ChemRN: Energy Policy (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"African Megacities As Emerging Innovation Ecosystems","authors":"K. Nawrot, C. Juma, J. Donald","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3020109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3020109","url":null,"abstract":"The unprecedented population growth in Africa and its projections followed by a high rate of urbanization are resulting in a growing number of huge urban agglomerations – cities and megacities. That phenomenon creates opportunities for the continent, but it also raises concerns about low levels of development and diminished quality of life among the majority of urban residents. African cities are characterized by overcrowding, poor infrastructure, and limited connectivity to the international economic system. They are essentially underperforming as potential centres of creativity and innovation. This paper argues that despite these challenges, Africa’s emerging megacities can unleash their potential as drivers of economic transformation if they can be viewed and managed less as static administrative regions and more as dynamic innovation ecosystems rather than a collection of discrete geographical enclosures that encroach on each other and neighbouring regions without adequate urban planning.","PeriodicalId":151913,"journal":{"name":"ChemRN: Energy Policy (Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133492683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontario's Green Energy Experience: Sobering Lessons for Sustainable Climate Change Policies","authors":"M. Trebilcock","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3019224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3019224","url":null,"abstract":"After eight years, Ontario’s green energy policies have yielded moderate environmental gains while drastically increasing energy prices, says a new report from the C.D. Howe Institute. In “Ontario’s Green Energy Experience: Sobering Lessons for Sustainable Climate Change Policies” author Michael Trebilcock, prominent law and economics expert, measures the success of the Green Energy and Green Economy Act based on its environmental outcomes, its effects on energy prices, and its impact on employment in the province.","PeriodicalId":151913,"journal":{"name":"ChemRN: Energy Policy (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129235914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value Added in Motion: Macroeconomic Implications of Energy Price Trajectories","authors":"L. Fontagné, J. Fouré, G. Santoni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3044593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3044593","url":null,"abstract":"Taking a 2035 horizon, we examine how world energy consumption and emission patterns will be shaped by the changing demand and technological capabilities of different regions. We combine a convergence model fitting three production factors (capital, labour and energy) and two factor-specific productivities, along with a dynamic CGE model of the world economy. We consider three possible “worlds†with very different energy scarcity, and how Copenhagen pledges change economic agents’ calculus in each of these three situations. We find that the most dramatic changes in terms of location of value added are to be expected from the intrinsic differences among the three considered “worlds†, not so much in terms of economic impact of environmental pledges.","PeriodicalId":151913,"journal":{"name":"ChemRN: Energy Policy (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124095399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Projections and Uncertainties About Climate Change in an Era of Minimal Climate Policies","authors":"W. Nordhaus","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2881947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2881947","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change remains one of the major international environmental challenges facing nations. Up to now, nations have adopted minimal policies to slow climate change. Moreover, there has been no major improvement in emissions trends as of the latest data. The current study uses the updated DICE model to develop new projections of trends and impacts of alternative climate policies. It also presents a new set of estimates of the uncertainties about future climate change and compares the results with those of other integrated assessment models. The study confirms past estimates of likely rapid climate change over the next century if major climate-change policies are not taken. It suggests that it is unlikely that nations can achieve the 2°C target of international agreements, even if ambitious policies are introduced in the near term. The required carbon price needed to achieve current targets has risen over time as policies have been delayed. (JEL Q54, Q58)","PeriodicalId":151913,"journal":{"name":"ChemRN: Energy Policy (Topic)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129321846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Prosumer Households that Much Different? Evidence from Stated Residential Energy Consumption in Germany","authors":"C. Oberst, H. Schmitz, R. Madlener","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3143703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3143703","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper discusses the effect of residential energy prosuming on households' energy consumption behavior with the objective of finding evidence of a ‘prosumer rebound effect’ on energy consumption. Prosuming is the partial self-consumption of distributed energy production. We hypothesize that prosumer households are systematically different from consumer households with regard to housing situation and socio-economic characteristics. We ensure an appropriate quasi-randomized comparison by using propensity score matching as our identification strategy. We employ data from a nationwide online survey among homeowners in Germany. While the data show a correlation between lower energy consumption and prosumer households, we find no significant difference in energy consumption behavior between prosumers and non-prosumers in a comparable sample with regard to socio-economic and housing characteristics. Instead, the lower energy consumption of prosumer households is attributed to more energy-efficient technical equipment and thus to purchasing behavior. Our results do not show evidence of either negative or positive externalities of prosuming on residential energy consumption behavior, and therefore we conclude that there is no need for additional governmental measures, e.g. in the form of taxation or subsidies, to address behavioral changes in energy prosuming.","PeriodicalId":151913,"journal":{"name":"ChemRN: Energy Policy (Topic)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115039421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Effectiveness and Incidence of Renewable Energy Promotion in Germany","authors":"Christoph Boehringer, Florian Landis, Miguel Angel Tovar Reaños","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2910355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2910355","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decade Germany has boosted renewable energy in power production by means of massive subsidies. The flip side are very high electricity prices which raises concerns that the transition cost towards a renewable energy system will be mainly borne by poor households. In this paper, we combine computable general equilibrium and microsimulation analysis to investigate the cost-effectiveness and incidence of Germany's renewable energy promotion. We find that the regressive effects of renewable energy promotion could be attenuated by alternative subsidy financing mechanisms which achieve the same level of electricity generation from renewable energy sources.","PeriodicalId":151913,"journal":{"name":"ChemRN: Energy Policy (Topic)","volume":"7 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120975094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dirty History Versus Clean Expectations: Can Energy Policies Provide Momentum for