Journal of Applied Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Mephedrene-Induced Cardiac Electrophysiological and Molecular Alterations: An Integrated In Vitro and In Vivo Study.","authors":"Min Gyeong Kim, Hyun Kyu Min, Si-Keun Lim, Ki Kyung Jung","doi":"10.1002/jat.70233","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jat.70233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mephedrene, a psychoactive stimulant structurally related to methamphetamine, has recently emerged on illicit markets. Although methamphetamine-like compounds are known to stimulate the central nervous system and elevate cardiovascular risk, the pharmacological and toxicological characteristics of mephedrene, particularly its cardiotoxic potential, are poorly defined. Cardiotoxicity was evaluated using integrated in vitro and in vivo approaches. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) were assessed for electrophysiological alterations by multi-electrode array (MEA) recordings, cell viability by WST-1 assay, and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase 2 (SERCA2) expression by Western blotting. In vivo electrocardiography (ECG) was recorded in rats following intravenous mephedrene administration (5 or 15 mg/kg). WST-1 assays revealed a significant decline in cell viability from 300 μM. MEA analysis showed reductions in Fridericia-corrected field potential duration (FPDcF) and beat period at 10 μM and a decrease in spike amplitude at 50 μM. Western blots demonstrated SERCA2 downregulation at 50 and 100 μM, consistent with impaired Ca²⁺ handling. In vivo, mephedrene produced significant QT interval prolongation at 5 and 15 mg/kg, with a dose-dependent increase. This study provides the first integrated evidence that mephedrene induces concentration-dependent disturbances in cardiac electrophysiology, viability, and Ca²⁺-regulatory mechanisms in vitro and prolongs QT intervals in vivo. These findings indicate substantial cardiovascular risk associated with mephedrene exposure and underscore the need for toxicological surveillance and regulatory action to mitigate potential public health harms posed by emerging novel psychoactive substances.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"3585-3595"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13532834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147815527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid Hormone Disruption and Developmental Toxicity of Diuron and Irgarol 1051 in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae.","authors":"Yoshifumi Horie, Yuto Chihaya, Jheng-Jie Jiang","doi":"10.1002/jat.70237","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jat.70237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antifouling biocides are marine pollutants intentionally used on vessels and are frequently detected in aquatic environments. The effects of Diuron and Irgarol 1051 (Irgarol), persistent antifouling biocides in the marine environment, on various aquatic organisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated whether Diuron and Irgarol disrupt thyroid hormone function in fish, using zebrafish larvae as a model. Both compounds induced reductions in survival and hatching rates. Notably, Diuron caused edema and posterior swim bladder noninflation even at a concentration as low as 0.6 mg/L. According to the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for thyroid hormone disruption, posterior swim bladder noninflation is one of the adverse outcomes. Based on this, we examined changes in the expression of thyroid-related genes. Diuron exposure significantly decreased dio1 and tshb expression, while significantly increasing thrb expression. Dio1 is an enzyme responsible for converting T4 to T3, and its inhibition is identified as a key event in the published AOP. In contrast, Irgarol exposure significantly increased thrb expression but did not cause significant changes in other thyroid-related genes. These findings suggest that both Diuron and Irgarol affect embryonic development and hatching in zebrafish and that Diuron has the potential to disrupt thyroid hormone function.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"3642-3650"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13532776/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycemic Regulation and Renal Function by Heavy Metal Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Analysis on Cement Plant Workers.","authors":"Duygu Seyhan Erdoğan, Fatma Bozdag, Fatıma Betül Topcu, Osman Burak Demirbas, Sultan Pinar Cetintepe, Mustafa Necmi Ilhan","doi":"10.1002/jat.70204","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jat.70204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal exposure is known to have various effects on renal function and blood glucose regulation. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cement dust and some metal (cadmium, manganese, nickel, and zinc) exposure on blood glucose and renal function parameters in male cement plant workers. This study is a cross-sectional study involving male workers from a cement plant who presented to our clinic. Based on their HbA1c levels, the participants were divided into two groups: a prediabetes group (HbA1c ≥ 5.7%) and a control group (HbA1c < 5.7%). The differences between two groups were statistically analyzed. A total of 268 male workers were included in the analysis, 134 in the prediabetes group and 134 in the control group. Blood manganese and nickel levels were statistically significantly higher in the prediabetes group, whereas zinc levels were statistically significantly higher in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for cadmium. Low-grade positive correlations were found between manganese and nickel and HbA1c. A low-grade positive correlation was found between GFR and cadmium, and a low-grade negative correlation was found between GFR and manganese. In linear models, those with blood manganese levels above 2 μg/L had higher creatinine and lower GFR. Workplace exposure to heavy metals can induce blood glucose dysregulation and renal dysfunction, particularly in workers engaged in high-exposure jobs. The current situation necessitates the implementation of protective measures to reduce exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"3550-3560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13532920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147772656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the Pathogenic Cascade of Acrolein-Induced Lung Injury: From Molecular Insult to Organ Failure.","authors":"Zhihua Zhu, Linjie Wang, Hongjuan Fang, Ruixi Luo, Qiang Wang","doi":"10.1002/jat.70235","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jat.70235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acrolein, a major toxicant in fire and industrial smoke, induces fatal acute lung injury; however, its underlying mechanism remains undefined. This study aimed to elucidate this mechanism. Thirty-two SD rats were divided into four groups and exposed to acrolein via tracheal instillation at doses of 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Lung function and histopathology were assessed by invasive plethysmography and H&E staining; alveolar-capillary membrane permeability, tight junction ultrastructure, and tight junction protein levels were assessed by Evans blue extravasation, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot, respectively. Acrolein exposure triggered severe, dose-dependent impairment of pulmonary function, with significantly elevated respiratory system resistance and tissue elastance, alongside reduced inspiratory capacity and quasi-static compliance. Histological examination revealed progressive alveolar architecture disruption, inflammatory infiltration, and intra-alveolar hemorrhage across all dose groups. Evans blue assay confirmed dose-related increases in pulmonary barrier permeability. Ultrastructural analysis showed pronounced disintegration of tight junctions between endothelial and epithelial cells, correlating with acrolein concentration. Concordantly, Western blot revealed dose-dependent downregulation of claudin-18, occludin, and ZO-1. Direct disruption of alveolar tight junctions by acrolein elucidates its mechanism of inhalation toxicity and identifies this process as a potential target for barrier-stabilizing interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"3622-3631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13532827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147815574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Predictive Performance of the Vitrigel-Eye Irritancy Test Method Using 118 Chemicals.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/jat.70338","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jat.70338","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"3680"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13532800/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148375776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Biomarkers of Pesticide Exposure in Rural Populations of Santa Fe, Argentina: Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity","authors":"María Priscila Dechiara,&nbsp;Carlina Leila Colussi,&nbsp;Lucía Magdalena Odetti,&nbsp;Damián Marino,&nbsp;María Fernanda Simoniello","doi":"10.1002/jat.70132","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jat.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study aimed to quantify pesticide residues in environmental matrices and plasma and to evaluate their potential effects on oxidative stress and DNA damage in rural populations of Santa Fe province. Soil and rainwater samples were collected, and biological samples and semistructured surveys were obtained from volunteers in three rural towns. Pesticide residues were analyzed using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. DNA damage was assessed by the comet assay (CA) and its modified version for oxidative lesions (ENDO sites), along with catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic activities and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). Results were compared with those from a control population in an urban setting. Pesticide residues were detected in 62% of blood samples, with significantly higher frequencies (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in rural participants compared to the control group, mirroring increases in oxidative and genotoxic biomarkers. Atrazine residues were found in 47% of rainwater samples from Santo Domingo, while glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA were present in 67% of soil