Journal of Aging Research最新文献

{"title":"The Connections between Attitudes towards Nursing Home Placement, Intergenerational Solidarity, and the Conflict between Tradition and Modernity among Three Generations of Arab Muslim Families in Israel.","authors":"Pnina Ron","doi":"10.1155/2021/6148980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6148980","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The goal of this study was to examine three generations of Arab Muslims in Israel, to investigate the relationships between their attitudes regarding the placement of an older relative in a nursing home, intergenerational solidarity, and to ultimately proceed with the nursing home placement. The backdrop to this examination was the increasing sociocultural tension between modernization tendencies and the long-established traditions and norms in the Arab Muslim society in Israel. The sample included a total of 126 university students, as well as one parent and one grandparent of each student. All participants completed identical questionnaires examining the attitudes towards the nursing home placement of an elder relative. The findings of the study indicate a strong objection among the youngest generation, whose attitudes were more similar to those of their grandparents than to those of their parents. Psychosocial mechanisms in the Arab Muslim population, such as intergenerational solidarity, has been the subject of increased scrutiny and debate over recent years, given the intensive pace of modern developments, which has called into question the familiar norms, thus constituting a threat to the tradition that has guided the population throughout numerous centuries and generations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14933,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aging Research","volume":"2021 ","pages":"6148980"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8405315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39377101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban-Rural Dimension of Falls and Associated Risk Factors among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in West Java, Indonesia.","authors":"Susiana Nugraha, Sabarinah Prasetyo, Indri Hapsari Susilowati, Tri Budi W Rahardjo","doi":"10.1155/2021/8638170","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/8638170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Falls are one of the common problems among older adults; it is estimated that 684,000 fatal cases of falls occur every year. Furthermore, falls constitute one of the leading causes of mortality due to accidental injury. This study aims to identify the risk factors for falls in the older adults who live in the community, according to the dimensions of the living area: in urban and rural. The proportional sampling method was used to identify the rural and urban areas in West Java Prefecture; meanwhile, the incidence of fall in the last 12 months was selected as the outcome variable. Furthermore, sociodemographic background, chronic medical condition, fear of falling, visual and hearing impairments, Activity of Daily Living (ADL), Barthel index, physical performance (Short Performance Physical Battery (SPPB)), and living environment were analyzed to identify the risk factors that contribute to the incidence of falls. A total of 611 older adults participated in this study: 62% of them are living in rural area and 38% of them are living urban areas. More than 70% of study participants were aged 60-69 years, while 73% were females. There is no significant difference in fall prevalence in rural (16.5%) and urban (10.7%) areas (<i>p</i> value = 0.228). Furthermore, the multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the male gender (OR = 0.29, 95%CI [0.09-0.88]), chronic illness (OR = 3.25, 95%CI [1.24-8.53]), and visual impairment (OR = 3.6, 95%CI [1.52-8.54]) were associated with fall among older adults in urban areas. Meanwhile, visual impairment (OR = 1.81, 95%CI [1.03-3.18]) and living environment (OR = 3.36, 95% CI [1.14-9.93]) were significantly associated with falls in rural areas. Based on the associated risk factors identified in this study, a different approach is needed to reduce the falling risk among older adults in urban and rural areas in Indonesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":14933,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aging Research","volume":"2021 ","pages":"8638170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39380583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depression in the Iranian Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Hedayat Jafari,&nbsp;Dariush Ghasemi-Semeskandeh,&nbsp;Amir Hossein Goudarzian,&nbsp;Tahereh Heidari,&nbsp;Azar Jafari-Koulaee","doi":"10.1155/2021/9305624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9305624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Depression can lead to increased medical costs, impaired individual and social functioning, nonadherence to therapeutic proceeding, and even suicide and ultimately affect quality of life. It is important to know the extent of its prevalence for successful planning in this regard. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of depression in the Iranian elderly. This systematic review and meta-analysis study was done through Medline via PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, ProQuest, SID, Embase, and Magiran with determined keywords. Screening was done on the basis of relevance to the purpose of the study, titles, abstracts, full text, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa standard scale. After primary and secondary screening, 30 articles were finally included in the study. According to the 30 articles reviewed, the prevalence of depression in the Iranian elderly was 52 percent based on the random-effects model (CI 95%: 46-58). According to the results of the present study, depression in the Iranian elderly was moderate to high. Therefore, more exact assessment in terms of depression screening in elderly people seems necessary. Coherent and systematic programs, including psychosocial empowerment counselling for the elderly and workshops for their families, are also needed. Researchers can also use the results of this study for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":14933,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aging Research","volume":"2021 ","pages":"9305624"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8382523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39344297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test-Retest Reliability of Low-Cost Posturography for Assessing Postural Stability Control Performance during Standing.","authors":"Sumet Heamawatanachai,&nbsp;Witawit Wiriyasakunphan,&nbsp;Kanokwan Srisupornkornkool,&nbsp;Chaiyong Jorrakate","doi":"10.1155/2021/9233453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9233453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postural stability control performance assessment is necessary in providing important information for individuals who are at risk of falling or who have balance impairment. Instrumented assessment is suggested as a valid and reliable test, but the cost and the difficulty of setup are significant limitations. The aim of this cross-sectional (test-retest reliability) study was to develop and determine the reliability of a low-cost posturography for assessing postural stability control performance during standing. The low-cost posturography was developed with four load cells and an acrylic platform. The center of pressure (COP) displacement and velocity were analyzed using written software. Test-retest reliability was performed with six different standing postural stability tests in twenty healthy volunteers on two different days. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), coefficient of variation (CV), and Bland-Altman plot and limits of agreements (LOA) were used for analyses. The low-cost posturography was accurate (ICC = 0.99, <i>p</i> < 0.001; SEM = 0.003 cm) when compared to the true with calculated <i>X</i> and <i>Y</i> coordinates, with a moderate to excellent test-retest reliability for both COP displacement (ICCs ranged 0.62-0.91, <i>p</i> < 0.05; SEMs ranged 17.92-25.77%) and COP velocity (ICCs ranged 0.62-0.91, <i>p</i> < 0.05; SEMs ranged 18.09-27.69%) in all standing postural stability tests. Bland-Altman plots and LOAs suggested good agreement of tested parameters from the developed low-cost posturography between different days. In conclusion, the developed low-cost posturography had adequate reliability for assessing COP displacement and velocity during standing postural control stability performance tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":14933,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aging Research","volume":"2021 ","pages":"9233453"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8360721/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39325112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Exercise and Learning Therapy on Cognitive Functions and Physical Activity of Older People with Dementia in Indonesia.","authors":"Neti Juniarti,&nbsp;Ihda Al'Adawiyah Mz,&nbsp;Citra Windani Mambang Sari,&nbsp;Hartiah Haroen","doi":"10.1155/2021/6647029","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/6647029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to analyze the effect of exercise and learning therapy on the cognitive functions and daily physical activities of older people with dementia in Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was an experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. Samples were selected using nonrandom sampling methods and were then randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The study population was older people with mild-to-moderate dementia, and the sample number was 90 people. The intervention group received an Indonesian physical exercise program for older people and reading therapy through 12 sessions over four weeks. The intervention was led by a community health volunteer who has been trained and certified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean score for cognitive function in the intervention group showed significant increase between pre- and postintervention, with <i>p</i> value < 0.001, and there was no significant difference in the control group before and after intervention, with a<i>p</i> value of 0.198. Further, the Mann-Whitney test showed that there were significant differences in the mean scores for cognitive function between the intervention and control groups with <i>p</i> value < 0.001 and a 95% confidence level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the results, the Indonesian older people exercise program and reading aloud activity had a positive effect on the cognitive function of older people with dementia.</p>","PeriodicalId":14933,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aging Research","volume":"2021 ","pages":"6647029"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8357522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39325111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Effects of Low- and High-Speed Resistance Exercise on Cognitive Function in Frail Older Nursing-Home Residents: A Randomized Crossover Study.","authors":"Hélio J Coelho-Júnior,&nbsp;Samuel da Silva Aguiar,&nbsp;Riccardo Calvani,&nbsp;Anna Picca,&nbsp;Denise de Azevedo Carvalho,&nbsp;Juliana da Costa Zwarg-Sá,&nbsp;Michel Audiffren,&nbsp;Emanuele Marzetti,&nbsp;Marco Carlos Uchida","doi":"10.1155/2021/9912339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9912339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The present study investigated the acute effects of low- and high-speed resistance exercise on the cognitive function of frail older women living in nursing home.