Journal of Central Nervous System Disease最新文献

{"title":"Neurofilament light is associated with clinical outcome and hemorrhagic transformation in moderate to severe ischemic stroke.","authors":"Wanakorn Rattanawong,&nbsp;Tatchaporn Ongphichetmetha,&nbsp;Thiravat Hemachudha,&nbsp;Poosanu Thanapornsangsuth","doi":"10.1177/11795735221147212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735221147212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One possible predictor is the use of biomarkers especially neurofilament light chain (NFL).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To explore whether NFL could predict clinical outcome and hemorrhagic transformation in moderate to severe stroke.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Single center prospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-one moderate to severe ischemic stroke patients were recruited. Blood NFL was obtained from patients at admission (First sample) and 24-96 hours later (Second sample). NFL was analyzed with the ultrasensitive single molecule array (Simoa). Later, we calculated incremental rate NFL (IRN) by changes in NFL per day from baseline. We evaluated National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), modified Rankins score (mRs), and the presence of hemorrhagic transformation (HT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IRN was found to be higher in patients with unfavorable outcome (7.12 vs 24.07, <i>P</i> = .04) as well as Second sample (49.06 vs 71.41, <i>P</i> = .011), while NFL First sample was not significant. IRN had a great correlation with mRS (r = .552, <i>P</i> < .001). Univariate logistic regression model showed OR of IRN and Second sample to be 1.081 (95% CI 1.016-1.149, <i>P</i> = .013) and 1.019 (1.002-1.037, <i>P</i> = .03), respectively. Multiple logistic regression model has shown to be significant. In receiver operating analysis, IRN, Second sample, combined IRN with NIHSS and combined Second sample with NIHSS showed AUC (.744, <i>P</i> = .004; 0.713, <i>P</i> = .01; 0.805, <i>P</i> < .001; 0.803, <i>P</i> < .001, respectively). For HT, First sample and Second sample had significant difference with HT (Z = 2.13, <i>P</i> = .033; Z = 2.487, <i>P</i> = .013, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>NFL was found to correlate and predict clinical outcome. In addition, it was found to correlate with HT.</p>","PeriodicalId":15218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Central Nervous System Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f1/59/10.1177_11795735221147212.PMC9827527.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10529562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurological Phenotypes of <i>IRF2BPL</i> Gene Variants: A Report of Four Novel Variants.","authors":"Dafne Dain Gandelman Horovitz,&nbsp;Maria Angelica de Faria Domingues de Lima,&nbsp;Lais de Carvalho Pires,&nbsp;Abelardo de Queiroz Campos Araujo,&nbsp;Fernando Regla Vargas","doi":"10.1177/11795735231181467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735231181467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>IRF2BPL</i> gene variants have recently been associated to developmental disability and epilepsy in children and movement disorders in adults. So far, only few cases have been reported; here we present four novel cases identified by exome sequencing, while investigating developmental delay, adult-onset cerebellar ataxia or regression.</p>","PeriodicalId":15218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Central Nervous System Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/84/cc/10.1177_11795735231181467.PMC10280516.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10291251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of natalizumab on resting-state connectivity in patients with multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Diogo G Corrêa,&nbsp;Eelco van Duinkerken,&nbsp;João Gabriel D Farinhas,&nbsp;Valéria C Pereira,&nbsp;Emerson L Gasparetto,&nbsp;Soniza V Alves-Leon,&nbsp;Fernanda Cristina R Lopes","doi":"10.1177/11795735231195775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735231195775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Changes in brain connectivity occur in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), even in patients under disease-modifying therapies. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to asses patients treated with disease-modifying therapies, such as natalizumab, can elucidate the mechanisms involved in clinical deterioration in MS.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate differences in resting-state functional connectivity among MS patients treated with natalizumab, MS patients not treated with natalizumab, and controls.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Single-center retrospective cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-three MS patients being treated with natalizumab were retrospectively compared with 23 MS patients who were naïve for natalizumab, and were using first-line medications (interferon-β and/or glatiramer acetate), and 17 gender- and age-matched control subjects. The MS patient groups were also matched for time since diagnosis and hyperintense lesion volume on FLAIR. All participants underwent brain MRI using a 3 Tesla scanner. Independent component analysis and dual regression were used to identify resting-state functional connectivity using the FMRIB Software Library.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In comparison to controls, the MS patients treated with natalizumab presented decreased connectivity in the left orbitofrontal cortex, in the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex network. The patients not treated with natalizumab presented increased connectivity in the secondary visual, sensorimotor, and ventral attention networks in comparison to controls.Compared to patients treated with natalizumab, the patients not using natalizumab presented increased connectivity in the left Heschl's gyrus and in the right superior frontal gyrus in the ventral attention network.