Jin-Liang Wang, Xue-Qin Yin, Hai-Zhen Wang, Daniel L King, Detlef H Rost
{"title":"The longitudinal associations between internet addiction and ADHD symptoms among adolescents.","authors":"Jin-Liang Wang, Xue-Qin Yin, Hai-Zhen Wang, Daniel L King, Detlef H Rost","doi":"10.1556/2006.2023.00080","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2006.2023.00080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Internet addiction has been linked to ADHD-related symptoms. However, the direction of the relationship and its potential for reciprocal relations is not well understood. This study examined the potential reciprocal relations between the three components of ADHD and Internet addiction, as well as the moderating effects of gender on these relations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a longitudinal design, we collected data of 865 Chinese adolescents across three waves (Mage = 13.78, SD = 1.56 in wave 1), with a time interval of 6 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cross-lagged analyses revealed bidirectional associations between hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity, and Internet addiction over time. Multi-group analyses did not yield any significant gender differences in these relationships.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusions: </strong>These findings enhance our understanding of the complex link between ADHD components and Internet addiction and have implications for interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of Internet addiction and ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","volume":" ","pages":"191-204"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10988408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139417104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nerilee Hing, Alex M T Russell, Catherine Tulloch, Lisa Lole, Matthew Rockloff, Matthew Browne, Hannah Thorne, Philip Newall
{"title":"Feature preferences of sports betting platforms: A discrete choice experiment shows why young bettors prefer smartphones.","authors":"Nerilee Hing, Alex M T Russell, Catherine Tulloch, Lisa Lole, Matthew Rockloff, Matthew Browne, Hannah Thorne, Philip Newall","doi":"10.1556/2006.2023.00073","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2006.2023.00073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Smartphone, computer and land-based betting platforms each have distinctive features. This study examined 1) preferred features of sports betting platforms amongst young adults and 2) whether feature preferences vary with gambling severity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study surveyed 616 Australians aged 18-29 years who bet at-least monthly on sports, esports and/or daily fantasy sports. Participants provided a simple rating of the importance of 24 features of betting platforms and then completed a discrete choice experiment to indicate their preferences amongst different groups of features.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Smartphones were the only platform providing all preferred features. The most important feature was ability to bet instantly 24/7 from any location, followed by electronic financial transactions. Less important features were ability to access betting information online and to bet with multiple operators. Social and privacy features, and access to promotions, did not significantly predict platform choice. The experiment found no significant differences in preferred features by gambling severity group or by gender. The non-experimental descriptive data, however, indicated that participants in the moderate risk/problem gambling categories placed significantly more importance on privacy, ability to place in-play bets, bet with cash, bet with a credit card, see frequent promotions, and bet with multiple operators.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusions: </strong>Most features that bettors prefer can intensify betting. Curtailment of betting promotions, in-play betting, and credit card betting are measures that can assist higher-risk gamblers without unduly affecting other gamblers. Consumer protection tools, including mandatory pre-commitment, need strengthening to help counter the unique risks of smartphone betting.</p>","PeriodicalId":15049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","volume":" ","pages":"134-145"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10988403/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139403007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanqiang Tao, Qihui Tang, Shujian Wang, Xinyuan Zou, Zijuan Ma, Liang Zhang, Gang Liu, Xiangping Liu
{"title":"The impact of long-term online learning on social anxiety and problematic smartphone use symptoms among secondary school students with different levels of fear of missing out: Evidence from a symptom network and longitudinal panel network analysis.","authors":"Yanqiang Tao, Qihui Tang, Shujian Wang, Xinyuan Zou, Zijuan Ma, Liang Zhang, Gang Liu, Xiangping Liu","doi":"10.1556/2006.2023.00081","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2006.2023.00081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The advancement of communication technology and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have led to an increased reliance on online education. However, the effects of the long-term use of smart devices for online learning on students' social anxiety and problematic smartphone use (PSU) and the role of fear of missing out (FoMO) in this process have yet to be fully explored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study analysed longitudinal data from 2,356 high school students (female = 1,137 (48.26%), mean