The International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS): A screening tool for clinical and organizational applications validated in 85 cultures from six continents.
Edyta Charzyńska, Aleksandra Buźniak, Stanisław K Czerwiński, Natalia Woropay-Hordziejewicz, Zuzanna Schneider, Toivo Aavik, Mladen Adamowic, Byron G Adams, Sami M Al-Mahjoob, Saad A S Almoshawah, Jim Arrowsmith, Stephen Asatsa, Stéphanie Austin, Shahnaz Aziz, Arnold B Bakker, Cristian Balducci, Eduardo Barros, Sergiu Bălțătescu, Dana Bdier, Nitesh Bhatia, Snezana Bilic, Diana Boer, Avner Caspi, Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon, Connie I M Chan, Chung-Jen Chien, Hoon-Seok Choi, Rajneesh Choubisa, Marilyn Clark, ĐorĐe Čekrlija, Zsolt Demetrovics, Eglantina Dervishi, Piyanjali de Zoysa, Alejandra Del Carmen Domínguez Espinosa, Sonya Dragova-Koleva, Vasiliki Efstathiou, Maria Eugenia Fernandez, Claude Fernet, Hesham F Gadelrab, Vladimer Gamsakhurdia, Ragna Benedikta Garðarsdóttir, Luis Eduardo Garrido, Nicolas Gillet, Sónia P Gonçalves, Mark D Griffiths, Naira Rafik Hakobyan, Fatimah Wati Halim, Michel Hansenne, Bashar Banwan Hasan, Mari Herttalampi, Clifford K Hlatywayo, Ivana Hromatko, Eric Raymond Igou, Dzintra Iliško, Ulker Isayeva, Hussein Nabil Ismail, Dorthe Høj Jensen, Paul Kakupa, Shanmukh Kamble, Ahmed Kerriche, Bettina Kubicek, Nuworza Kugbey, Bernadette Kun, J Hannah Lee, Elena Lisá, Yanina Lisun, María Laura Lupano Perugini, Francesco Marcatto, Biljana Maslovarić, Koorosh Massoudi, Tracy A McFarlane, Samson John Mgaiwa, Seyyed Taha Moosavi Jahanabad, Rodrigo Moreta-Herrera, Hang Thi Minh Nguyen, Yohsuke Ohtsubo, Tuğba Özsoy, Kjell Ivar Øvergård, Ståle Pallesen, Jane Parker, Nejc Plohl, Halley M Pontes, Rachael Potter, Alan Roe, Adil Samekin, Marion K Schulmeyer, Telman Z Seisembekov, María José Serrano-Fernández, Ghada Shahrour, Jelena Sladojević Matić, Rosita Sobhie, Paola Spagnoli, Joana Story, Mark J M Sullman, Liliya Sultanova, Ruimei Sun, Angela Oktavia Suryani, Steve Sussman, Mendiola Teng-Calleja, Julio Torales, Germano Vera Cruz, Anise M S Wu, Xue Yang, Katerina Zabrodska, Arunas Ziedelis, Paweł A Atroszko
{"title":"The International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS): A screening tool for clinical and organizational applications validated in 85 cultures from six continents.","authors":"Edyta Charzyńska, Aleksandra Buźniak, Stanisław K Czerwiński, Natalia Woropay-Hordziejewicz, Zuzanna Schneider, Toivo Aavik, Mladen Adamowic, Byron G Adams, Sami M Al-Mahjoob, Saad A S Almoshawah, Jim Arrowsmith, Stephen Asatsa, Stéphanie Austin, Shahnaz Aziz, Arnold B Bakker, Cristian Balducci, Eduardo Barros, Sergiu Bălțătescu, Dana Bdier, Nitesh Bhatia, Snezana Bilic, Diana Boer, Avner Caspi, Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon, Connie I M Chan, Chung-Jen Chien, Hoon-Seok Choi, Rajneesh Choubisa, Marilyn Clark, ĐorĐe Čekrlija, Zsolt Demetrovics, Eglantina Dervishi, Piyanjali de Zoysa, Alejandra Del Carmen Domínguez Espinosa, Sonya Dragova-Koleva, Vasiliki Efstathiou, Maria Eugenia Fernandez, Claude Fernet, Hesham F Gadelrab, Vladimer Gamsakhurdia, Ragna Benedikta Garðarsdóttir, Luis Eduardo Garrido, Nicolas Gillet, Sónia P Gonçalves, Mark D Griffiths, Naira Rafik Hakobyan, Fatimah Wati Halim, Michel Hansenne, Bashar Banwan Hasan, Mari Herttalampi, Clifford K Hlatywayo, Ivana Hromatko, Eric Raymond Igou, Dzintra Iliško, Ulker Isayeva, Hussein Nabil Ismail, Dorthe Høj Jensen, Paul Kakupa, Shanmukh Kamble, Ahmed Kerriche, Bettina Kubicek, Nuworza Kugbey, Bernadette Kun, J Hannah Lee, Elena Lisá, Yanina Lisun, María Laura Lupano Perugini, Francesco Marcatto, Biljana Maslovarić, Koorosh Massoudi, Tracy A McFarlane, Samson John Mgaiwa, Seyyed Taha Moosavi Jahanabad, Rodrigo Moreta-Herrera, Hang Thi Minh Nguyen, Yohsuke Ohtsubo, Tuğba Özsoy, Kjell Ivar Øvergård, Ståle Pallesen, Jane Parker, Nejc Plohl, Halley M Pontes, Rachael Potter, Alan Roe, Adil Samekin, Marion K Schulmeyer, Telman Z Seisembekov, María José Serrano-Fernández, Ghada Shahrour, Jelena Sladojević Matić, Rosita Sobhie, Paola Spagnoli, Joana Story, Mark J M Sullman, Liliya Sultanova, Ruimei Sun, Angela Oktavia Suryani, Steve Sussman, Mendiola Teng-Calleja, Julio Torales, Germano Vera Cruz, Anise M S Wu, Xue Yang, Katerina Zabrodska, Arunas Ziedelis, Paweł A Atroszko","doi":"10.1556/2006.2025.00005","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Despite the last decade's significant development in the scientific study of work addiction/workaholism, this area of research is still facing a fundamental challenge, namely the need for a valid and reliable measurement tool that shows cross-cultural invariance and, as such, allows for worldwide studies on this phenomenon.