Journal of Aerosol Science最新文献

{"title":"Initial size distribution of cough particles for CFD simulations based on particle sizer measurements and evaporation model","authors":"Yunchen Bu ,&nbsp;Hideki Kikumoto ,&nbsp;Wonseok Oh ,&nbsp;Chao Lin ,&nbsp;Ryozo Ooka","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Expiratory particles are known to be capable of carrying viruses that cause respiratory diseases. To predict exposure to these particles, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can be used, with the initial size distribution of particles as an important input parameter. This study aims to explore the appropriate initial size distribution of cough particles to enhance the prediction accuracy. A novel inference method is proposed, based on experimental measurements with an optical particle sizer and a CFD simulation. The CFD simulation employs the Lagrangian method to track the dispersion of cough particles, incorporating an evaporation model; thus, the response relationship between the initial size distribution and measurements can be established. In the previous experiment by the authors, the number concentration of cough particles (0.3–10 μm) was measured at distances ranging from 1 to 60 cm from the mouth. The CFD results provided the response relationship for particle size (shrinkage factor) and particle number (relative number) at different distances. Under the current model, particles with initial diameters less than 32 μm reached a quasi-equilibrium size at all distances, and the shrinkage factors were 0.26–0.27 under a relative humidity of 34 %. Consequently, the initial size distribution for cough particles can be determined using measurements at 30–60 cm from the mouth, along with CFD derived response relationships. This distribution has been verified for reliability and can be used to predict particle size distributions at interpersonal conversation distances. In addition, this study further investigates the necessity of integrating the evaporation model into predictions of particle exposure. The results show that adding the evaporation model in CFD simulations has little impact on the predicted exposed particle number concentration. However, it significantly affects the predicted exposed particle size, which in turn influences the exposure to cough particles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of a bipolar multi-outlet differential mobility analyzer (BiMoDMA)","authors":"Shipeng Kang ,&nbsp;Tongzhu Yu ,&nbsp;Yixin Yang ,&nbsp;Huaqiao Gui ,&nbsp;Jianguo Liu ,&nbsp;Da-Ren Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It has been evidenced that the accuracy of fine particle size distribution data collected by the DMA technique would be less prone to the uncertainty of particle charging ions by measuring electrical mobility of particles in both polarities instead of only measuring particles charged in one polarity (in the current practice). Unipolar DMAs are required to scan the DMA voltage from one polarity limit to the opposite polarity limit to fulfill the above measurement task. Bipolar DMAs are thus desired for reducing the voltage scanning time of unipolar DMAs. The measuring cycle of DMAs can be further reduced with the feature of multiple outlets (having different particle classification distances) when all the outlets are connected to individual particle concentration detectors. A Bipolar multi-outlet DMA (i.e., BiMoDMA) is thus designed. Although featured with multiple pairs of outlets, this study focused on the performance evaluation of BiMoDMA with only one outlet pair open. The prototype is in the plate-to-plate (or parallel-plate) configuration with a single aerosol inlet slit and four paired aerosol sampling outlet slits (labeled as A1B1-A4B4 from the pair at the nearest classification distance to that at the farthest distance from the aerosol inlet). For the voltage in the range of <span><math><mrow><mn>50</mn><mo>∼</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>000</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span>, and sheath flowrate of <span><math><mrow><mn>36</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>L</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>min</mi></mrow></math></span>, this BiMoDMA can classify particles in the size ranges of <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>∼</mo><mn>30</mn><mtext>nm</mtext></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>∼</mo><mn>55</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>nm</mtext></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>∼</mo><mn>104</mn><mtext>nm</mtext></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><mn>10</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>∼</mo><mn>155</mn><mtext>nm</mtext></mrow></math></span> for the outlet pairs of A1B1, A2B2, A3B3 and A4B4, respectively. TDMA setup was applied to calibrate the sizing voltage of this BiMoDMA for a given particle electrical mobility, and to evaluate the DMA transfer functions at different sheath flowrates and particle sizes. It is found that the measured size-voltage relationship is in reasonable agreement with the general trend calculated by the 2D DMA model. The correction factor was introduced to better correlate calculated voltage with measured data. The half-height width and area