Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Morphometric characteristics of four important fish species from the Rwandan side of Lake Kivu","authors":"A. Nsabimana, Wellars Banzi, Valens Habimana, Colores Uwamariya, D. Mutangana","doi":"10.4314/ejst.v14i3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v14i3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Inland fisheries are important socio-economic resources for rural communities in Africa. In Rwanda, about two million people directly depend on capture fisheries from Lake Kivu. Sustainable fisheries management requires monitoring of population dynamics that help devise effective intervention strategies. However, the relevant data such as length-length and length-weight relationships do not exist for most of the key species in Lake Kivu. The present study generated morphometric and body weight data for Limnothrissa miodon (n=82), Lamprichthys tanganicanus (n=55), Haplochromis vittatus (n=51) and Haplochromis graueri (n=34) from Lake Kivu. Length-weight relationships (W=aLb) were highly significant for all species (p < 0.0001), high adjusted R2 = 78 to 98% of the variance in weight explained by total length. Negative allometric length-weight relationships were found with regression slope (b) values of 2.7 for Limnothrissa miodon, 2.8 for H. graueri, and 2.8 for L. tanganicanus, and positive (b=3.4) for Haplochromis vittatus. Length-length relationships were highly significant for all species (p ≤ 0.0001), except for the relationship between total and caudal length for L. miodon, and total and caudal peduncle length for L. tanganicanus, both not significant at p > 0.05. The highest R2 was for the relationships between total and standard length for H. vittatus, and total and fork length for L. tanganicanus. No description of length-length relationships exists for these species in literature or in FishBase database. The data generated in the current study will be used to assess changes in fish populations over time.","PeriodicalId":151905,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130548869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential pulse stripping voltammetric determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical tablet samples using murexide modified carbon paste electrode","authors":"Y. Yohannes, Mohammed Hajole Erba","doi":"10.4314/ejst.v14i3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v14i3.1","url":null,"abstract":"As an acetyl aniline drug, paracetamol (PA) has antipyretic and analgesic functions, which is suitable for the remedy of fever, headache and joint ache. The murexide modified carbon paste electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and compared with bare carbon paste electrode. In this study, murexide-carbon paste electrode (MXCPE) was described for the differential pulse stripping voltammetric determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical tablet sample. The MXCPE exhibited a better electrocatalytical behavior for the oxidation of PA as evidenced by nearly two folds of current enhancement and a shift of the onset potential by 65 mV in comparison with a bare carbon paste electrode. Differential pulse stripping voltammetry peak currents of PA increased linearly with their concentrations in the ranges of 5-1000 mM with a detection limit of 0.09 mM (S/N = 3). The determination of the analyte in pharmaceutical samples was found in the range 97.6-106.0% of the theoretical values and a recovery result between 94.6 and 96.8% was obtained. For selective determination of PA in the presence of AA was successfully performed.","PeriodicalId":151905,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124474764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by aqueous extract of Dovyalis abyssinica fruit for antibacterial applications","authors":"M. A. Kebede, B. Sitotaw, Kidanemariam Teklay Hilawea","doi":"10.4314/ejst.v14i3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v14i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Green biosynthesis technique was employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Fresh citrus fruit of Dovyalis abyssinica (vernacular name Koshim) tree was extracted by distilled water to obtain phenolic natural compounds that have reducing capacity of metallic ions to the corresponding metallic nanoparticles, in this case, silver ion to silver nanoparticles. The appearance of the UV-Vis absorbance peak at 430 nm and the color change from pale yellow reaction mixture to reddish brown colored product solution have confirmed the formation of AgNPs. FTIR data has also shown the presence of organic components from the plant with the particles that may be used as capping agents to stabilize the formed particles and to control the size. The prepared nanoparticles and the plant extract have shown antibacterial property against E. coli and S. aureus, though the effect of the AgNPs was better than the plant extract. This study contributes for the development of environmentally friendly procedures in the preparation of nanoparticles for medicine, energy or environment.","PeriodicalId":151905,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117057691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, characterization and functional evaluation of gold nanoparticles prepared using Dovyalis abyssinica leaf extracts as reducing and surface capping agent","authors":"Abera Beyene Gebresilassie, Adam Mekonnen Engida","doi":"10.4314/ejst.v14i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v14i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plants and microorganisms is biologically safe, cost effective, and environmentally friendly technology. Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized using aqueous extracts of leaves of Dovyalis abyssinica as reducing and surface capping agent and the catalytic activity, antibacterial action and antioxidant potential of the synthesized AU NPs were evaluated. Firstly, HAuCl4 was synthesized in the laboratory from metallic gold and hydrochloric acid using a predesigned method. Secondly, Au NPs was synthesized by mixing HAuCl4 and the plant extract at 45 oC with a digestion time of 1 h. The size of the nanoparticles was modulated by varying the ratio of the plant extract and HAuCl4 with known concentrations. The synthesized Au NPs showed strong absorption around 540 nm which lies in the characteristic absorption region of Au metal nanoparticles (520–580 nm). The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the synthesized Au NPs showed characteristic crystalline structures of gold. The scanning electron spectroscopy images of the synthesized Au NPS revealed the presence of mixed shapes predominantly of irregular shapes and a particle size analyzer displayed an average size of 63.13 nm. The fourier-transform infrared spectrum of Au NPS confirmed the presence of amine, carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups as surface capping molecules. Although the synthesized Au NPs showed poor bacterial growth inhibition activity on two selected bacteria, it demonstrated excellent free radical scavenging activity against 2, 2-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and good catalytic activity for degrading bromothymol blue and methyl red compounds. In contrast to the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts, the aqueous fraction was identified as powerful reducing fraction for the synthesis of Au NPs in this experiment. ","PeriodicalId":151905,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133176457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth, survival and egg production of exotic chicken breeds under small scale production system in Bahir Dar City Administration, Amhara Region, Ethiopia","authors":"Aderaw Litigebew, Fisseha Moges, D. Kebede","doi":"10.4314/ejst.v14i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v14i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Growth, survival and egg production performance and profitability of exotic chicken breeds were evaluated under small-scale chicken producers in urban and peri-urban areas of Bahir Dar City from 2018 to 2019. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, monitoring and field observation. Thirty-three small-scale chicken enterprises (30 from urban and three from peri-urban areas) were included in this study. All questionnaire data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20. The monitoring data was analyzed with ANOVA using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS version 9.0. The monitoring result revealed that the growth performance of chicken significantly varied with respect to breeds and production systems of producers. Sasso T44 had higher daily body weight gain (10.66 ± 0.03 g) and total body weight gain (1642 ± 5.02 g) within 22 weeks of age in the urban areas. The mean egg production for Bovans Brown at the age of six months was 124.8 ± 4.10 eggs. The annual mean egg production performance of Bovans Brown was 239.63 ± 4.32. The overall mortality rate of all exotic chicken was 6.5%. Despite many constraints, small-scale chicken production was profitable. Seasonal disease outbreaks, shortages of feed and housing problems were the major constraints of small-scale chicken producers. The growth performance and survival rate of exotic chicken was promising, but the egg production was low. Therefore, the management practices of small-scale chicken enterprises in the study area should be improved.","PeriodicalId":151905,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114599713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of processing methods on nutritional composition of improved soybean varieties for soymilk production","authors":"D. H. Mitiku","doi":"10.4314/ejst.v14i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v14i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Value addition efforts in respect of using soybean in various food applications are scarce in Ethiopia. The effect of processing methods was investigated on nutritional composition of improved soybean varieties for soymilk production. The experiment was carried out in a factorial design, improved soybean variety as the first factor (Didessa, Katta and Korme) and processing methods as a second factor of three levels (Illinois, Cornel and Traditional method), replicated three times. The Cornel processing method gave the highest ash content (0.32%) from Korme and the lowest (0.27%) from Didessa and Katta varieties. The highest (2.60%) crude protein content was recorded from Didessa and the lowest (2.13%) from Katta, using Cornel processing methods. The highest carbohydrate content (13.21%) was recorded from Didessa and the lowest (6.87%) from Korme. The highest (75.93 kcal/100 g) energy content was recorded from Didessa and the lowest (51.77 kcal/100 g) from Korme, by Cornell processing method. Generally, Cornel processing method was the best of the three processing methods for improved variety of soybean. From the three varieties of improved soybean, Didessa had higher nutritional composition and could be used in different food product development efforts and can contribute in addressing the food security problems of Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":151905,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121980342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"10.4314/ejst.v12i1.5","authors":"Sisay Tadesse","doi":"10.4314/ejst.v12i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v12i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), as low-cost photovoltaic devices compared to the silicon based solar cells, have received extensive attention recently; although much work is necessary to reach optimal device efficiencies. This paper reports the fabrication and characterization of dye sensitized solar cells using TiO 2 sensitized by eosin-Y. The electrodes, electrolyte (I − ∕I 3 − ), and dyes were assembled into a cell and illuminated by a light with an intensity 100 mWcm -2 to measure the photoelectrochemical parameters of the prepared DSSCs. According to the experimental results, the maximum quantum efficiency appeared at the wavelength of 510 nm with IPCE of 64.2%. The short circuit current density (J SC ), the open circuit voltage (V OC ), and power conversion efficiency (η%) were measured to be 6.4 mAcm -2 , 0.54 V, and 2.2%, respectively. The result of UV-visible absorption and IPCE measurement showed that the IPCE correlated to the absorption spectrum of the active layer. The IPCE and η% obtained in the present work was higher than the values reported earlier for the liquid state electrolyte system indicating that the quasi-solid-state electrolyte could substitute the liquid state.","PeriodicalId":151905,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128233313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and associated factors of anemia among children aged 6 to 59 months in Ethiopia: Evidence from the Ethiopian demographic and health survey","authors":"A. A. Woya, A. K. Tekile","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.22577/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.22577/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Anemia