Liam F. Peterson , Lisa A. Beck , Matthew G. Brewer
{"title":"The mycobiome affects viral susceptibility of skin epithelium","authors":"Liam F. Peterson , Lisa A. Beck , Matthew G. Brewer","doi":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101499","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14824,"journal":{"name":"Journal de mycologie medicale","volume":"34 3","pages":"Article 101499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141636827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Easy-to-use imaging-cytometry assay to analyze chitin patterns in yeasts","authors":"Delphine Aldebert , Bastien Suarez , François Bettega , Emilie Boucher , Cecile Garnaud , Muriel Cornet","doi":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background & Aim</h3><p>Pathogenic fungi are a major threat to public health, and fungal infections are becoming increasingly common and treatment resistant. Chitin, a component of the fungal cell wall, modifies host immunity and contributes to antifungal resistance. Moreover, chitin content is regulated by chitin synthases and chitinases. However, the specific roles and mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we developed a cytometric imaging assay to quantify chitin content and identify the distribution of chitin in the yeast cell wall.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The <em>Candida albicans</em> SC5314 and <em>Nakaseomyces glabratus (ex. C. glabrata)</em> ATCC2001 reference strains, as well as 106 clinical isolates, were used. Chitin content, distribution, and morphological parameters were analysed in 12 yeast species. Moreover, machine learning statistical software was used to evaluate the ability of the cytometric imaging assay to predict yeast species using the values obtained for these parameters.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Our imaging-cytometry assay was repeatable, reproducible, and sensitive to variations in chitin content in <em>C. albicans</em> mutants or after antifungal stimulation. The evaluated parameters classified the yeast species into the correct clade with an accuracy of 85 %.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our findings demonstrate that this easy-to-use assay is an effective tool for the exploration of chitin content in yeast species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14824,"journal":{"name":"Journal de mycologie medicale","volume":"34 3","pages":"Article 101493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1156523324000349/pdfft?md5=4d8e2d51e08cad8a6ea5d5cce85d468f&pid=1-s2.0-S1156523324000349-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141468101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vahid Oladzad , Ayatollah Nasrollahi Omran , Iman Haghani , Mojtaba Nabili , Jacques Guillot , Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi , Mohammad Taghi Hedayati
{"title":"Asymptomatic colonization of stray dogs and domestic cats with Trichophyton mentagrophytes II* in Northern Iran","authors":"Vahid Oladzad , Ayatollah Nasrollahi Omran , Iman Haghani , Mojtaba Nabili , Jacques Guillot , Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi , Mohammad Taghi Hedayati","doi":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Despite changes in the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections, the incidence of fungal infections associated with <em>Trichophyton</em> species still remains high among dogs and cats. The objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize dermatophytes from dogs and cats in Iran.</p></div><div><h3>Method:</h3><p>From December 2022 to May 2023, skin and hair samples were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic cats and dogs in Mazandaran, a northern province of Iran. The samples were then inoculated into Mycosel™ Agar. Dermatophyte isolates were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region. Antifungal susceptibility tests were conducted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI-M38-A3).</p></div><div><h3>Result</h3><p>Of the 250 samples collected (from 200 dogs and 50 cats), 20 (from 19 dogs and one cat) (8.0 %) were positive for dermatophyte growth. Based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis, all isolates belonged to <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> II*. Of these positive samples<em>,</em> 14 (70.0 %), 3 (15.0 %), 2 (10.0 %), and 1 (2.0 %) were isolated from asymptomatic stray dogs, symptomatic stray dogs, symptomatic domestic dogs, and symptomatic cats, respectively. Luliconazole and terbinafine displayed potent activity against all <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> isolates, with Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.016 µg/ml. Miconazole and griseofulvin demonstrated higher MIC (1 and 8 µg/ml).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study indicated that <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> II* asymptomatic carriage is frequent in stray dogs in Iran. The potential risk to public health needs to be evaluated However, <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> genotype VIII, considered as an endemic and emerging human pathogenic clone in several countries, was not detected during the present survey.