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Differences in brain connectivity between MS patients not treated with natalizumab, healthy controls, and patients treated with natalizumab may be secondary to suboptimal neuronal compensation due to prior less efficient treatments, or due to a compensation in response to maladaptive plasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Central Nervous System Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/44/f0/10.1177_11795735231195775.PMC10433731.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10667927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation therapy for pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation: A case series and literature review.","authors":"Cassie Liu,&nbsp;Joseph Carmicheal,&nbsp;Michael J Baine,&nbsp;Chi Zhang","doi":"10.1177/11795735231160036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735231160036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) is a rare, primary tumor of the pineal gland. Due to its rarity, there is no consensus on optimal therapeutic strategies or standard characterization of the tumor's behavior. Here, we report 2 new cases of PPTID and an extensive review of the literature involving the use and extent of radiation therapy. Patient 1 is a 54-year-old male who presented with PPTID and drop metastases in the spinal cord, received cranial spinal irradiation (CSI), and experienced recurrence 3.5 years after treatment. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) helped the patient into remission for 9 months. Patient 2 is a 32-year-old male with a local PPTID at presentation who went on to receive surgical resection followed by focused adjuvant radiation therapy to the pineal tumor bed. He then presented 6 years after treatment with extensive disseminated recurrence and died due to leptomeningeal disease (LMD) about 4 years after recurrence. The available literature on PPTID is limited and reported cases of LMD with ongoing follow-up in PPTID are scarce. Our report adds to the current known PPTID cases, contributing to the information available regarding prognosis and treatment response. Although an optimal therapeutic strategy for PPTID still cannot be determined, data from the literature suggest that utilizing radiation therapy in patients with low-risk disease and gross total resections as well as the use of upfront CSI have the potential to improve patient progression and survival outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Central Nervous System Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ac/97/10.1177_11795735231160036.PMC10026104.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9174566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standard clinical and imaging-based small vessel disease parameters associated with mild stroke versus non-mild stroke.","authors":"Amreen Farooqui,&nbsp;Yoram A Roman Casul,&nbsp;Varun Jain,&nbsp;Nandakumar Nagaraja","doi":"10.1177/11795735231151818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735231151818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mild stroke has variable outcomes, and there is an ongoing debate regarding whether the administration of thrombolytics improves outcomes in this subgroup of stroke patients. Having a better understanding of the features of mild stroke may help identify patients who are at risk of poor outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of clinical and imaging-based small vessel disease features (white matter hyperintensities and cerebral microbleeds) with stroke severity and clinical outcomes in patients with mild stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, mild stroke was defined as a National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score <5. Clinical, laboratory and imaging data were compared between patients with mild stroke versus non-mild stroke (NIHSS≥5). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of mild stroke and poor discharge outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 296 patients included in the study, 131 patients (44%) had mild stroke. On multivariate analysis, patients with mild stroke were three times more likely to have sensory symptoms [odds ratio (OR) = 2.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.2-6.8)] and four times more likely to have stroke due to small vessel disease (OR = 3.7; 95%CI = 1.4-9.9). Among patients with mild stroke, higher age (OR = 1.1; 95%CI = 1.02-1.1), presence of cerebral microbleed (OR = 4.5; 95%CI = 1.5-13.8), vertigo (OR = 7.3; 95%CI = 1.2-45.1) and weakness (OR = 5.0; 95%CI = 1.2-20.3) as presenting symptoms were more likely to have poor discharge outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sensory symptoms and stroke due to small vessel disease are more common in mild stroke than non-mild stroke. Among patients with mild stroke, presence of cerebral microbleeds on imaging and symptoms of muscle weakness are associated with poor discharge outcome. Larger studies are needed to assess the impact of cerebral microbleed on mild stroke outcomes and risk stratify the benefit of thrombolytics in this group.</p>","PeriodicalId":15218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Central Nervous System Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1c/d7/10.1177_11795735231151818.PMC9843637.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9116980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fibrinogen as a Predictor of Early Neurological Deterioration in Acute Ischemic Stroke - Evidence From the Indian Population.","authors":"Vishal Mehta,&nbsp;Akhya Sharma,&nbsp;Divya Jyoti,&nbsp;Rathod Prabhakar,&nbsp;Ritesh Kumar,&nbsp;Rishi T Guria,&nbsp;Chandra B Sharma","doi":"10.1177/11795735231156349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735231156349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Early neurological deterioration (END) is a common occurrence in ischemic stroke and contributes significantly to poor outcomes. Although multiple factors that predict END have already been identified, the role of fibrinogen - a key component of the coagulation pathway, is controversial.