of BiMoDMA transfer functions decreased with the increase of sheath flowrate, while the height and area of transfer functions increased with the increase of particle size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of three bioaerosol samplers for bacterial diversity","authors":"Nohhyeon Kwak ,&nbsp;Mohammad Washeem ,&nbsp;Tara N. Gaire ,&nbsp;Kristelle M. Mendoza ,&nbsp;Erin L. Cortus ,&nbsp;Carol Cardona ,&nbsp;Noelle Noyes ,&nbsp;Chang-Yu Wu ,&nbsp;Jiayu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioaerosols are critical components of the atmospheric environment, yet their accurate characterization remains challenging due to the lack of a standardized sampling methodology. In this study, we compared three commonly used bioaerosol samplers— a swirling collector, a condensational growth tube collector, and a cascade impactor—to evaluate their performance in capturing bacterial diversity, community composition, and number concentrations at two distinct locations on a university campus. The bacterial communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The results revealed significant differences in the bioaerosol number concentrations and the composition of bacterial communities across the samplers. Among the three samplers, the condensational growth tube collector recorded the highest overall concentration, with a lower alpha diversity than the other sampler types. Analysis of the 678 identified unique genera indicated that only 24 % were collected by all three samplers, underscoring that no single device can comprehensively represent airborne bacterial diversity. However, all three samplers consistently identified distinct locational differences in key bacterial taxa, notably the increased abundance of agriculture-associated genera near the livestock-rearing facility. This indicates that each sampler was able to capture and reveal dominant genera under different environments. PERM-ANOVA results showed that the type of bioaerosol sampler was responsible for more variance in bacterial community composition than sampling location, highlighting the dominant role of sampler selection in shaping observed microbial profiles. Overall, the variability in performance of samplers may be influenced by factors such as particle size distribution, bacterial community composition, sampling mechanism, and sampling medium. These findings underscore the critical importance of selecting appropriate bioaerosol sampling instruments based on targeted microbial communities and specific environmental conditions; the findings also provide a framework for refining sampling methodologies to enhance the accuracy and comparability of bioaerosol studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploratory application of DMD for particle deposition and fluid field in the respiratory tract","authors":"Martin S. Graffigna ,&nbsp;Ignacio R. Bartol ,&nbsp;Mauricio E. Tano ,&nbsp;Shaheen Azim Dewji","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simulating particle deposition in the respiratory tract requires high computational effort due to the intricate airway geometry and complex airflow–particle interactions. To address this challenge, this study introduces the first demonstration of Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) as a reduced-order model to infer the trajectories of inhaled particles during a breathing cycle and to evaluate the applicability of DMD as a fluid field interpolator. The periodic nature of respiration and the predominance of sinusoidal boundary conditions make it well-suited for DMD analysis. Three high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed under three different inlet volume airflow conditions for the same realistic adult male anthropomorphic phantom respiratory tract model. Reduced-rank DMD reconstructions were compared to the CFD ground truth, yielding a Mean Relative Error (MRE) of 12% in the velocity field. Additionally, a fourth simulation was conducted at an intermediate point to evaluate the interpolation capability of the parametric DMD framework in complex systems. This interpolation resulted in an MRE of 20%, with the reconstructed flow field capturing dominant fluid modes and overall dynamics, though localized discrepancies reached relative errors up to 70%.</div><div>While DMD effectively reconstructed fluid fields, preserving mean flow regimes, some deviations were observed in Lagrangian particle tracking, specifically in spatial deposition resolution. However, the method approximated overall particle distribution with an 85% correlation to ground truth and was effective in representing regional deposition patterns across the tracheobronchial tree. These findings support the utility of DMD a computationally efficient approach for fluid field reconstruction and particle transport analysis in respiratory flow simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106718"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the effect of HVAC recirculation on thermal comfort and indoor air quality in train cabins","authors":"Reza Hamidi Jahromi ,&nbsp;Simona Di Fraia ,&nbsp;Nicola Massarotti ,&nbsp;Alessandro Mauro","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maintaining hygrothermal comfort and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in train cabins is crucial for the