Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation最新文献

{"title":"Development of Amine Capillary Column Applied to the Analysis of Basic Compounds by Electrochromatography","authors":"S. Flor, Juan Martin Huala, V. Tripodi, S. Lucangioli","doi":"10.4236/JASMI.2015.54008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JASMI.2015.54008","url":null,"abstract":"An amine capillary column was developed in a fused-silica capillary as stationary phase and applied to separation of basic compounds by capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The functionalized capillary was prepared by inmobilization of 3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). The CEC conditions including APTES and buffer concentration, pH and applied voltage were investigated to obtain the optimal CEC system for the separation of three anesthetics as basic test molecules. The capillary column provided an efficiency of up to 20,000 plates/m. Lidocaine, ketamine and xilacine were baseline separated under the running conditions with 10 mM Na2HPO4 pH 9.0 as BGE. The applied voltage was 5 kV temperature was set at 25oC and UV detection was performed. The resolutions were 4.97 and 1.53 for ketamine, lidocaine and xilacine, respectively. The column used in CEC mode showed better separation of the anesthetics compared with those used in the capillary zone mode. The comparison with reversed stationary phases used in HPLC in terms of resolution (Rs), sensitivity (LOD), efficiency (N), precision (RSD), asymmetry (T) was also performed. This study provided an alternative way for the CEC separation of basic compounds and demonstrated the improvement in the chromatographic parameters.","PeriodicalId":14932,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation","volume":"5 1 1","pages":"66-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77490343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differentiation of Material Temperature through the Application of Increased Localized Dissolution via Heat Transfer","authors":"Brian Chen","doi":"10.4236/JASMI.2015.53005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JASMI.2015.53005","url":null,"abstract":"Increased temperature of a solution increases its solubility, allowing for a greater level of dissolution of the solute. A greater level of dissolution will result in a change in the density of the solution. When a localized area of the solution is of a different temperature, this will affect the localized density. Density is one of the factors affecting rate of sinking and the difference in temperature will lead to a change in the rate of sinking. Thus, when an object is at different temperatures, it will transfer heat to or from the solution in different manners and the rate of sinking will be different. This study tested whether sinking rate in a solution with excess solute could be used to judge the temperature of an object and the effect was confirmed with impure Graphite blocks in a Potassium Iodide solution.","PeriodicalId":14932,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation","volume":"32 1","pages":"44-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85807956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shale Oil Solvent Extraction of Central Jordan El-Lajjun Oil Shale","authors":"H. Alnawafleh, F. Fraige","doi":"10.4236/JASMI.2015.53004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JASMI.2015.53004","url":null,"abstract":"The extraction of the organic matter (OM) from oil shale (OS) can be achieved by several processing techniques. Normally, these techniques can remove high proportion of the organic material contained in oil shale. In this work, organic solvents extraction experiments were implemented to investigate the effect of various parameters on Jordanian El-Lajjun oil shale extractability. Results indicate that the approximate organic matter content in studied El-Lajjun oil shale is 17.48%, and 75% of OS sample particles diameters are less than 270 μm. The grain size has minor effect on shale oil extraction via organic solvents. Among eleven solvents used, the highest yield is obtained via the tetrahedrofuran (THF), whereas, with the use of solvent mixtures, the highest bitumen yield is obtained through the mixture of THF and toluene. The solvation variability is related to mode of extraction and various physicochemical factors such as extraction temperature, pressure, solvent type and mixing time, which result in different OM yield. The results indicate that the solvent extraction could be potential for shale oil extraction from Jordanian El-Lajjun OS under certain conditions of temperature, pressure and solvent type used.","PeriodicalId":14932,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation","volume":"219 1","pages":"35-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75548063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Polystyrene Divinylbenzene Copolymer HPLC Columns on the Chromatographic Performance of the Compendial Method for Doxycycline Hyclate Capsules: Implications for Method Implementation of a Medical Countermeasure Medication","authors":"F. Yerlikaya, A. Mohammad, P. Faustino, M. Khan, Saeed R. Khan","doi":"10.4236/JASMI.2015.53003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JASMI.2015.53003","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer HPLC columns on the chromatographic performance of the USP compendial method for doxycycline hyclate. The compendial method was implemented based on the assessment of the chromatographic performance of six USP defined