Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases最新文献

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RESEARCH ON PARASITAR FISH PURITY AND FISH PRODUCTS (ACCORDING TO MATERIALS OF THE AGROCHEMICAL SERVICE) 寄生鱼纯度及鱼产品研究(根据农化服务资料)
Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.4.26-35
R. S. Arakelyan, Yu.B. Salina, A. Kalmykov, V. A. Irdeeva, E.Yu. Shipilova, S. Eremeeva, A. A. Glebova, Regional Drug Dispensary
{"title":"RESEARCH ON PARASITAR FISH PURITY AND FISH PRODUCTS (ACCORDING TO MATERIALS OF THE AGROCHEMICAL SERVICE)","authors":"R. S. Arakelyan, Yu.B. Salina, A. Kalmykov, V. A. Irdeeva, E.Yu. Shipilova, S. Eremeeva, A. A. Glebova, Regional Drug Dispensary","doi":"10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.4.26-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.4.26-35","url":null,"abstract":"dead larva of Anisakis simplex was found in a sample of salmon caviar (chum). In all other cases, the result of parasitological research is negative. Summary. The most frequently positive findings were observed in frozen (34.9%) fish – metacercaria Rossicotrema donicum , Apophallus muehlingi and Posthodiplostomum cuticola and chilled (22.5%) fish-metacercaria Rossicotrema donicum and Apophallus muehlingi . In most cases (97%) in fish in the muscle and subcutaneous tissues were found metacercariae trematodes, dressed with black pigment. Metacercariae A. muehlingi were most often found in cyprinid fish (75.8%), and metacercariae R. donicum – in perch breeds (18.2%); in isolated cases – in pike (0.1%) were found metacercariae P. cuticola . Metacercariae were found in predatory fish (pike perch-15.2% and ASP-12.1%), as well as fish that live at the depth of reservoirs (bream-27.3% and tench-18.2%). The presence of A. simplex larvae in the caviar of salmon fish indicates poor-quality products of this type of canned food.","PeriodicalId":152020,"journal":{"name":"Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129316467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
JUSTIFICATION OF THE MOST INFORMATIVE INDICATORS IN THE SANITARY EVALUATION OF HOUSEHOLD ITEMS IN A MEDICAL INSTITUTION OF STATIONARY TYPE 固定式医疗机构家庭用品卫生评价中信息量最大的指标的论证
Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.2.9-14
N. V. Rusakov, Moscow Environmental Hygiene named A.N.Sysin, A. V. Zagainova, A. Tz, K. Kuznetsova, I. Kurbatova, O. V. Gritsyuk, K. A. Novozhilov, M. M. Aslanova, S. A. Blochina, Z. E. Fedets, I.Yu. Yurina, V. Rakova, T. N. Maksimkina, Gipp Ek
{"title":"JUSTIFICATION OF THE MOST INFORMATIVE INDICATORS IN THE SANITARY EVALUATION OF HOUSEHOLD ITEMS IN A MEDICAL INSTITUTION OF STATIONARY TYPE","authors":"N. V. Rusakov, Moscow Environmental Hygiene named A.N.Sysin, A. V. Zagainova, A. Tz, K. Kuznetsova, I. Kurbatova, O. V. Gritsyuk, K. A. Novozhilov, M. M. Aslanova, S. A. Blochina, Z. E. Fedets, I.Yu. Yurina, V. Rakova, T. N. Maksimkina, Gipp Ek","doi":"10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.2.9-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.2.9-14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":152020,"journal":{"name":"Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115430281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
STRATEGY FOR THE DIAGNOSTICS OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS 不同人群弓形虫病的诊断策略
Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.29-36
D. B. Goncharov, E. Abbazova, V. Kovaleva, B.I. Maracusha, I. V. Titova
{"title":"STRATEGY FOR THE DIAGNOSTICS OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS","authors":"D. B. Goncharov, E. Abbazova, V. Kovaleva, B.I. Maracusha, I. V. Titova","doi":"10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.29-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.29-36","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of laboratory examination of the population with latent and chronic toxoplasmosis has a number of complexities. Therefore, the search for accurate biomarkers of toxoplasmosis to differentiate the stage of invasion development is very important. From the group of 559 persons, the infection of T. gondii was found in 27,9%. It is shown that a person is more often infected in childhood, teenage years and adolescence, which is marked by the presence of IgM antibodies and high levels of IgG antibodies. It was confirmed that IgA antibodies is an effective marker of reactivation of latent toxoplasmosis. The laboratory determination of toxoplasmosis markers showed a significant heterogeneity of the study group in terms of the level of invasion, depending on age, as well as the possibility to identify the stage and duration of the disease, including reactivation. Keyword: toxoplasmosis, antibody detection, latent invasion, reactivation, immunological diagnostics","PeriodicalId":152020,"journal":{"name":"Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125419727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE CURRENT SITUATION ON PARASITIC DISEASES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND WAYS TO SOLVE 俄罗斯联邦寄生虫病的现状:全球挑战和解决办法
Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.33092/0025-8326mp2023.2.3-13
T. F. Stepanova, K. B. Stepanova, I. Bakshtanovskaya, A. A. Shepotkova