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Ten institutionalized frail older women were recruited. Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Stroop test were performed before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 24 h after the end of the experimental session. Participants randomly performed low- and high-speed resistance exercise and a control session. Exercise sessions were composed of 4 resistance exercises with 4-8 sets of 4-10 repetitions at moderate intensity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated that the performance of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test was similarly increased immediately after both low- and high-speed resistance exercises. However, only improvements elicited by low-speed resistance exercise remained significant 1 h after the end of the exercise session. No acute effects of resistance exercise were observed on Stroop performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicated that both low- and high-speed resistance exercises acutely increased episodic memory in frail older women, whereas no changes on Stroop were observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14933,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aging Research","volume":"2021 ","pages":"9912339"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8356002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39325113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Nutrients Intake for a Group of Jordanian Older Adults with Sarcopenia Syndrome in Amman: An Explorative and Pilot Study.","authors":"Sarah Ziad Al-Majali,&nbsp;Hadeel Ali Ghazzawi,&nbsp;Adam Tawfiq Amawi","doi":"10.1155/2021/6641967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6641967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Sarcopenia is an age-related syndrome that is characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. This study was performed in order to evaluate nutrients intake and physical activity level and to investigate the effect of sarcopenia syndrome on food intake for a group of Jordanian older adults with sarcopenia syndrome in Amman. <i>Methodology</i>. The study sample consisted of 25 nonsarcopenic people and 25 sarcopenic patients aged over 60 years old with a male to female ratio of 1 : 1. A special questionnaire was used to collect demographic data, health data, data about syndrome characteristics, nutritional assessment, and physical activity level. A 24-hour recall was also used to collect food intake data. Body weight, height, and skinfold thicknesses were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean of the sarcopenic patients' age was 77.5 ± 6.9 years, and the mean of the weight was significantly lower in sarcopenic patients than the nonsarcopenic people. In this study, all macronutrients and micronutrients from dietary intake information were analyzed. Vitamin intake (water- and fat-soluble), as well as minerals (major and trace), amino acids, and essential fatty acids, was assessed. The mean intake of energy and carbohydrates, fat, and dietary fiber was lower than their recommendations, while the mean intake of protein was within the range of its recommendations in the sarcopenia group. The mean of the intake of omega 3 and omega 6 was below their recommendations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It could be concluded that sarcopenic older patients in Jordan have similar characteristics with patients studied worldwide with regard to age of patients, female to male ratio, and main symptoms. Sarcopenic older patients in Jordan generally have lower weight and BF% than nonsarcopenic adults and have inadequate dietary intake compared to their recommendations and compared to nonsarcopenic older adults. Therefore, the diet of sarcopenic patients needs modification and follow-up. The level of physical activity and daily living activities for sarcopenic older patients is lower than that of nonsarcopenic older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":14933,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aging Research","volume":"2021 ","pages":"6641967"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8310440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39265509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reductions in Muscle Strength and Range of Motion Cause Locomotion Disability via Locomotion-Related Functional Limitation in Japanese Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Hungu Jung,&nbsp;Shigeharu Tanaka,&nbsp;Yuji Iwamoto,&nbsp;Takashi Kawano,&nbsp;Masahiro Yamasaki,&nbsp;Ryo Tanaka","doi":"10.1155/2021/6627767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6627767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Functional issues (impairments, functional limitations, and disabilities) gradually occur with age. Nonetheless, maintaining physical capability may help prevent locomotion disabilities at an older age. The present study aimed to determine whether reductions in muscle strength and range of motion (ROM) cause locomotion disability via locomotion-related functional limitations among healthy older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from a total of 144 participants (61 men, 83 women) were analyzed. To assess locomotion disability, the locomotor domain of the activities of daily living (ADLs) survey from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan was used. Muscle strength (grip strength) and two ROMs (hip flexion and knee flexion) were measured. To measure locomotion-related functional limitations, participants underwent a 10 m hurdle walking test and side-step test. Thereafter, path analysis was conducted for testing the hypothetical model. The goodness of fit in the model was assessed using statistical parameters, such as the chi-square value, goodness of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI), comparative fit index (CFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis revealed a nonsignificant chi-square value (chi-square = 41.885; <i>p</i>=0.113), as well as high values of GFI (0.944), AGFI (0.904), CFI (0.970), and RMSEA (0.046), indicating that locomotion disability was caused by locomotion-related functional limitations, which were influenced by muscle strength and ROM.