L21 polystyrene divinylbenzene HPLC columns. Modifications to the method were based on USP for chromatography. The method was validated for the determination of doxycycline hyclate and its impurities in commercially available drug products. A number of different polystyrene-divinylbenzene columns were tested and failed to provide selectivity for the resolution of doxycycline and its impurities. Separation was optimally achieved on an Agilent PLPR-S column (250 × 4.6 mm, 8 μm) by using an Agilent 1260 series HPLC system. Doxycycline hyclate and its impurities were eluted isocratically at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with mobile phase and detected at 270 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 60oC. The method was validated according to USP category I requirements for Assay. Validation acceptance criteria were met in all cases. The analytical range for doxycycline hyclate was 50 - 250 μg/mL and the linearity was r2 > 0.999 over three days. The method was determined to be specific. Both accuracy (95.1% - 102.4%) and precision (0.50% - 4.8%) were established across the analytical range for low, intermediate and high QC concentrations. Method applicability was demonstrated by analyzing marketed products of doxycycline hyclate, in which results showed potency meeting USP acceptance criteria. In conclusion, this study described the remarkable differences in selectivity that were encountered during the implementation phase for the compendial methods for doxycycline and its impurities in marketed products and it could be used in the future to assss the product quality of doxycycline hyclate capsules stored in the National stockpiles.","PeriodicalId":14932,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation","volume":"40 1","pages":"23-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85837951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absorption Spectroscopic Determination of Solubility of Alloxazine in Aqueous Solutions","authors":"A. Penzkofer","doi":"10.4236/JASMI.2015.52002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JASMI.2015.52002","url":null,"abstract":"The solubility of alloxazine in aqueous solution at pH 4 (10–4 molar HCl) and pH 10 (10–4 molar NaOH) at room temperature is determined by absorption spectroscopic characterization. Knowledge of the solubility is needed for sample preparation and quantitative spectroscopic solution characterization. Samples of different in-weight concentration were prepared and absorption spectra were measured versus storage time. The solubility limit concentration Csol was determined by the crossing point of the linearized absorption coefficient dependences on in-weight preparation concentration below and above the solubility limit. Values of Csol= 9.05 ± 1 μM and 14.5 ± 1 μM were determined for alloxazine in aqueous solution at pH 4 and pH 10, respectively.","PeriodicalId":14932,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation","volume":"18 1","pages":"13-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77689817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ways of Analysis of Fire Effluents and Assessment of Toxic Hazards","authors":"Abdulrhman M. Dhabbah","doi":"10.4236/JASMI.2015.51001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JASMI.2015.51001","url":null,"abstract":"Fire effluents, in most cases, have an adverse effect on human health and the environment. Exposure to some compounds may show both acute and chronic toxicity. There is a lack of knowledge on the effect of organic products on the human body in terms of the rate of organic material production in fires and their degree of toxicity. Thus, there is a need to expand the scope of studies about the organic products generated from fires and improve the methods of assessment to be included as part of fire hazard assessment. Different factors can be contributed to this lack of knowledge. For example, the composition of organic products generated from fires changes progressively and rapidly with progression of combustion and in a manner that is dependent on the fire condition. It is difficult to identify individual organic compounds produced during combustion. Another key factor is the lack of suitable instruments for measuring organic products generated from a fire. Also, the lack of procedures that are used to evaluate the lethal concentration limits and the lethal dose for a broad range of organic compounds generated from a fire may be another important factor which can be contributed to this lack of knowledge.","PeriodicalId":14932,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83985262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potentiometric Measurement of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Polymeric Ferrocene and Quinones Derivatives","authors":"Touma B. Issa, Pritam Singh, M. Baker, To-Ying Lee","doi":"10.4236/JASMI.2014.44015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JASMI.2014.44015","url":null,"abstract":"Measurement of state-of-charge of lead-acid batteries using \u0000potentiometric sensors would be convenient; however, most of the \u0000electrochemical couples are either soluble or are unstable in the battery \u0000electrolyte. This paper describes the results of an investigation of poly \u0000(divinylferrocene) (PDVF) and Poly(diethynylanthraquinone) (PAQ) couples in \u0000sulfuric acid with the view to developing a potentiometric sensor for lead-acid \u0000batteries. These compounds were both found to be quite stable and undergo reversible \u0000reduction/oxidation