroimaging technique and an essential tool for bridging cognitive psychology and neurophilosophic theories. It is used to investigate mental resilience, impairments, changes in neural dynamics, and neuroplasticity mainly for brain trauma. I will tie this discussion by discussing fMRI and commonsense psychology as exploratory rather than confirmatory evidence in my conclusion.&#x0D; How to cite this: Sohail A. Neurophilosophy: A Philosophical Analysis for Interpretation of fMRI to Replace the Commonsense Psychology. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 494-500. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.392","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Aging on Hardness of Glass Ionomer, Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer, Giomer and Compomer Dental Restorative Materials","authors":"Hashmat Gul, Maleeha Nayyer, Yusra Junaid, Mehwish Pasha, Tahira Ejaz, Ujala Liaqat, Syed Hammad Hassan","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.437","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To assess deionized water's aging effect on the hardness of four direct tooth colored dental filling materials i.e., Glass Ionomer Cement, Resin Modified Glass Ionomer, Giomer and Compomer.Study Design: An in vitro experimental study performed in triplicates.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at PG Laboratory, Department of Science of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from February 2023 to August 2023.Methods: Three disc-shaped samples (n=3) of 10 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness of each restorative material were prepared using stainless steel molds per manufacturer's instructions. These disc-shaped samples were then suspended in a 15 mL conical centrifuge tube containing 10 mL deionized water, followed by incubation in a Forced Convection Laboratory Oven at 37 C where these were allowed to age over a period of 1-2 years. Vickers Hardness of each sample was then checked at two-time intervals, i.e., after 24 h setting and after 2.5 years of ageing through the Micro Vickers Hardness Tester calibrated at 1Kgf (9.80 N) with dwell time of 10 seconds and light intensity 10. Results: After one day (24 h) aging in deionized water, maximum mean Vickers hardness number (VHN) was exhibited by Compomer (539.83±58.08 VHN) and least by GIC (175.75±24.47 VHN). After aging the sample for 912 days, maximum mean VHN was observed for GIC (420.67±99.66 VHN) and least by Compomer (354.33±9.22 VHN). Conclusion: RMGIC sustains its hardness on aging, hardness of GIC increases while that of Giomer and Compomer decreases upon aging.&#x0D; How to cite this: Gul H, Nayyer M, Junaid Y, Pasha M, Ejaz T, Liaqat U, Hassan SH. Effect of Aging on Hardness of Glass Ionomer, ResinModified Glass Ionomer, Giomer and Compomer Dental Restorative Materials. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 438-444. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.437","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Spike Protein of SARS-COV2 in Pakistan","authors":"Mahnoor Rizwan, Abdul Ahad, Sadia Aziz, Nazir Ahmed Lone, Tabasum Naz, Muhammad Bilal Khan, Laila Jafri, Liaqat Ali","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.400","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To examine the prevalence of antibody IgG/IgM and designing follow-up study of six months and to perform the molecular characterization and sequence analysis of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.Study Design: Prevalence study. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in the Post-Graduate Lab of the National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Rawalpindi, Pakistan from January 2021 to June 2021.Methods: 112 suspected patients with mild and severe symptoms were tested by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and all were positive. Antibody profiling of vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and followed up for up to six months.Results: Ten patients were identified as re-infected and were subsequently re-tested via PCR and DNA sequencing. The IgG/IgM of immunized patients was 11.87IU/mL and 3.87IU/mL in non-immunized individuals. Genomic analysis indicated that all the sequences belong to delta variant (21A and 21J sub-lineages). Mutations were observed in spike protein at I1169V, D950N in 21A and T951I and S254F in 21J sub-lineages.Conclusion: This study revealed the significance of measuring antibody levels among vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Additionally, mutations in the spike gene of the delta variant of SARS-CoV2 can influence the pathogen's mutation rate, leading to changes in its transmissibility and pathogenicity.&#x0D; How to cite this: Rizwan M, Ahad A, Aziz S, Lone NA, Naz T, Khan MB, Jafri L, Ali L. A Study on Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Spike Protein of SARS-COV-2 in Pakistan. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 458-468. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.400","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcome of Toe Amputation in Diabetic Foot Gangrene Patients at CMH Rawalpindi","authors":"Ibrahim Tufail Chaudhry, Muhammad Jalil Malik, Muhammad Ayub Ashraf Mahi, Tooba Riaz, Rana Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Talha Makshoof","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.339","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To study the outcomes of toe amputation performed in diabetic foot gangrene patients during hospital admission at CMH Rawalpindi. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of General Surgery, Combined st Military Hospital (CMH), Rawalpindi, Pakistan from 1st June 2021 to 31st May 2022. Methods: 146 patients who had undergone toe amputation were followed in this prospective cohort study. The clinical data was collected and analyzed after informed written consent from patients. The size of the ulcer and surgery method were recorded. After toe amputation, the recovery, insulin therapy, re-ulceration, and reamputation were also recorded with glycated hemoglobin. The data was assessed by using SPSS version 20. The frequency and percentage were calculated for categorical data. For continuous data, mean and standard deviation were calculated. Results: A total of 146 patients for toe amputations were enrolled in this study. Patients were diagnosed with a mean duration of diabetes of 15.93±3.79 years. There were 121 (82.9%) male participants and 25(17.1%) female participants with a mean age of 49.9±11.11 years. There were 35 (24.0%) patients in which ulcer size < 1 cm², 44 (30.1%) patients with ulcer size 1-5 cm² and 67 (45.9%) cases were with ulcer > 5 cm² in size. Among the individuals studied, 53 (36.3%) showed X-ray examinations confirmed the presence of foot ulcers. Out of the total amputations performed, 70(48%) were revisited with re-ulceration problems. These patients were counselled for re-amputation out of which contralateral major amputation was highly prevalent. Moreover, as shown in Table 2, ipsilateral ulceration 41 (28.1%), and contralateral ulceration 29 (19.9%) were found in patients who had re-ulceration and re-amputation out of 70 (48%) patients. The mean glycated hemoglobin in these patients was 11.02±2.42. Out of the total amputations performed, 2 (3.77%) patients were due to septicemia, 1 (1.88%) from ketoacidosis, and 3 (5.66%) died from retinopathy comorbid with diabetes. Conclusion: Our study underscores favorable outcomes, including effective infection control and wound healing, contributing to improved patient care and limb preservation. These findings highlight the importance of timely surgical intervention in managing diabetic foot complications. &#x0D; How to cite this: Chaudhry IT, Malik MJ, Mahi MAA, Riaz T, Ahmad RN, Makshoof MT. Outcome of Toe Amputation in Diabetic Foot Gangrene Patients at CMH Rawalpindi. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 415-420. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.339","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction of Fish Collagen Peptides from Fish Waste through Fermentation using Lactobacillus Bacteria","authors":"Salman Khan, Isfahan Tauseef, Muhammad Ikram, Sobiah Rauf, Rida Fatima Saeed, Shahida Sadiqi, Nazir Ahmad Lone, Liaqat Ali, Fazli Fazli Subhan","doi":"10.37185/lns.1.1.423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.423","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To introduce a novel technique for extracting fish collagen peptides from fish waste. It could be a cheap and safe technique for obtaining peptides of fish as well as reducing the fish waste environmental load.Study Design: A comparative study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from August 2020 to July 2022.Methods: For the extraction of the fish collagen peptides, lactobacillus bacteria fermentation was being performed, in which the bacteria from yogurt and dough were added to fish samples and incubated for one month at 30°C. Lactobacillus bacteria were diluted with serial dilution for colonies isolation and biochemical characterization. Fish waste was cut in small pieces and put in a bottle containing distilled water and lactobacillus bacteria species and kept at 30°C for one month. The Hestrin–Schramm media (HS) was added in small amount as a starter for initial growth of bacteria. The pH was analyzed after every 7 days and 5–10 ml sample was collected from each labelled flask. The collected samples were precipitated using Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and analyzed on SDS-PAGE.Results: Gel analysis revealed different size of fish collagen with higher concentration include the pattern for α1 and α2 chains with a molecular weight of 145 kDa and 132 kDa, respectively. The biological activity of extracted fish collagen was determined by using HaCaT cells proliferation analysis.Conclusion: The current study concluded that fish waste could be converted to biofunctional collagen using nonpathogenic strains of lactobacillus bacteria for various biomedical applications.&#x0D; How to cite this: Khan S, Tauseef I, Ikram M, Rauf S, Saeed RF, Sadiqi S, Lone NA, Ali L, Subhan F. Extraction of Fish Collagen Peptides from Fish Waste Through Fermentation Using Lactobacillus Bacteria. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 365-371. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.423","PeriodicalId":15254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biology and Life Science","volume":"179 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135547390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}