Ji-Seong Jeong, Sang-Yun Kim, Jinsoo Lee, Seung-Jin Lee, Onju Ham, Woojin Kim, Wan-Jung Im, Sungman Park, Kyong-Cheol Ko, Jong-Choon Kim, Yong-Bum Kim
{"title":"Fertility and Early Embryonic Development Toxicity of hzVSF-v13 in Sprague-Dawley Rats.","authors":"Ji-Seong Jeong, Sang-Yun Kim, Jinsoo Lee, Seung-Jin Lee, Onju Ham, Woojin Kim, Wan-Jung Im, Sungman Park, Kyong-Cheol Ko, Jong-Choon Kim, Yong-Bum Kim","doi":"10.1002/jat.4898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humanized virus suppressing factor-variant 13 (hzVSF-v13), a monoclonal IgG4 antibody, is a potential therapeutic candidate for COVID-19. Although fertility and embryonic developmental toxicity studies are crucial for the safety evaluation of new drugs, the toxicological profile of hzVSF-v13 remains unexplored. This study was performed to assess its effects on general toxicity, fertility, and early embryonic development in Sprague-Dawley rats administered intravenously once weekly at doses of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. Males received the test article starting 4 weeks before mating and continuing until the day prior to sacrifice, while females were treated beginning 2 weeks prior to mating and continuing through the implantation. No treatment-related effects were observed on general toxicological parameters, including body weight, food consumption, macroscopic findings, or organ weights in both sexes. Additionally, hzVSF-v13 did not affect the mating performance, fertility, sperm analysis, or litter parameters in cesarean section at doses up to 100 mg/kg. Under the experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of hzVSF-v13 for general toxicity, fertility, and early embryonic development was considered to be 100 mg/kg.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kai Wang, Aneela Perveen, Jiakun Shen, Niaz Ali Kaka, Yansen Li, Dan Shen, Chunmei Li
{"title":"Maternal T-2 Mycotoxin Exposure Impairs Liver Function and Growth in Both Dams and Offspring in Mice.","authors":"Kai Wang, Aneela Perveen, Jiakun Shen, Niaz Ali Kaka, Yansen Li, Dan Shen, Chunmei Li","doi":"10.1002/jat.4911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>T-2 mycotoxin is a highly toxic type A trichothecene mycotoxin that widely contaminates livestock feed, posing a serious threat to animal and human health. Long-term exposure can lead to immunosuppression, growth retardation, and liver damage, causing significant economic losses to the livestock industry. Offspring are particularly susceptible to maternal dietary influences during pregnancy and lactation. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of T-2 mycotoxin exposure on both dams and their pups. Thirty pregnant mice were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 10). From gestational day 14 to lactational day 21, the dams received gavage doses of T-2 mycotoxin at concentrations of 0, 0.005, and 0.05 mg/kg/day. Randomly selected one male pup and one female pup from each dam were sacrificed on LD 1, 7, and 21; dams were dosed until the day they were sacrificed. T-2 mycotoxin decreased the relative body/organ weights of the dams and offspring (p < 0.05). Moreover, T-2 mycotoxin-induced oxidative stress in dams and offspring increased the malondialdehyde content, which led to reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity in the serum and liver (p < 0.05). T-2 mycotoxin induced histomorphological changes in the liver and early involution of the mammary gland acini in dams. The concentrations of liver-metabolizing enzymes such as glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase increased in offspring (p < 0.05). The serum insulin-like growth factor-1 level in offspring was decreased, which may impair the development of vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, and spleen in offspring. Consequently, the body weight and length of the offspring of exposed dams decreased. This study revealed that T-2 mycotoxin exposure during late gestation and entire lactation harms dams, damages mammary gland acini, alters liver biochemistry, induces oxidative stress, and delays offspring growth while also impairing maternal weight gain during lactation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The JNK-JAK/STAT Signaling Axis Mediates Lead Exposure-Induced Gut Dysbiosis in Drosophila melanogaster.","authors":"Lijiang Ma, Xiaohan Tian, Ying Li, Jingyi Li, Xingmiao Liu, Zhiguang Yuchi, Yiwen Wang","doi":"10.1002/jat.4909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead (Pb) is a pervasive environmental pollutant that poses significant risks to both microbial communities and host physiology. However, the bidirectional interactions between Pb and insect gut microbiota, as well as the underlying mechanisms by which Pb disturbs microbiota homeostasis, remain poorly understood. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model, this study investigates how Pb exposure affects the gut microbial ecosystem and how intestinal bacteria, in turn, influence Pb metabolism in the host. Among three tested concentrations, 100 mg/L Pb induced the most pronounced dysbiosis, characterized by reduced bacterial abundance and altered community composition, including an increased relative abundance of potential pathogens and a decline in beneficial taxa such as Lactobacillus. Pb exposure also suppressed antimicrobial peptide expression and activated stress-related JNK and JAK/STAT signaling pathways in the gut. Genetic suppression of these pathways restored bacterial abundance, suggesting their involvement in Pb-induced microbial imbalance. Conversely, Pb accumulation levels did not differ significantly between germ-free and conventional flies, although metallothionein expression was significantly upregulated in germ-free flies, indicating a compensatory detoxification response. These findings reveal a novel link between environmental Pb exposure and host-microbiota homeostasis mediated by specific immune signaling pathways. This work highlights important ecological implications for understanding the sublethal effects of heavy metal pollution on terrestrial insect health, with potential relevance for environmental risk assessment and ecosystem management.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Treatment Approach of Oral Acute Toxicity in Domestic Pigeons by Spoiled Drinking Water Exposure to Insecticide Liquid (Phenylpyrazole), Fipronil.","authors":"Zahraa Y Hanoon, Muhi N Salman","doi":"10.1002/jat.4901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fipronil, a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide, is widely used in agriculture and pest control but poses toxicity risks to non-target avian species through environmental contamination, particularly via drinking water. Despite known neurotoxic effects in birds, data on domestic pigeons (Columba livia) and effective clinical interventions remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the acute oral toxicity profile of Fipronil-contaminated drinking water in domestic pigeons and evaluate treatment strategies to mitigate intoxication symptoms. Using the OECD Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test protocol, 48 pigeons were orally exposed to 11.3 mg/kg Fipronil via drinking water. Clinical signs were monitored over 14 days. Therapeutic interventions included oral glucose saline, intravenous glycopyrrolate, and intranasal midazolam. Tissue residues of Fipronil and its sulfone metabolite were quantified in brain and liver samples. Statistical analyses were used to assess clinical progression, residue accumulation, and body weight changes. Exposed pigeons exhibited progressive neurological and gastrointestinal signs, including tremors, convulsions, diarrhea, and vomiting, with no mortality-significant accumulation of Fipronil residues in brain tissue correlated with symptom severity. Treatments effectively alleviated muscarinic and neurotoxic symptoms. Control pigeons remained unaffected. This study elucidates the acute toxicodynamics of Fipronil in domestic pigeons and demonstrates the efficacy of targeted symptomatic treatments, highlighting the environmental risk and need for standardized avian clinical protocols. These findings advance understanding of avian pesticide toxicity and support improved wildlife conservation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Morphological Alterations of the Kidney of Albino Rats Following Oral Administration of Aqueous and Methanolic Leaf Extract of Gongronema latifolium.","authors":"Anulika Obianuju Onyemelukwe, Chijioke Noris Ezinwa, Ihuoma Vivian Iwueke, Nkiruka Millicent Amadi, Adaorah Jennifer Ekoh","doi":"10.1002/jat.4876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The kidneys are powerful chemical factories that function to keep the body stable. This research was carried out to determine the morphological alterations in the kidney tissues upon administration of aqueous and methanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium orally. A total of 15 rats were grouped into five in this manner: Control as Group 1, low dose (280 mg/kg) of the aqueous extract was received by Group 2, Group 3 received a high dose (560 mg/kg) of the aqueous extract, Group 4 received a low dose (150 mg/kg) of the methanolic extract, and Group 5 received a high dose (300 mg/kg) of the methanolic extract of Gongronema latifolium leaf extract. The rats were kept to acclimatize for 2 weeks after which the extracts were given for 21 days. Blood specimens were obtained through the rats' medial canthus of its retro-orbital plexus into a plain tube for biochemical evaluation. The kidney tissues were harvested, fixed in 10% NBF, and processed using the automatic tissue processor to determine the histomorphological changes. Results showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the weights of rats when compared to the control after administration. The relative organ weight and biochemical parameters showed no significant differences. The histological samples revealed mild morphological changes in groups 2, 3 and 4 showing eosinophilic materials in the form of hyaline glomerulopathy with eosinophilic casts, which can be attributed to environmental factors. In conclusion, results obtained in the study have shown a positive effect of Gongronema latifolium leaf extract in the kidney tissues and in weight gain, proving that it maybe safe for consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongguang Lian, Jinfeng Cui, Man Zhao, Zengfang Hao, Lei Lou, Xin Jia, Wei Zhao, Xianghong Zhang, Yuan Wang