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study demonstrated that decreased muscle strength and ROM caused locomotion disability via locomotion-related functional limitations. Older adults should participate in physical exercise programs that focus on strengthening muscles and improving ROM to counteract age-related locomotion disability.</p>","PeriodicalId":14933,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aging Research","volume":"2021 ","pages":"6627767"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8282387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39224488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aged Persons Living with HIV and Nutritional Wellness: Analysis of 2013 South Africa-SAGE Well-Being of Older People Study (WOPS) Wave 2.","authors":"Joseph Kojo Oduro, Kwaku Kissah-Korsah","doi":"10.1155/2021/6635814","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/6635814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study sought to examine the nutritional wellness among aged persons living with HIV in Somkhele, South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were extracted from the 2013 South Africa-SAGE Well-Being of Older People Study (WOPS) Wave 2. The study sampled 440 aged persons (50 years and above). The proportion of the aged persons with high nutritional wellness by key covariates was reported with chi-square and <i>p</i>-values (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Two-level binary logistic regression models were fitted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results show that there were more aged women (79.8%) than men (20.2%) and the younger old (50-64) dominated (65.7%) in the ages, among the respondents. A higher percent of the aged persons were widows (39.5%) and had no formal education (46.1%). Six in 10 aged persons were HIV infected (59.5%). Percentage distribution of men with high nutrition was higher (78.7%). Regression results show that having nutritional wellness was low for aged persons who were infected by HIV (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.69, 1.26) when compared to those who were not infected. Regarding ages of respondents, having high nutritional wellness was higher for young old (65-74 years) (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.65, 2.25) compared to younger old (50-64 years).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that age, education, source of drinking water, household source of income, and financial situation are important for nutritional wellness of aged persons who are HIV infected in South Africa. Moreover, having HIV infection is associated with low nutritional wellness. Being a young old (65-74 years) and receiving government grants and with better financial situation is associated with high nutritional wellness. Stakeholders and agencies who have interest in aged persons affected by HIV must understand the socioeconomic status in relation to their nutritional wellness. The results are of great importance to ageing policies, specifically in health and nutrition.</p>","PeriodicalId":14933,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aging Research","volume":"2021 ","pages":"6635814"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39181846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Performance in Older Cohorts: A Comparison of 81-Year-Old Swedish Men and Women Born Twelve Years Apart-Results from the Swedish Study \"Good Aging in Skåne\".","authors":"Henrik Ekström,&nbsp;Sölve Elmståhl,&nbsp;Lena Sandin Wranker","doi":"10.1155/2021/8813992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8813992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Birth cohorts of both sexes drawn from the Swedish study \"Good Aging in Skåne\" for the years 1920-22 and 1932-34 were compared. Walking, the step test, the chair stand test, and the handgrip strength test were used as proxies for the physical performance. The results were adjusted for lifestyle habits and common chronic geriatric diseases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both men and women in the later-born cohort walked more quickly and completed the chair stand test faster, and women were also quicker in the step test. No significant differences were found in the grip test, in either the male or female cohorts. <i>Discussion</i>. Normative reference values for physical tests of subjects of different ages can be misleading unless cohort effects are considered. Furthermore, age-related trajectories can also be misinterpreted if cohort effects are neglected which, in the longer perspective, could affect health care planning.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Birth cohort effects should be considered when comparing walking speed, number of steps, chair stands, and the step test, in men and women of older age.</p>","PeriodicalId":14933,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aging Research","volume":"2021 ","pages":"8813992"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8203370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39045739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}