well-being of passengers and crew, particularly in mitigating the risks associated with airborne transmission. The Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems play a critical role in determining airflow patterns, thermal comfort indices, and the distribution of airborne particles. This study investigates the effects of varying return air intake ratios, a practical and non-structural modification, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Four HVAC configurations with different return air percentages (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, and 75 %) are assessed in terms of thermal comfort indices and the particles evacuation efficiency generated by a sneeze. The results reveal an optimal trade-off between thermal comfort and particle evacuation efficiency: low return intake (0 %) provides the best thermal comfort conditions; however, the optimal IAQ is achieved with a moderate return intake (50 %), which results in the highest particle evacuation rate (82.34 %) and significantly reduced particle deposition in critical areas, such as the seating zones. In contrast, a high return air intake (75 %) leads to recirculation zones that trap particles and hinder their removal, while a low return air intake increases the risk of particle deposition for passengers. This study underscores the importance of a multi-criteria approach in HVAC design for train cabins, emphasizing that configurations optimized solely for comfort may not ensure protection against airborne pollutants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106720"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nasal spray drug delivery beyond the nasal valve: Evidence for the importance of particle-wall interactions and post-deposition liquid motion","authors":"Guilherme J.M. Garcia ,&nbsp;Shamudra Dey","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The nasal valve is a major barrier to nasal spray drug delivery to posterior structures such as the turbinates, paranasal sinuses, and olfactory region. Geometric considerations predict that the nasal spray dose that reaches the posterior nose is greater in subjects with larger nasal valve cross-sectional areas. Our analysis of the experimental data from Esmaeili et al. (2024) [Journal of Aerosol Science 179, 106387] reveals a paradoxical negative correlation between posterior dose and nasal valve area in pediatric nasal cavities. We hypothesize that the discrepancy between the theoretical prediction of the geometric model and experimental observation is due to the assumption in the geometric model that droplets are trapped and remain at the location where they hit the wall. A calculation of the Weber number suggests that nasal spray droplets &gt;120 μm splash upon collision with the nasal walls, leading to the formation of smaller droplets that can be carried by airflow beyond the nasal valve. A study by Inthavong et al. (2015) suggests that 45 % of the spray mass is composed of droplets ≥120 μm at a distance of 0.6–1.2 cm from the nozzle tip, potentially leading to substantial splashing on the walls of the nasal vestibule. Traditionally, computational fluid dynamics models of nasal spray drug delivery have assumed a trap (stick) boundary condition and have not considered particle-wall interactions or post-deposition liquid motion. This study reviews the evidence that particle-wall interactions and post-deposition liquid motion may play a significant role in determining the regional doses of nasal sprays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106703"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatially heterogeneous shear-induced coagulation of spherical nano-particles in 2D Taylor-Green vortex using AK-iDNS framework","authors":"Mingliang Xie ,&nbsp;Yixiong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the spatially heterogeneous shear-induced coagulation of nanoparticles in a decaying 2D Taylor-Green vortex (TGV) using a novel average kernel method integrated with direct numerical simulation (AK-iDNS). This framework resolves spatially distributed coagulation dynamics, addressing a critical gap in population balance modeling for aerosols. Key features of the approach include: 1) a moment method incorporating localized shear rates from instantaneous velocity gradients; 2) quantitative identification of coagulation-diffusion competition. Simulations reveal a three-stage process: initial uniformity, shear-driven heterogeneity (characterized by depletion in strain sheets and accumulation in vortex cores), and asymptotic re-homogenization driven by diffusion. The asymptotic solution demonstrates self-similar coagulation and exponential dependence on initial shear rate. This work provides a paradigm for predicting nanoparticle evolution in complex vortical flows and establishes a foundation for extending high-precision simulation tools to three-dimensional atmospheric nanoparticle evolution models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106704"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flash atomisation of saltwater through convergent-divergent nozzles: implications for marine cloud brightening","authors":"Chris Medcraft ,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Sedighi ,&nbsp;Luke Harrison ,&nbsp;Wayne A. Davies ,&nbsp;Zoran Ristovski ,&nbsp;Daniel P. Harrison","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential feasibility of Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB) is currently limited by the efficiency and practicalities of technologies to generate the required flux of correctly sized aerosol particles. We studied the aerosols formed by the spray from superheated salt water through two convergent-divergent (de Laval) nozzles between 5 nm and 50 μm dry aerosol diameter. We found that they do not produce more particles useful for MCB (30-100 nm) than currently deployed effervescent nozzles. A significant portion of the mass flow through these nozzles was contained in particles larger than 2 μm. However, the production rate from these de Laval nozzles appeared unaffected by the reduction of throat diameter despite a fourfold reduction in water flow and thus power usage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106677"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced CO2 selective absorption by opposing ionic liquid electrospray","authors":"Yutaka Kaneko ,&nbsp;Yusuke Onodera ,&nbsp;Takashi Makino ,&nbsp;Mitsuhiro Kanakubo ,&nbsp;Hidemasa Takana","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ionic liquids (ILs) are ambient-temperature molten salts that exhibit excellent CO₂ absorption properties. Because ILs are composed of anions and cations, they have high conductivity. Electrospray is one of the key atomization techniques used to enhance the CO₂ absorption performance of ILs by increasing the specific surface area of IL nanodroplets. To improve CO₂ absorption performance further, in this study, a novel opposing-electrospray configuration was developed, in which two nozzles are placed facing each other so that the IL sprays from both nozzles interfere with each other. The effects of opposing electrospray were clarified through spray visualization, droplet diameter measurements, and CO₂ absorption performance in a flow reactor. Spray visualization shows that the opposing-electrospray configuration generates a radially wider spray owing to electric field variation and Coulomb repulsion between positively charged droplets. In addition, the enhanced atomization of the IL for the opposing-electrospray configuration was confirmed through droplet size distribution measurements. Consequently, the opposing electrospray of the IL clearly improves the CO₂ absorption amount and loading rate (the ratio of molar amount of absorbed CO₂ to that of supplied IL) owing to the enhanced atomization with a more widely spreading spray. However, when the distance between the facing nozzles is increased, the spray interference is suppressed, leading to no significant change in the droplet diameter distribution and less improvement of CO₂ absorption performance. These findings suggest that the opposing-electrospray configuration induces spray interference, which in turn enhances the CO₂ absorption by promoting radially wider spray and atomization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the impacts of aerosolization and sampling techniques on the structural integrity and antigenicity retention of influenza A virus-like particles","authors":"Yuezhi (August) Li ,&nbsp;Ananya Benegal ,&nbsp;Joseph V. Puthussery ,&nbsp;Shu-Wen You ,&nbsp;Michael D. Vahey ,&nbsp;Rajan K. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laboratory experiments studying respiratory virus aerosols rely on the reproducibility of aerosolization and sampling techniques. Conventional techniques could compromise viral structure and antigenicity, particularly for pleomorphic viruses like influenza A (IAV), yet very little information is available on this issue. Here, we evaluate three aerosolization methods: Collison, Blaustein Atomization Modules (BLAM), and jet nebulizers, and three bioaerosol samplers: liquid spot sampler (LSS), wet cyclone, and SKC BioSampler, to determine their efficiency in retaining the structural stability and antigenicity of filamentous IAV virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs provide a safe and practical alternative for studying highly pathogenic airborne viruses. The BLAM and jet nebulizers maintain 12–21 % of filamentous structures, whereas the Collison nebulizer, which generates higher shear stress, reduces filament recovery to ∼10 %. The liquid spot sampler (LSS), owing to gentle condensation-based sampling technique, retains approximately 30 % of filamentous VLPs. The SKC BioSampler and wet cyclone sampler cause greater structural disruption due to higher shear stress and impaction forces and retain ∼10 % and ∼7 % of filamentous VLPs, respectively. Higher relative humidity (85 %) improves filament retention by ∼20 % compared to dry conditions (25 % RH). The antigenicity of Neuraminidase (NA), the IAV surface protein responsible for viral release, followed a bimodal distribution, with up to 20 % of small VLPs showing undetectable NA signal post-aerosolization, indicating greater susceptibility to structural degradation. These results point to the necessity of improving upon contemporary aerosolization and sampling strategies to characterize airborne filamentous viruses in controlled laboratory environments more accurately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 106673"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}