is one of the most widely spread public health problems, especially in developing countries including Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of anemia among children aged 6-59 months in Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study (the Ethiopian Demography and Health Survey 2016) was used as a source of data. Participants were 8385 children aged from 6 to 59 months selected in a two-stage stratified cluster sampling. The level of hemoglobin was determined by HemoCue analyzer. The risk factors of anemia were computed by logistic regression (α=0.05). The result revealed that more than half (57.3%) of children aged 6-59 months were found anemic of which 3.1% had severe anemia, 29.2% had moderate and 25% mild anemia. The anemia status of the children’s mother (OR: 3.01, CI: 0.34, 6.75), living in Somali region (OR: 5.73, CI: 1.86, 17.71), living in rural areas (OR: 1.84, CI: 1.38, 2.83), age of study participants (OR: 0.82, CI: 0.29,1.45) among 24-42 months old children (OR: 0.53, CI: 0.16,1.08) among 43-59 months old children, rich and medium parents (OR: 0.29, CI: 0.20,0.73), smoker mother (OR: 0.02, CI: 0.00, 0.05) were the risk factors of anemia among Ethiopian children aged 6-59 months. The overall prevalence of anemia among Ethiopian children aged 6–59 months was high. It is argued that measures that prevent childhood illnesses and maternal anemia need to be put in place in order to reduce anemia among Ethiopian children.","PeriodicalId":151905,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114457284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing desired number of children among Ethiopian women: Application of count regression models.","authors":"Habitu Liyew Molla, E. K. Muluneh","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.17780/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.17780/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background: Desired family size, the number of children wanted in one’s lifetime, is one of the major factors influencing the population dynamics. Knowledge of factors influencing the desired family size is crucial in regulating the population growth. This study assesses the desired family size and its determinants among Ethiopian women. Methods: The study was based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total of 13,941 women with complete information were considered in the study. Count regression models, a family of generalized linear models, were used to identify determinant factors for the desired number of children among women in Ethiopia. Results: Results showed that the average number of children per women was 4.5. The highest average was recorded in Somali region (10.58) and the lowest in Addis Ababa city administration (3.56). The random intercept negative binomial regression model was found to be the most appropriate model for the data. Women’s age, household head, contraception using, wealth index, women’s education, religion, marital status, husband’s work, family size and age at first marriage were significantly associated with the desired number of children by women at reproductive age. The study also showed that there was significant regional variation in desired number of children among Ethiopian women. Conclusions: Variables such as women’s age and family size were positively associated with the desired number of children by women at reproductive age while age at first marriage, contraception using, wealth index and women’s education were negatively associated with the desired number of children by women. Women who attained higher level of education preferred small family size compared to women with no formal education. Desire for children was high among mothers from rural areas, women in the poorest economic level and woman having no work. Keywords: Desired number of children, statistical weight, EDHS, Count regression models, multilevel analysis.","PeriodicalId":151905,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132641817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial activities of Calpurnia aurea and Ocimum lamiifolium extracts against selected gram positive and gram-negative bacteria","authors":"A. Melese, B. Dobo, Abriham Mikru","doi":"10.4314/EJST.V12I3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJST.V12I3.2","url":null,"abstract":"Indigenous knowledge, literature reports and ethnobotanical records suggest that plants are the basis for medicines. This study was designed to examine in-vitro antibacterial activity of Calpurnia aurea (leaf, bark) and Ocimum lamiifolium (leaf, flower) collected from Wonsho and Shebedino districts of Sidama Zone, southern Ethiopia, with different solvents against three Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria in 2018. The leaf and bark of Calpurnia aurea and leaf and flower of Ocimum lamiifolium were dried, powdered and extracted with 80% acetone, ethanol, methanol and distilled water. Disc diffusion method was used for the antibacterial assay and measuring the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined by broth macrodilution method. The highest percentage yield of crude bioactive agents, i.e., 36.9% was obtained from Ocimum lamiifolium leaf with methanol as a solvent, while the lowest yield 12.6% was obtained from Calpurnia aurea bark with acetone extract. All crude extracts from the different plant parts showed antibacterial activity. Accordingly, Calpurnia aurea bark with methanol extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity 22.64±0.95 (mm) against S. aureus which was comparable to standard antibiotic disc Ciprofloxacin with inhibition zone of 24.00 ±0.19 (mm), while the lowest inhibition of 6.12±0.41 (mm) was recorded from Ocimum lamiifolium flower with water crude extract against P. aeruginosa. The MIC of 3.13mg/ml was observed from methanol crude extract of bark of Calpurina aurea on S. aurea. Crude bark extract of Methanol showed the highest antibacterial activity. The studies revealed that antibacterial activity of the crude extracts from the different parts of the plant were variable when extracted by different solvents, however, possesses good antimicrobial activity which support the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of bacterial infections under study. Finally, to support the traditional users, scientific verification on phytochemical analysis and toxicity test should be carried out to confirm users’ safety.","PeriodicalId":151905,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115473921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}