{"title":"THE CURRENT SITUATION ON PARASITIC DISEASES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND WAYS TO SOLVE","authors":"T. F. Stepanova, K. B. Stepanova, I. Bakshtanovskaya, A. A. Shepotkova","doi":"10.33092/0025-8326mp2023.2.3-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2023.2.3-13","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides data on the epidemiological situation on parasitic diseases in the Russian Federation in the period from 2010 to 2021. The main trends in the activity of the epidemic process of the five main parasitosis (enterobiasis, giardiasis, ascariasis, opisthorchiasis, diphyllobothriasis) were revealed. Key words: enterobiasis, giardiasis, ascariasis, opisthorchiasis, diphyllobothriasis.","PeriodicalId":152020,"journal":{"name":"Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131920284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE PRACTICE OF A PARASITOLOGIST 寄生虫学家实践中的流行病学研究
Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.3.48-51
A. Baranova, V. Sergiev
{"title":"EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE PRACTICE OF A PARASITOLOGIST","authors":"A. Baranova, V. Sergiev","doi":"10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.3.48-51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.3.48-51","url":null,"abstract":"Введение. Эпидемиологические исследования в науке «Паразитология» и в практике паразитолога означают изучение паразитов и болезней, ими вызываемых, на основе новых фактов для развития новых направлений и оптимизации системы эпидемиологического надзора. Это популяционные исследования на протяжении определенного времени, состоящие из мониторинга и оценки динамики заболеваемости или поражённости населения под воздействием проводимых мероприятий. Указанные два показателя различны: заболеваемость определяют в относительных величинах как число заболевших на 10000 или на 100000 населения (в отношении инфекционных болезней), а поражённость – число выявленных больных с паразитарной патологией среди обследованных лиц. Объективная информация о возникновении, распространении заболеваний, наличии факторов риска среди населения, полученная по данным эпидемиологических исследований, позволяет оценить здоровье населения и определить приоритеты для органов здравоохранения. Начиная с середины XX века, методы эпидемиологических исследований применяли при изучении любых заболеваний инфекционной и неинфекционной природы, которых отличает массовый характер.","PeriodicalId":152020,"journal":{"name":"Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"299 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133305556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
FIRST FINDING OF THE PROBOSCIS WORM MONILIFORMIS MONILIFORMIS (ACANTHOCEPHALA, MONILIFORMIDAE) IN BELARUS AND ITS MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE 在白俄罗斯首次发现长嘴虫moniliformis moniliformis(棘头目,moniliformis)及其医学意义
Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.43-46
V. Shimalov
{"title":"FIRST FINDING OF THE PROBOSCIS WORM MONILIFORMIS MONILIFORMIS (ACANTHOCEPHALA, MONILIFORMIDAE) IN BELARUS AND ITS MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE","authors":"V. Shimalov","doi":"10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.43-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.43-46","url":null,"abstract":"Data on the detection of the proboscis worm Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser, 1811) as the result of the helminthological investigation in 2015–2020 of 535 specimens of small rodents of 8 species inhabiting the banks of drainage channels in the south-west part of Belarus are presented. A brief description of this parasite is given, the owner of which is a stripped field mouse. The first case of finding this helminth in Belarus (Malorita district) indicated. Special attention paid to its medical significance. Key words: proboscis worm, Moniliformis moniliformis, striped field mouse, Malorita district, south-west part of Belarus","PeriodicalId":152020,"journal":{"name":"Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132231496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CHANGES IN PLASMA CELLS OF WHITE RATS UNDER EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH TRICHINELLOSIS 旋毛虫病实验性感染大鼠浆细胞的变化
Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.33092/0025-8326mp2023.2.38-44
S. Movsesyan, R. Petrosyan, M. A. Nikoghosyan, M. Vardanyan, M. Panayotova-Pencheva, A. Demiaszkiewicz, N. Terenina, M. Voronin, T. Malyutina
{"title":"CHANGES IN PLASMA CELLS OF WHITE RATS UNDER EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH TRICHINELLOSIS","authors":"S. Movsesyan, R. Petrosyan, M. A. Nikoghosyan, M. Vardanyan, M. Panayotova-Pencheva, A. Demiaszkiewicz, N. Terenina, M. Voronin, T. Malyutina","doi":"10.33092/0025-8326mp2023.2.38-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2023.2.38-44","url":null,"abstract":"For experimentally infected rats with Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) Railliet, 1895, spleen and bone marrow are shown to play an important role in the host immune responses. We have studied a role of plasma cells in formation of protective responses for experimental Trichinella infection of white rats. It's been established that a degree of immunological transformation directly depended on a stage of Trichinella spiralis in the host. A stimulating effect of Trichinella has been shown at early intestinal and early muscular stages of the parasite's development. In these periods, high levels of blast cells with mitoses and high number of plasma cells were noticed. A suppressive effect of Trichinella at migration stage was accompanied by decrease of proliferation level and numbers of plasma cells, leading to suppression of the host immune response. Also, a sinusoid-like flow of plasmacytic reaction and mitotic activity of spleen cells had been noted. During studies of morphological composition of peripheral blood increase in eosinophils' numbers was noted. This fact may be explained by the migration of Trichinella larvae, which may cause defensive reactions in the host (eosinophils are excreted into blood). Key words: Trichinella spiralis, white rats, bone marrow, tear, defense reactions of the organism.","PeriodicalId":152020,"journal":{"name":"Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116147366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN DIPHYLLOBOTRIOSIS IN THE ASTRAKHAN REGION (BY MATERIAL OF State Healthcare Institution Regional Clinical Infectious Clinical Hospital named A.M. NICHOGI) 阿斯特拉罕地区人叶状螺旋体病的临床和流行病学特征(资料来自国家卫生保健机构、地区临床感染临床医院)NICHOGI)
Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.2.15-19
R. S. Arakelyan, O. Konnova, T. I. Mikhailovskaya, O. Goreva, A. S. Arakelyan, S. N. Stulov, M. V. Litvinenko, Accident
{"title":"CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN DIPHYLLOBOTRIOSIS IN THE ASTRAKHAN REGION (BY MATERIAL OF State Healthcare Institution Regional Clinical Infectious Clinical Hospital named A.M. NICHOGI)","authors":"R. S. Arakelyan, O. Konnova, T. I. Mikhailovskaya, O. Goreva, A. S. Arakelyan, S. N. Stulov, M. V. Litvinenko, Accident","doi":"10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.2.15-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.2.15-19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":152020,"journal":{"name":"Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122382217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE REVIEW OF MOSQUITO FAUNA (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) AS POSSIBLE VECTORS OF DANGEROUSDS DISEASES OF HUMANS 蚊群(双翅目:库蚊科)可能传播人类危险疾病的研究进展
Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.3.3-9
O. L. Vasil’eva, Hygienic, V. Korzikov, E. A. Gabaraeva, A. V. Rogulenko, O. N. Vinnikova, L. V. Ovsjannikova
{"title":"THE REVIEW OF MOSQUITO FAUNA (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) AS POSSIBLE VECTORS OF DANGEROUSDS DISEASES OF HUMANS","authors":"O. L. Vasil’eva, Hygienic, V. Korzikov, E. A. Gabaraeva, A. V. Rogulenko, O. N. Vinnikova, L. V. Ovsjannikova","doi":"10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.3.3-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2019.3.3-9","url":null,"abstract":"групп паразитических членистоногих. Представители семейства Culicidae – переносчики возбудителей малярии, лихорадки Западного Нила, лихорадки денге, лихорадки Зика, карельской лихорадки, лихорадки Тягиня, японского энцефалита, дирофиляриоза и других заболеваний [1-10 и др.]. На территории России, включая Европейскую часть и анализируемую местность, среди сочленов природных экосистем, существуют популяции многих возбудителей болезней опасных для человека. Наблюдения за популяциями резервуарных хозяев и переносчиков этих болезней, прогнозирование изменения ситуации – работа, осуществляемая зоолого-энтомологическими структурами учреждений Роспотребнадзора [11, 12]. ЭнтомолоОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ","PeriodicalId":152020,"journal":{"name":"Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129243955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE IMAGO PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE IN THE DERMACENTOR MARGINATUS (ACARI, IXODIDAE) NATURAL POPULATION IN THE CENTRAL CISCAUCASIA 中高加索地区边缘革螨(蜱螨、伊蚊科)自然种群影像生理年龄的季节变化
Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.3-8
E. Lazarenko, L. Shaposhnikova, N. V. Yermolova
{"title":"SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE IMAGO PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE IN THE DERMACENTOR MARGINATUS (ACARI, IXODIDAE) NATURAL POPULATION IN THE CENTRAL CISCAUCASIA","authors":"E. Lazarenko, L. Shaposhnikova, N. V. Yermolova","doi":"10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.3-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33092/0025-8326mp2021.1.3-8","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the seasonal changes in the age composition (physiological age) of imagoes of Dermacentor marginatus ticks natural populations. To determine the physiological age, we used 1477 hungry imagoes of D. marginatus, collected on a flannel flag, under the conditions of a stationary observation site. During the entire observation period, ticks of the third physiological age prevailed. Wintering imagoes include ticks of third and fourth physiological ages. In April, at the peak of activity, the nucleus of the population is made up of ticks of second and third physiological age. A small part of the population during this period is made up of individuals of fourth physiological age. In May, the percentage of recently activated individuals decreases markedly. In collections of this period, strongly emaciated individuals of fourth physiological age predominate. The summer population of ticks is represented by individuals of the third and fourth physiological ages. Their share is over 90%. Individuals of second physiological age were found by us only in early June and late August. In autumn, the bulk of the population is also represented by individuals of third and fourth physiological ages. Keywords: imagoes, Ixodes ticks, Dermacentor marginatus, Central Ciscaucasia, physiological age, age composition","PeriodicalId":152020,"journal":{"name":"Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123086759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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