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An initial 16-item questionnaire, developed within an addiction framework, was administered alongside job stress, job satisfaction, and self-esteem measures in a total sample of 31,352 employees from six continents and 85 cultures (63.5% females, mean age of 39.24 years).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on theoretical premises and psychometric testing, the International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS) was developed as a short measure representing essential features of work addiction. The seven-item version (IWAS-7), covering all seven components of work addiction, showed partial scalar invariance across 81 cultures, while the five-item version (IWAS-5) showed it across all 85 cultures. Higher levels of work addiction on both versions were associated with higher job stress, lower job satisfaction, and lower self-esteem across cultures. The optimal cut-offs for the IWAS-7 (24 points) and IWAS-5 (18 points) were established with an overall accuracy of 96% for both versions.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusions: </strong>The IWAS is a valid, reliable, and short screening scale that can be used in different cultures and languages, providing comparative and generalizable results. The scale can be used globally in clinical and organizational settings, with the IWAS-5 being recommended for most practical and clinical situations. This is the first study to provide data supporting the hypothesis that work addiction is a universal phenomenon worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":15049,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Behavioral Addictions","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2025.00005","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PSYCHIATRY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background and aims: Despite the last decade's significant development in the scientific study of work addiction/workaholism, this area of research is still facing a fundamental challenge, namely the need for a valid and reliable measurement tool that shows cross-cultural invariance and, as such, allows for worldwide studies on this phenomenon.
Methods: An initial 16-item questionnaire, developed within an addiction framework, was administered alongside job stress, job satisfaction, and self-esteem measures in a total sample of 31,352 employees from six continents and 85 cultures (63.5% females, mean age of 39.24 years).
Results: Based on theoretical premises and psychometric testing, the International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS) was developed as a short measure representing essential features of work addiction. The seven-item version (IWAS-7), covering all seven components of work addiction, showed partial scalar invariance across 81 cultures, while the five-item version (IWAS-5) showed it across all 85 cultures. Higher levels of work addiction on both versions were associated with higher job stress, lower job satisfaction, and lower self-esteem across cultures. The optimal cut-offs for the IWAS-7 (24 points) and IWAS-5 (18 points) were established with an overall accuracy of 96% for both versions.
Discussion and conclusions: The IWAS is a valid, reliable, and short screening scale that can be used in different cultures and languages, providing comparative and generalizable results. The scale can be used globally in clinical and organizational settings, with the IWAS-5 being recommended for most practical and clinical situations. This is the first study to provide data supporting the hypothesis that work addiction is a universal phenomenon worldwide.
期刊介绍：
The aim of Journal of Behavioral Addictions is to create a forum for the scientific information exchange with regard to behavioral addictions. The journal is a broad focused interdisciplinary one that publishes manuscripts on different approaches of non-substance addictions, research reports focusing on the addictive patterns of various behaviors, especially disorders of the impulsive-compulsive spectrum, and also publishes reviews in these topics. Coverage ranges from genetic and neurobiological research through psychological and clinical psychiatric approaches to epidemiological, sociological and anthropological aspects.
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