samples from all towns studied. The detection of pesticide residues in both environmental and human samples supports the occurrence of concurrent exposure. The persistence of these compounds, their environmental mobility, and their potential to induce biological alterations highlight the need for preventive measures and health policies to reduce exposure risks in rural populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":"46 11","pages":"3804-3813"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jat.70132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Environmental Ammonia Causes Induction in the Expression of Heat Shock Factor 1, Heat Shock Protein 70, and 90 Genes in Different Tissues of Air-Breathing Stinging Catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis)","authors":"Revelbornstar Snaitang,&nbsp;Debaprasad Koner,&nbsp;Nirmalendu Saha","doi":"10.1002/jat.70149","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jat.70149","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Air-breathing stinging catfish (<i>Heteropneustes fossilis</i>) often face the problem of exposure to toxic high external ammonia (HEA). The major objectives of the present study were to examine whether HEA exposure causes oxidative stress along with the induction of the heat shock factor (HSF)/heat shock protein (HSP) machinery in stinging catfish. HEA exposure resulted in oxidative stress, as evidenced by a marked rise in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at the early stage and in GSH levels at the later stage, across multiple tissues. HEA exposure also led to an induction of HSF1 protein and HSC70, HSP70, HSP90a, and HSP90b protein chaperones, as a consequence of upregulation of the corresponding genes in multiple tissues. Immunocytochemical analyses also confirmed the elevated expression of HSF1 and HSP proteins in multiple tissues of the stinging catfish. The marked rise in HSP abundance emphasizes a strong and tissue-specific protective mechanism that reduces cellular impairment from ammonia-induced oxidative stress and associated possible cellular damage, including protein misfolding in stinging catfish. This defense mechanism serves as a fundamental adaptive strategy that allows this air-breathing stinging catfish to survive in the highly toxic environment of ammonia. Collectively, the results demonstrate that HEA acts as a potent environmental stressor, triggering robust activation of the HSF1/HSP axis in <i>H. fossilis</i>. The induction of the heat shock machinery highlights a critical cytoprotective strategy that contributes to the remarkable ammonia tolerance in this air-breathing teleost. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular defense mechanisms enabling survival in ammonia-rich habitats.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":"46 11","pages":"3858-3867"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147433054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Synthesis of Silver-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites Using Spirulina platensis Biomass: Characterization and Biomedical Evaluation","authors":"Muhammad Usman Ahmad,&nbsp;Umama Saif,&nbsp;Sikander Ali,&nbsp;Tariq Aziz,&nbsp;Nawal Al-Hoshani,&nbsp;Rania Ali El Hadi Mohamed,&nbsp;Maher S. Alwethaynani,&nbsp;Khloud Ghazi Fakiha,&nbsp;Hanan Abdulrahman Sagini,&nbsp;Omniah A. Mansouri,&nbsp;Badriah Abdullah Hifni,&nbsp;Shaza Abdullah Alyamani","doi":"10.1002/jat.70138","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jat.70138","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, an aqueous extract of <i>Spirulina platensis</i> was utilized as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the green synthesis of silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites (Ag-ZnO). The <i>S. platensis</i> extract was optimized at a concentration of 0.5%, stored at 4°C and centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 5 min. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy of the extract showed a broad absorbance band in the 330- to 380-nm region and a shoulder in the 520- to 620-nm range, corresponding to bioactive metabolites. The formation of silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites was confirmed by characteristic absorbance in the 300- to 400-nm region under optimized conditions. Particle size analysis using a Zetasizer revealed an average particle size of approximately 204 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.28. Functional groups, crystallinity, and surface morphology were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Due to increasing concerns over antibiotic resistance, the antibacterial potential of the synthesized nanocomposites was evaluated by the disk diffusion method showing a maximum zone of inhibition of 35 ± 0.4 nm against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> at 13 μg/mL. The Ag-ZnO nanocomposites exhibited a notable antioxidant activity, indicating a concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity with a maximum inhibition of 67.3% at 517 nm, compared to 60.12 for ascorbic acid. Furthermore, cytotoxic evaluation against the BT-549 breast cancer cell line revealed a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 6.401 μg/mL. These findings indicate that <i>S. platensis</i>–mediated silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites exhibit promising biological activity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":"46 11","pages":"3814-3828"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation-Dependent Cytotoxic Effects of Commercial and Analytical-Grade Mancozeb in C6 Glial Cells.","authors":"Lavínia Lazzarotti, Felipe Vanz, Karina Giacomini Varela, Viviane Glaser, Diego de Carvalho, Aline Pertile Remor","doi":"10.1002/jat.70214","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jat.70214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mancozeb (MZ) is a widely used dithiocarbamate fungicide composed of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) complexes. Increasing concern has been raised regarding its occupational and human health relevance, particularly due to its neurotoxic potential associated with Mn-related cellular dysfunction. Despite being marketed exclusively as commercial formulations, most toxicological investigations rely on analytical-grade MZ, thereby neglecting the potential contribution of coformulants to toxicity. In this study, we comparatively evaluated the effects of commercial and analytical-grade MZ in C6 astroglioma cells, focusing on cell viability and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Cells were initially exposed to increasing concentrations of the commercial formulation (1-500 μM) for 1, 3, 6, and 24 h to characterize time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. Based on this screening, analytical-grade MZ was subsequently evaluated at selected concentrations corresponding to the onset of cytotoxic effects. Comparative analyses were then performed after 6 h of exposure to a shared concentration range (10-50 μM) to assess formulation-specific effects. Both commercial and analytical-grade MZ induced significant reductions in cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Although both formulations significantly decreased cell viability starting at 20 μM after 6 h relative to control, a concentration-dependent difference between formulations was observed. At 50 μM, the commercial formulation produced a greater reduction in cell viability (~60%) compared to the analytical-grade MZ (~40%), both relative to controls; this difference between formulations was also supported by the two-way ANOVA. In contrast, intracellular ROS levels increased to a similar extent following exposure to both formulations, with no significant differences observed between them. These findings indicate that the enhanced cytotoxicity induced by commercial MZ is not solely explained by oxidative stress, suggesting the contribution of formulation-specific components. Overall, this study underscores the importance of evaluating complete pesticide formulations to achieve a more realistic assessment of toxicological hazard under occupational and human health exposure scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"3542-3549"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13532898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147729067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzyme Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Benzophenone-3 and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide.","authors":"Azra Bozcaarmutlu-Büken, Ahmet Günbür, Canan Sapmaz, Volkan Yıldırım, Hakan Türker","doi":"10.1002/jat.70231","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jat.70231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) are ingredients of personal care products. Despite the frequent occurrence of both compounds in aquatic environments and the fact that fish are exposed to these chemicals together, their combined effects on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant enzyme activities have not been studied in aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the combination of BP-3 and DEET on cytochrome P450 and antioxidant system in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). For this purpose, juvenile male rainbow trout samples were treated with two different doses (100 and 500 μg/L) of BP-3, DEET, and their combinations for 9 days. Low dose BP-3 + DEET administration increased EROD activity. High-dose BP-3 and high dose BP-3 + DEET administration reduced EROD and PROD activities. Glutathione S-transferase activities of treatment groups were not affected by either individual exposure or co-administration of BP-3 and DEET. Individual administration low dose DEET increased catalase activity, whereas high dose BP-3 increased glutathione reductase activity. The results indicated that cytochrome P450 enzyme activities were affected by the combined administration of BP-3 and DEET. These enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of endogenous molecules and environmental pollutants. Accordingly, exposure to BP-3 and DEET mixture may affect the metabolism of endogenous molecules and other pollutants in fish. Alteration of these enzyme activities highlights the toxicity of BP-3 and DEET for fish and the need to improve strategies for monitoring and removing these contaminants from aquatic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"3632-3641"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13532813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147838396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}