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the role of fibrinogen in predicting END and poor hospital outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Single-centre prospective observational study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>141 patients with acute ischemic stroke were analyzed in this prospective observational study from a single tertiary-care hospital in East India. END was defined as a worsening of ≥2 points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) within 7 days of admission. A score of 3-5 on the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), a stroke recurrence event or death during hospital stay was considered poor hospital outcome. We performed univariate analysis using age, sex, body-mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes, NIHSS scores, stroke etiology, blood glucose and lipid parameters and plasma fibrinogen to develop a logistic regression model to establish the independent predictors of END and poor outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Age (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.034 [95% CI 1.001-1.069], <i>P</i> = .046), NIHSS score at admission (OR 1.152 [95% CI 1.070-1.240], <i>P</i> < .001) and fibrinogen (OR 1.011 [95%CI 1.006-1.015], <i>P</i> < .001) were independent predictors of END in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Factors independently associated with poor outcome were NIHSS score at admission (OR 1.257 [95% CI 1.150-1.357], <i>P</i> < .001), fasting plasma glucose (OR 1.007 [95% CI 1.001-1.013], <i>P</i> = .020), and fibrinogen [OR 1.004 [95% CI 1.000-1.007], <i>P</i> = .038).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The significant role of fibrinogen in determining neurological worsening and subsequent poor outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke may help in early prognostication and guided therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Central Nervous System Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a4/02/10.1177_11795735231156349.PMC9909079.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10766275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lidocaine as a potential therapeutic option for super-refractory status epilepticus: A case report.","authors":"Mayu Sugata,&nbsp;Hiroshi Kataoka,&nbsp;Yuto Uchihara,&nbsp;Daisuke Shimada,&nbsp;Kazuaki Atagi,&nbsp;Michitaka Nakamura,&nbsp;Makoto Hara,&nbsp;Makoto Kawahara,&nbsp;Kazuma Sugie","doi":"10.1177/11795735231200740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735231200740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is a rare and devastating condition and the prognosis is often poor, with half to two-thirds of survivors experiencing drug-resistant epilepsy, residual cognitive impairment, or functional disability, and the mortality rate is 16% to 27% for adults. We describe a patient with cryptogenic NORSE and favorable recovery from drug-resistant super-refractory SE after the use of intravenous lidocaine. The patient experienced fever and presented with refractory generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The cause was not found by performing extensive examinations, including cell surface autoantibodies and rat brain immunohistochemistry evaluations. The refractory SE with unresponsiveness to multiple anti-epileptic and prolonged sedative medications, which are necessary for prolonged mechanical ventilation, were ameliorated by additive treatment with intravenous lidocaine initiating at 1 mg/kg/h and maintaining at 2 mg/kg/h for 40 days, which led to freedom from intravenous sedative medication and mechanical ventilation. The patient was able to return to school. Lidocaine may be an optional treatment for cryptogenic NORSE.</p>","PeriodicalId":15218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Central Nervous System Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f9/5c/10.1177_11795735231200740.PMC10492485.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10222494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hippocampal vulnerability to hyperhomocysteinemia worsens pathological outcomes of mild traumatic brain injury in rats.","authors":"Flaubert Tchantchou,&nbsp;Ru-Ching Hsia,&nbsp;Adam Puche,&nbsp;Gary Fiskum","doi":"10.1177/11795735231160025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735231160025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) generally resolves within weeks. However, 15-30% of patients present persistent pathological and neurobehavioral sequelae that negatively affect their quality of life. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) is a neurotoxic condition derived from homocysteine accumulation above 15 μM. HHCY can occur in diverse stressful situations, including those sustained by U.S. active-duty service members on the battlefield or during routine combat practice. Mild-TBI accounts for more than 80% of all TBI cases, and HHCY exists in 5-7% of the general population. We recently reported that moderate HHCY exacerbates mTBI-induced cortical injury pathophysiology, including increased oxidative stress. Several studies have demonstrated hippocampus vulnerability to oxidative stress and its downstream effects on inflammation and cell death.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to assess the deleterious impact of HHCY on mTBI-associated hippocampal pathological changes. We tested the hypothesis that moderate HHCY aggravates mTBI-induced hippocampal pathological changes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HHCY was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with a high methionine dose. Rats were then subjected to mTBI by controlled cortical impact under sustained HHCY. Blood plasma was assessed for homocysteine levels and brain tissue for markers of oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier integrity, and cell death. Endothelial cell ultrastructure was assessed by Electron Microscopy and working memory performance using the Y maze test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HHCY increased the hippocampal expression of nitrotyrosine in astroglial cells and decreased tight junction protein occludin levels associated with the enlargement of the endothelial cell nucleus. Furthermore, HHCY altered the expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins α-ii spectrin hydrolysis, ERK1/2, and AKT phosphorylation, mirrored by exacerbated mTBI-related hippocampal neuronal loss and working memory deficits.