Growth?","authors":"L. Bretschger, A. Schaefer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2789405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2789405","url":null,"abstract":"We study the impact of economic policy on the importance of history and expectations for the macroeconomic performance of an economy. In our model the energy mix is based on the conversion of heterogeneous energy sources. Markups over marginal costs are endogenous so that the marginal revenue product of capital becomes non-monotonic in capital. We derive multiple steady states and identify regions in which initial conditions are insufficient as a selection criterion for development. In these situations, pure expectations determine the equilibrium selection process which is crucial for long-run performance. Energy policy affects the interplay between history and expectations by shifting the region where expectations matter and by affecting the location of the equilibria in the dirty and the clean economy. We find that taxes and subsidies should be used simultaneously to guide an energy transition. We argue that expectations and momentum effects are important for the energy transition because they decrease policy costs and thus raise political acceptance.","PeriodicalId":151913,"journal":{"name":"ChemRN: Energy Policy (Topic)","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124014716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Fiscal Framework for Offshore Oil and Gas Activities in Romania","authors":"D. Crisan","doi":"10.11575/SPPP.V9I0.42571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11575/SPPP.V9I0.42571","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery in 2012 of a significant natural gas reservoir in the Romanian offshore sector of the Black Sea, followed by other encouraging findings, offers an opportunity for the Romanian government to update the fiscal legislation concerning taxation and royalties for oil and gas activities in order to attract more investment in this vital sector. This study analyses the opportunity of replacing the current revenue-based royalties that apply to all types of oil and gas projects with a resource-rent tax (RRT) in the offshore sector. A RRT is the most efficient way for the government to collect a share of the rents or surplus generated by the exploitation of non-renewable resources. However it can be difficult to implement a RRT for small extraction projects that are hard to monitor. We recommend that the new legislation distinguish between conventional onshore and offshore projects, primarily because offshore production entails larger investment expenditures, higher risks, and longer times to build and then to recover costs, than conventional onshore projects. A resource rent tax (RRT) should be adopted for offshore oil and gas projects because it could provide greater incentives to invest in exploration and development than royalties based on revenues from oil and gas production. Under a resource rent tax, a firm can deduct all of its operating and capital expenditures from its current revenues from a project.  If the operating and capital expenditures exceed current revenues, which will generally be the case in first few years of a project, the firm can carry these expenditures forward at a specified interest rate and deduct them from future revenues.  The base for a resource rent tax is the difference between the present value of the revenue stream from a project and the present value of its operating and capital expenditures or, in other words, the present value of the economic rent generated by the project. The average effective tax and royalty rate (AETRR) is the share of the economic rent generated by a project that is captured by the government through taxes and royalties. The marginal effective tax and royalty rate (METRR) measures in percentage terms the wedge that the tax and royalty system drives between the gross-of-tax rate of return earned by a marginal investment and the net-of-tax rate of return.  The METRR is a measure of the disincentives to invest in oil and gas projects that are created by the tax and royalty system. We estimate that replacing the current 13 per cent royalty with a 45 per cent RRT would maintain the current AETRR and reduce the METRR for exploration and development activities in the Romania offshore sector by more than 12 percentage points, from approximately 18 per cent to less than six per cent, resulting in a significant reduction in the distortions created by the tax and royalty system.  This switch would generate approximately the same, or perhaps even more, revenue for the Romanian government, as our ","PeriodicalId":151913,"journal":{"name":"ChemRN: Energy Policy (Topic)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124646372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Business Cycles","authors":"David Meenagh, P. Minford, Ọ. Oyèkọ́lá","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2719349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2719349","url":null,"abstract":"We find that, when estimated, a two sector computable dynamic stochastic general equilibrium open economy model of the U.S. that formally admits energy into the production process can generate plausible parameter values that can be applied to deal with a broad range of economic issues. As a benchmark, we require that the model fits the data for output, real exchange rate, energy use, and consumption: output because it serves as a measure of a country’s total income,real exchange rate because it serves as a determinant of a country’s relative competitiveness,energy use because it serves as an indicator of special inputs into a country’s production process,and consumption because it serves as a yardstick for evaluating a country’s standard of living. Finally, we argue that this model, with appropriate extensions, some of which we also propose, can help future modelers to tackle other research questions.","PeriodicalId":151913,"journal":{"name":"ChemRN: Energy Policy (Topic)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121923068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"City Gas Distribution Market in India – A Comparative Study on Feasibility of Natural Gas in Ratnagiri, North Goa and Dhar District","authors":"S. Ghandat","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2682649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2682649","url":null,"abstract":"City Gas Distribution is expected to be one of the most growth oriented business in upcoming years. The realization of natural gas as a greener and cleaner fuel is growing. Researchers have identified the basics of the gas distribution system, the infrastructure network which is required to set up, business elements involved in actual distribution of Natural Gas as piped Natural Gas and the safety parameters with respect to pipeline technology and environmental regulations implemented. The salient feature of this project was to concentrate on forecasting demand in the Indian Natural Gas market and evaluating the feasibility of the project. Demand requirement of Natural Gas in different segments like industries, domestic consumers, commercial customers, transport authorities have been surveyed to assess the demand scenario in targeted areas that we have surveyed for.Three locations called “Targeted Areas” have chosen and as Ratnagiri District (Maharashtra State), North Goa District (North Goa State) and Dhar District (Madhya Pradesh State) had been surveyed which has the potential for CGD network establishment.Data regarding the power consumption pattern, type of fuel they for consumption, current costs of each fuel consumed in targeted areas. Data regarding domestic LPG consumption for fuel usage in households, Fuel used by different transportation vehicles as three wheelers and four wheelers only considered and has been collected for data analysis in these targeted areas. Thus demand for NG in domestic, commercial and industrial sector has been calculated and CNG demand in transportation sector has been calculated.","PeriodicalId":151913,"journal":{"name":"ChemRN: Energy Policy (Topic)","volume":"123 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125761631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}