age = 13.84, SD age = 1.37) in China, divided into high- and low-FoMO groups based on their scores on the FoMO scale, to examine the impact of four months of online learning on social anxiety and PSU. The Social Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) were used to assess social anxiety and PSU symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The undirected symptom networks revealed more bridge symptoms among the students in the high-FoMO group, although their overall symptom scores decreased. The results of the directed cross-lagged panel networks showed that \"productivity loss\" predicted other symptoms in the low-FoMO group but that \"afraid of negative evaluation\" was the predictor in the high-FoMO group. Meanwhile, \"withdrawal/escape\" and \"productivity loss\" were the symptoms that were most affected by other symptoms in the high-FoMO and low-FoMO groups, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current study therefore sheds light on the changes in social anxiety and PSU symptoms among secondary school students during long-term online learning, as well as the moderating role of FoMO.</p>","PeriodicalId":15049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","volume":" ","pages":"102-119"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10988399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139417103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ten years of research on the treatments of internet gaming disorder: A scoping review and directions for future research.","authors":"Guang-Heng Dong, Junhong Dai, Marc N Potenza","doi":"10.1556/2006.2023.00071","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2006.2023.00071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been listed in section III of the DSM-5 for approximately 10 years, the study of treatments for IGD remains in early stages. Nonetheless, a summary of findings to date and discussion of future research needs are warranted.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current study reviewed scientific treatment studies with control groups and randomized controlled trials. We summarized the strengths and weaknesses of different treatment strategies and identified gaps in the research literature that may inform the direction of future research efforts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen studies were reviewed. Existing treatment studies may be categorized into cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), pharmacotherapies, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), and others.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CBT is the most widely studied treatment strategy for IGD thus far. Future studies should consider IGD-specific CBT treatment strategies. Medication-based treatment should be implemented with caution. NIBS is promising, and future studies should explore the most efficacious parameters and targets. In addition, studies should consider sex differences in the treatment of IGD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","volume":" ","pages":"51-65"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10988415/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139110976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le Dang, Hong Mian Yang, Marcantonio M Spada, Anise M S Wu
{"title":"A three-wave longitudinal study on the underlying metacognitive mechanism between depression and Internet gaming disorder.","authors":"Le Dang, Hong Mian Yang, Marcantonio M Spada, Anise M S Wu","doi":"10.1556/2006.2023.00072","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2006.2023.00072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and depression have negative consequences on individuals' mental health, but their relationships are complex. This three-wave longitudinal study aimed to detect the metacognitive mechanisms underlying the association between IGD tendency and depression based on the self-regulatory executive function model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 1,243 Chinese undergraduate student gamers (57% female, M = 19.77, SD = 1.29) were recruited at the baseline survey (Wave 1 [W1]), with 622 and 574 of them taking part in the two follow-up surveys (Wave 2 [W2] at 6 and Wave 3 [W3] at 12 months later), respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The three-wave path model demonstrated, after controlling for the autoregressive effect of each variable, that depression consistently predicted IGD tendency but not vice versa, while negative but not positive metacognitions about online gaming (MOG) significantly predicted both depression and IGD tendency. Moreover, two statistically significant mediation paths: (i) negative MOG [W1] → depression [W2] → IGD tendency [W3]; and (ii) depression [W1] → negative MOG [W2] → IGD tendency [W3] were identified.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusions: </strong>These findings extend the understanding of the associations among depression, IGD tendency, and MOG, highlighting how negative MOG has a stronger prospective effect than positive MOG on depression and IGD tendency, and also reveal the mutual mediation effects of depression and negative MOG on IGD tendency. Integrated programmes with both emotional regulation training and Metacognitive Therapy are recommended for IGD treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":15049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","volume":" ","pages":"215-225"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10988406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139110975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel L King, Abel Nogueira-López, Christina R Galanis, Toshitaka Hamamura, Christian Bäcklund, Alessandro Giardina, Joël Billieux, Paul H Delfabbro