in sulfuric acid media. Their redox potential difference \u0000varied linearly with sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 1 M - 5 M (i.e. simulated lead-acid electrolyte \u0000during battery charge/discharge cycles). A sensor based on these compounds has \u0000been investigated.","PeriodicalId":14932,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation","volume":"72 1","pages":"110-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73305840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Facilities Affected by Flood Simulation to a District in Malaysia","authors":"H. Hasim, T. Aris, F. Yusof","doi":"10.4236/JASMI.2014.44016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JASMI.2014.44016","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The Ministry of Health Malaysia is developing a GIS database of health facilities in the country with the main aim to assist in the planning and development of the services, and in allocation of resources. Methodology: Apart from coordinates of the facilities, other digital information such as states and districts boundaries, main road networks and river were obtained from MacGDI, a centre responsible to manage geospatial data infrastructure in Malaysia. In assisting the Ministry of Health in its planning, one of the analyses that were conducted was a flood simulation analysis in a district in a coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia. This was done following a possibility that a tropical storm “Sonamu” would happen in that area. The objective was to identify health facilities that would be affected if a flood were to happen in the district and finally to assist the Ministry of Health in their emergency plan. Data on contour was obtain from a relevant government agency and was also mapped digitally. Results: The results were showing that with one metre depth of flood, more than half of the facilities would be affected and about two third of the facilities would be affected if the flood level rises to 2.5 metres. Conclusion: Application of GIS is very useful for the health sector in planning of facing an environmental related disaster.","PeriodicalId":14932,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation","volume":"53 1","pages":"119-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91297032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mice Heat Chamber Calibration","authors":"P. Poh, S. Carus, Yifan Chen, P. Deuster","doi":"10.4236/JASMI.2014.44013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JASMI.2014.44013","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Firm conclusions regarding the etiology of heat exposure responses among animals are difficult to draw due to different experimental designs and methodological confounders, such as environmental chamber set-up and heating rates. The purpose of this investigation was to 1) validate the heat test protocol for mice models via cage location and orientation; and to 2) determine the maximum number of cages that can be used without compromising individual heating rates. Methods: A mice temperature transponder (G2 E-Mitter, Mini Meter, Respironics) was centrally positioned inside each mice cage set in the environmental chamber (Thermo Scientific Forma, Model 3961). Two cage orientations (adjacent, left-to-right and parallel, front-to-back) with 3 set-ups (top shelf, bottom shelf and both shelves) using 2 and 4 cages were examined in triplicate and averaged. Transponders equilibrated at 21.5℃ for 5 min, then exposed to 39.5℃ for a minimum of 60 min. Results: A major finding was that adjacent (L-R) top shelf set-up had the smallest temperature difference throughout the heat test (Δ = 0.43℃ vs. Δ = 2.2℃) and at minute 60 (Δ = 0.2℃ vs. Δ = 1.8℃). Both orientations for the bottom shelf set-up had a slower rise in temperature (0.04℃·min-1) than other set-ups (0.3℃·min-1). Using both shelves, top shelf cages were consistently warmer than bottom shelf cages (1.0℃ - 3.6℃) for both orientations. Conclusions: We strongly suggest using an adjacent (L-R) top shelf set-up since it enabled uniform chamber heating rates and standardized heat exposure. Bottom shelf is not recommended for use due to poor heating rate performance. Since an increased number of cages may obstruct heat flow patterns, a one shelf set-up with 2 cages should be used.","PeriodicalId":14932,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation","volume":"66 1","pages":"95-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83835625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalized Electron Balance for Dynamic Redox Systems in Mixed-Solvent Media","authors":"A. Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk, T. Michałowski","doi":"10.4236/JASMI.2014.44014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JASMI.2014.44014","url":null,"abstract":"A complex example of electrolytic redox system involving 47 species, 3 electron-active elements and five (3 am-phiprotic + 2 aprotic) co-solvents, is presented. Mixed solvates of the species thus formed are admitted in the system considered. It is proved that the Generalized Electron Balance (GEB) in its simplest form obtained according to the Approach II to GEB is identical with the one obtained for aqueous media and binary-solvent system, and is equivalent to the Approach I to GEB.","PeriodicalId":14932,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation","volume":"2 1","pages":"102-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88594637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}