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicate that HHCY is an epigenetic factor that modulates mTBI pathological progression in the hippocampus and represents a putative therapeutic target for mitigating such physiological stressors that increase severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Central Nervous System Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/63/97/10.1177_11795735231160025.PMC9996738.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9155757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease and COVID-19: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Omid Mirmosayyeb,&nbsp;Elham Moases Ghaffary,&nbsp;Mohammad S Dehghan,&nbsp;Hamed Ghoshouni,&nbsp;Sara Bagherieh,&nbsp;Mahdi Barzegar,&nbsp;Vahid Shaygannejad","doi":"10.1177/11795735231167869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735231167869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an uncommon neurological disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Numerous neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), acute transverse myelitis (ATM), and MOGAD, have been reported following the COVID-19 infection during the current COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, it has been suggested that patients with MOGAD may be at greater risk for infection (particularly in the current pandemic).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this systematic review, we gathered separately 1) MOGAD cases following COVID-19 infection as well as 2) clinical course of patients with MOGAD infected with COVID-19 based on case reports/series.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>329 articles were collected from 4 databases. These articles were conducted from inception to March 1^st, 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following the screening, exclusion criteria were followed and eventually, 22 studies were included. In 18 studies, a mean ± SD time interval of 18.6 ± 14.9 days was observed between infection with COVID-19 and the onset of MOGAD symptoms. Symptoms were partially or completely recovered in a mean of 67 days of follow-up.Among 4 studies on MOGAD patients, the hospitalization rate was 25%, and 15% of patients were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our systematic review demonstrated that following COVID-19 infection, there is a rare possibility of contracting MOGAD. Moreover, there is no clear consensus on the susceptibility of MOGAD patients to severe COVID-19. However, obtaining deterministic results requires studies with a larger sample size.</p>","PeriodicalId":15218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Central Nervous System Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/92/27/10.1177_11795735231167869.PMC10063869.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9595996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nerve ultrasound reference values in children and adolescents: Echogenicity and influence of anthropometric factors including hand volume.","authors":"Ifirae Yusuf,&nbsp;Hannah Mork,&nbsp;Bernhard Erdlenbruch,&nbsp;Peter Dieter Schellinger,&nbsp;Jörg Philipps","doi":"10.1177/11795735231195778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735231195778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) reference values in high-resolution ultrasound for children and adolescents are influenced by demographic and anthropometric factors such as age, height and weight.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The influence of hand volume as an additional morphometric factor was evaluated and nerve echogenicity was analyzed in a prospective cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CSA were measured in 30 healthy children and adolescents from 2 to 17 years in the median, ulnar, radial, tibial, peroneal and sural nerves. Height, weight, age, handedness and gender were recorded, the volume of the hands was measured using the water displacement method. The intra-nerve CSA variability (INV), left/right ratios and absolute differences were calculated. Age groups were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis test. The influence of demographic factors was analyzed using Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression. Echogenicity and fraction of black were determined for each nerve segment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nerve CSA values were consistently lower than those reported for adults and correlated in all measured nerve sites with age, height, weight and hand volume. Weight showed the highest correlation coefficient (R = .95) with the best fitting model predicting CSA. Correlation coefficients were higher in a linear than in a logarithmic model. Ratios were stable, the absolute differences increased with age and were significantly different between age groups. Most nerves showed a mixed or hypoechogenic pattern in echogenicity analysis, hyperechogenicity is less frequently observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nerve CSA in children and adolescents is lower than in adults and increases proportionally during growth with a constant INV and left/right ratio in different age groups. Weight and age are predominant anthropometric factors predicting nerve size. Hand volume is correlated with nerve size, but does not predict CSA independently. Echogenicity can provide additional information on nerve structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":15218,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Central Nervous System Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c2/3c/10.1177_11795735231195778.PMC10446961.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10651398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}