{"title":"Reconsidering item response categories in gaming disorder symptoms measurement.","authors":"Daniel L King, Abel Nogueira-López, Christina R Galanis, Toshitaka Hamamura, Christian Bäcklund, Alessandro Giardina, Joël Billieux, Paul H Delfabbro","doi":"10.1556/2006.2023.00070","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2006.2023.00070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gaming disorder (GD) screening often involves self-report survey measures to detect the presence of symptoms. Studies have shown that gamers' responses vary greatly across survey items. Some symptoms, such as preoccupation and tolerance, are frequently reported by highly engaged but non-problematic gamers, and therefore these symptoms are thought to lack specificity and are suggested to be less important in classification decisions. We argue that the influence of response categories (e.g., dichotomous responses, such as 'yes' or 'no'; or frequency categories, such as 'rarely' and 'often') on item responses has been relatively underexplored despite potentially contributing significantly to the psychometric performance of items and scales. In short, the type of item response may be just as important to symptom reporting as the content of survey questions. We propose some practical alternatives to currently used item categories across GD tools. Research should examine the performance of different response categories, including whether certain response categories aid respondents' comprehension and insight, and better capture pathological behaviours and harms.</p>","PeriodicalId":15049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","volume":" ","pages":"873-877"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138477757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distortions in time perception related to videogames, pornography, and TV series exposure: An experimental study in three independent samples.","authors":"Verónica Cervigón-Carrasco, Rafael Ballester-Arnal, Joël Billieux, Beatriz Gil-Juliá, Cristina Giménez-García, Jesús Castro-Calvo","doi":"10.1556/2006.2023.00067","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2006.2023.00067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Time perception is a cognitive process involving both the ability to estimate the duration of an event (time estimation, TE) and the subjective perception of its passage (time passage, TP). Studies show that alteration in TE/TP is associated with substance use disorders. However, little is known about the impact of these alterations in potentially problematic online behaviors. We explore TE and TP while participants were exposed to cues related to videogames, pornography, and TV series, and the relationship of TE and TP with scores from instruments that measure problematic gaming (PG), problematic pornography use (PPU), and problematic binge-watching (BW).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants from three independent samples (40 men from Luxembourg; 99 Spanish men, 111 Spanish women) completed an experimental task designed to assess TE and TP while they were exposed to short clips related to videogames, pornography, TV series, and documentaries (control condition). Participants also completed different self-reports.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Whereas men underestimated the time that they were exposed to pornography and TV series, women overestimated it. For videogames, we showed a consistent pattern of overestimation of time duration. Time was systematically perceived as passing faster while participants were presented with TV series and pornography. Regarding the association between time perception and PG, PPU, and BW, TE did not correlate with any of the indicators of problematic engagement assessed; but TP correlated with several of these indicators.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusions: </strong>The present preliminary results showed mixed evidence regarding the involvement of time perception in gaming, pornography use, and binge-watching.</p>","PeriodicalId":15049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","volume":" ","pages":"938-952"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138477755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neural mechanisms of intertemporal and risky decision-making in individuals with internet use disorder: A perspective from directed functional connectivity.","authors":"Ziyi Li, Wei Zhang, Yunjing Du","doi":"10.1556/2006.2023.00068","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2006.2023.00068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The intertemporal and risk decision-making impairments are vital cognitive mechanisms in internet use disorder (IUD). However, the underlying neural mechanisms for these two decision-making dysfunctions in individuals with IUD remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study employed Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to record changes in blood oxygen concentration in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with IUD during intertemporal and risk decision-making tasks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed that the intertemporal decision-making deficits in IUD group were primarily associated with reduced activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and FC from the left dlPFC to the right dlPFC. On the other hand, risk decision-making impairments were linked to decreased OFC activation and weakened functional connectivity from the left dlPFC to the right dlPFC and OFC.</p><p><strong>Discussions and conslusions: </strong>These results suggested that while there were common neural mechanisms underlying intertemporal and risk decision-making impairments in individuals with IUD, specific neural foundations existed for each type of dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":15049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","volume":" ","pages":"907-919"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138477756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alex M T Russell, Nerilee Hing, Philip Newall, Nancy Greer, Cassandra K Dittman, Hannah Thorne, Matthew Rockloff