{"title":"Ochratoxin A Induces Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition of Human Gastric Epithelium GES-1 Cells via the PKM2-Dependent Glycolytic Metabolism.","authors":"Hongguang Lian, Jinfeng Cui, Man Zhao, Zengfang Hao, Lei Lou, Xin Jia, Wei Zhao, Xianghong Zhang, Yuan Wang","doi":"10.1002/jat.4900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent mycotoxin with well-documented carcinogenic potential, facilitates tumor progression by triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Nevertheless, the precise molecular pathways governing this phenomenon remain elusive. In this investigation, we sought to delineate OTA's involvement in EMT and explore its association with glycolytic metabolism and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) regulation in human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells. Utilizing pharmacological interventions, RNA interference, and comprehensive molecular analyses, we observed that OTA exposure induced a phenotypic shift in GES-1 cells, characterized by a transition from cobblestone-like morphology to spindle-shaped appearance. This morphological transformation correlated with downregulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and concomitant upregulation of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin, collectively confirming EMT induction. The glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) and PKM2 siRNA both significantly reversed these OTA-induced changes, suggesting a critical role for glycolysis and PKM2 in the OTA-mediated EMT process. Mechanistically, 2DG inhibited glycolysis, while PKM2 siRNA disrupted the metabolic reprogramming required for EMT. These findings underscore the importance of glycolytic metabolism and PKM2 in OTA-induced EMT and provide a rationale for targeting these pathways in the treatment of OTA-associated malignancies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hematological Alterations Linked to Occupational Heavy Metal Exposure in Gasoline Station Workers: A Biomonitoring Study From Erbil City.","authors":"Sara Abdulkhaliq Yasin, Zhian Rashid Salih","doi":"10.1002/jat.4899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4899","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This cross-sectional biomonitoring study examines hematological alterations associated with occupational exposure to heavy metals among gasoline station workers in Erbil, Iraq. Seventy-five exposed workers and 25 unexposed controls were assessed. Complete blood counts and concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Fe Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Hg, Pb, and V) in scalp hair and dust were analyzed using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Significant hematological changes were observed in exposed workers compared to controls, including elevated red blood cell (RBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hb) levels, hematocrit (Hct), white blood cell (WBC) counts, neutrophils, platelet numbers, and red cell distribution width (RDW), alongside decreased lymphocyte percentages. These alterations were more pronounced among workers with ≥15 years of service and those aged ≥51 years, reflecting the cumulative impact of long-term exposure and physiological aging. Correlation analyses revealed associations between metals and hematological disruptions, especially in parameters related to erythropoiesis and inflammation. The study highlights a clear exposure-response relationship and underscores the urgent need for regular biomonitoring, improved occupational health measures, and strict control of environmental contaminants in petroleum-related workplaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lead Caused Developmental Cardiotoxicology in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica): Histopathological Injury, Oxidative Stress, Cell Apoptosis, and AMPK-Based Energy Metabolism Disruption.","authors":"Han Qiao, Jun Yang, Gaixia Zhang, Hongfeng Zhao","doi":"10.1002/jat.4903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead (Pb) is a well-known environmental toxin that can accumulate in organisms, especially birds, and cause damage to multiple avian organs and systems, among which the heart is the vital target organ. However, the toxicological impacts of Pb on cardiac tissue remain poorly understood, and the specific molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of chronic Pb exposure on avian heart by using a toxicological model animal-Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). One-week-old quail chicks were exposed to 0, 50, 500, and 1000 ppm Pb concentrations in drinking water for 5 weeks. The results showed Pb exposure lowered body weight and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in the cardiomyocytes of quails. Meanwhile, both microscopic and ultrastructural analyses revealed substantial cardiac tissue damages. In particular, myocardial fiber disarrangement and dissolution were observed. Moreover, mitochondrial swelling, vacuolation, ridge fracture, membrane dissolution, and hyperplasia were also detected. In addition, excessive cardiac oxidative stress caused by Pb exposure can be confirmed by changes in the content and activity of relevant biomarkers. Pb interference also induced abnormal cardiac apoptosis. Moreover, Pb exposure caused glucose and lipid metabolism disorder resulting in insufficient energy supply in the heart through activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. The present study demonstrated that Pb caused cardiotoxicity through structural injury, abnormal apoptosis, oxidative stress, and AMPK signaling activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Xylazine-Adulterated Fentanyl-Induced Brain Toxicity: Mechanism Elucidation via Network Toxicology and Molecular Docking Approaches.","authors":"Ning Wang, Yangchang Ou, Yihan Wang, Zhenqi Huang, Yubo Hu, Shuquan Zhao","doi":"10.1002/jat.4902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Xylazine-adulterated fentanyl (FAAX) is emerging as a public health concern, causing life-threatening brain injuries that account for overdose deaths; however, the underlying mechanisms are far from illustrated. The present study aimed to explore and analyze the molecular mechanisms of FAAX-induced brain toxicity through network toxicology approaches and in vitro validation. 294 potential targets were identified, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis ranked six proteins as core targets, among which JAK2 and PI3K were emphasized. Molecular docking revealed that both fentanyl and xylazine bind JAK2 and PI3K with high affinity. In SH-SY5Y cells treated with FAAX (fentanyl 40 μM, xylazine 160 μM, 24 h), RT-qPCR and Western blotting confirmed marked upregulation of JAK2 and PI3K. Collectively, we determined JAK2 and PI3K as the key targets in FAAX-induced brain toxicity. Our findings not only offer a novel perspective for future research but also provide a foundation for future translational studies aimed at mitigating the neurological consequences of FAAX exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qurat Ul Ain, Moazama Batool, Hafsa Sultan, Jwaher Zulfiqar, Hira Boota, Sundas Kali, Mehwish David
{"title":"Chlorpyrifos and Bifenthrin Induced Histopathological and Biochemical Alterations in Different Organs of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix.","authors":"Qurat Ul Ain, Moazama Batool, Hafsa Sultan, Jwaher Zulfiqar, Hira Boota, Sundas Kali, Mehwish David","doi":"10.1002/jat.4897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4897","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and bifenthrin (BF) are two of the most commonly used pesticides in the agriculture sector, which may accumulate in the environment and cause biotoxicity. The current study was conducted to check the potential toxicity of CPF and BF on Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. The 96 h-LC<sub>50</sub> of CPF, BF, and their mixture were calculated as 11.2 μg/L, 4.7 μg/L, and 0.8 μg/L, respectively. A total of 120 adult fish distributed into 12 aquariums (n = 10 fish/aquarium) weighing 118 ± 5 were used; sublethal concentrations of CPF (3.72 μg/L), BF (1.34 μg/L), and CPF + BF mixture (0.26 μg/L) were administered for 30 days during the experiment. Results showed a decline in antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) in the liver, kidney, and testis of fish in all exposure groups. Whereas the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were increased. Similarly, insecticide exposure caused DNA damage in terms of increased tail length, scattered chromatin with reduced %DNA in the head. Histoarchitectural variations showed more prominent damage in BF and CPF + BF-treated groups. Liver histopathology showed necrosis, macrophage aggregation, and damaged hepatocytes, while in the kidney, tissue hemorrhage and fragmentation of convoluted tubules were evident in treated groups. Additionally, gonadal histopathology showed dilated seminiferous tubules, wider lumen with reduced sperm count in treated groups. Results of the present study suggest that CPF and BF have the potential to cause hepatic, renal, and testicular toxicity in H. molitrix with synergism.</p>","PeriodicalId":15242,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144955587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}