{"title":"Order of first-play in simulated versus monetary gambling.","authors":"Alex M T Russell, Nerilee Hing, Philip Newall, Nancy Greer, Cassandra K Dittman, Hannah Thorne, Matthew Rockloff","doi":"10.1556/2006.2023.00069","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2006.2023.00069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Simulated gambling products, like loot boxes and social casino games, contain gambling elements, but are not classified as gambling. They are available to minors, raising concerns about a \"gateway effect\" into gambling. This study examined the time course of young people's engagement in simulated and monetary gambling, and associations between simulated gambling and gambling problems and harm. A necessary, although not sufficient, condition for simulated games leading to real money gambling is that simulated play must come first.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were 1,026 young adults (aged 18-25 years) who played video games in the last year. They reported the age at which they first took part in seven simulated and twelve monetary gambling products, and current gambling problems and harm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>First use of loot boxes and video games with gambling content tended to precede monetary gambling. Forms where gambling is a core gameplay element, such as social casino and demonstration games, tended to follow some monetary gambling forms. Engagement in most simulated gambling products was associated with greater harm from monetary gambling.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings leave open the possibility of a catalyst pathway from youth engagement in loot boxes and games with gambling content to later monetary gambling, but causal psychosocial mechanisms remain unclear. However, a pathway from social casino and demonstration games to monetary gambling appears less likely, which may instead reflect containment or substitution effects. Simulated gambling disproportionately attracts youth who are vulnerable to gambling problems and harm, indicating the need for consumer protection measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":15049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","volume":" ","pages":"992-1005"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786233/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138460043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nerilee Hing, Matthew Browne, Matthew Rockloff, Alex M T Russell, Catherine Tulloch, Lisa Lole, Hannah Thorne, Philip Newall
{"title":"Situational features of smartphone betting are linked to sports betting harm: An ecological momentary assessment study.","authors":"Nerilee Hing, Matthew Browne, Matthew Rockloff, Alex M T Russell, Catherine Tulloch, Lisa Lole, Hannah Thorne, Philip Newall","doi":"10.1556/2006.2023.00065","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2006.2023.00065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Smartphones extend the situational characteristics of sports betting beyond those available with land-based and computer platforms. This study examined 1) the role of situational features and betting platforms in harmful betting behaviours and short-term betting harm, and 2) whether people with more gambling problems have preferred situational features, engage more in harmful betting behaviours, and experience more severe short-term betting harm.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An ecological momentary assessment analysed 1,378 betting sessions on sports, esports or daily fantasy sports, reported by 267 respondents (18-29 years; 50.9% male) over 10 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Factor analysis revealed five situational features of betting sessions: 1) quick, easy access from home, 2) ability to bet anywhere anytime, 3) privacy while betting, 4) greater access to promotions and betting options, and 5) ability to use electronic financial transactions. Regression models underpinned the analyses. Greater short-term betting harm was significantly associated with the ability to bet anywhere anytime, privacy when betting, and greater access to promotions and betting options. Betting sessions when these features were prioritised were more likely to involve impulsive betting, use of betting inducements, and betting with more operators. Respondents with more gambling problems were more likely to prioritise privacy and the ability to bet anywhere anytime; and to bet on in-game events, use promotional inducements, bet with more operators, and report greater betting harm.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusions: </strong>Certain situational features of sports betting are empirically associated with engagement and subsequent harm. Only smartphone betting combines all three features associated with betting harm.</p>","PeriodicalId":15049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","volume":" ","pages":"1006-1018"},"PeriodicalIF":7.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138444741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}