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14824,"journal":{"name":"Journal de mycologie medicale","volume":"34 3","pages":"Article 101496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141579670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Increased terbinafine resistance among clinical genotypes of Trichophyton mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale species complex harboring squalene epoxidase gene mutations","authors":"Leila Zahedi Mohammadi , Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi , Zahra Salehi , Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh","doi":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Terbinafine resistance has become epidemic as an emerging problem in treatment of dermatohpytosis. This could be attributed in part to a point mutation in the squalene epoxidase (<em>SQLE</em>) gene. In this study, point mutations in the <em>SQLE</em> gene were studied in <em>T. rubrum</em> and <em>T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale</em> species complex as two main causative agents of dermatophytosis. Antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates of <em>T. rubrum</em> (<em>n</em> = 27) and <em>T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale</em> (<em>n</em> = 56) was assessed using the M38–3rd edition CLSI method. The <em>SQLE</em> gene and <em>ITS</em> region were sequenced for all the fungal strains, and the mutation sites and genotypes of the terbinafine-resistant strains were characterized. The results demonstrated that, in <em>T. rubrum</em>, the minimum inhibitory concentration of terbinafine (MIC<sub>50</sub> and MIC<sub>90</sub>) was 0.03 μg/ml, and the geometric mean (G mean) concentration was 0.02. For the <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> complex, the MIC<sub>50</sub> and MIC<sub>90</sub> were 0.03 and 1.0 μg/ml, respectively, and the G mean concentration was 0.04 μg/ml. Four out of the five resistant strains were <em>T. indotineae</em> harboring the F397L and Q408L mutations, while the last one was <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> genotype VII, which harbors the F397L mutation. <em>T. indotineae</em> was the prominent causative agent of terbinafine resistance, with 80 % of the isolates, and <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> genotype VII was introduced as a new genotype in the terbinafine-resistant <em>T. mentagrophytes</em> complex. Our findings further substantiate the importance of antifungal susceptibility testing in selecting the choice of drug for effective treatment of dermatophytosis and highlight the importance of screening dermatophyte species for point mutations responsible for newly developed resistant strains to improve the current knowledge of overcoming infections caused by resistant species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14824,"journal":{"name":"Journal de mycologie medicale","volume":"34 3","pages":"Article 101495"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141396869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abin M Abraham , Mary John , Vikas Loomba , Navjot Singh , Lydia Solomon , Sunil Sam Varghese
{"title":"Observational study on the clinical profile and treatment outcome on long-term follow-up of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis","authors":"Abin M Abraham , Mary John , Vikas Loomba , Navjot Singh , Lydia Solomon , Sunil Sam Varghese","doi":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis were followed up for 6 months to study the clinical profile, readmissions, long-term treatment outcome and the mortality rate.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Among 37 patients with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis, the mortality rate was 33.3 %, 42.9% and 100 % among patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 infection. One month after discharge, among the 20 patients who survived, 10 (50 %) patients had worsening symptoms and required readmission. Nine patients required readmission for amphotericin and 1 patient was admitted for surgical intervention. On follow-up at 1 month, 30 % (6/20) patients became asymptomatic. However, at 3 months, 45 % (9/20) of the patients were asymptomatic. At 6 months of follow-up, 80 % (16/20) were asymptomatic. At 6 months, one each had residual abnormalities like visual loss in one eye, visual field deficit, change in voice and residual weakness of the limbs along with cranial nerve paresis.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The follow-up study revealed that a significant number of patients required readmission within the first month, but most of the patients became asymptomatic by 6 months. The readmission rate was higher in patients who received a shorter duration of amphotericin.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14824,"journal":{"name":"Journal de mycologie medicale","volume":"34 3","pages":"Article 101491"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141280990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susana P. Mejía , Daniela López , Luz Elena Cano , Julián D. Muñoz , Jahir Orozco , Tonny W. Naranjo
{"title":"Antifungal efficacy and immunomodulatory effect of PLGA nanoparticle-encapsulated itraconazole in histoplasmosis in vivo model","authors":"Susana P. Mejía , Daniela López , Luz Elena Cano , Julián D. Muñoz , Jahir Orozco , Tonny W. Naranjo","doi":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p><em>Histoplasma capsulatum</em> is the etiological agent of histoplasmosis, the most common endemic pulmonary mycosis. Itraconazole (ITZ) is the choice for mild disease and a step-down therapy in severe and disseminated clinical presentations. Drug encapsulation into nanoparticles (NPs) is an alternative to improve drug solubility and bioavailability, reducing undesirable interactions and drug degradation and reaching the specific therapeutic target with lower doses.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>evaluate the antifungal and immunomodulatory effect of ITZ encapsulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs, administrated orally and intraperitoneally in an <em>in vivo</em> histoplasmosis model.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>After intranasal infection and treatment of animals with encapsulated ITZ by intraperitoneal and oral route, fungal burden control, biodistribution, immune response, and histopathology were evaluated. The results showed that the intraperitoneal administered and encapsulated ITZ has an effective antifungal effect, significantly reducing the Colony-Forming-Units (CFU) after the first doses and controlling the infection dissemination, with a higher concentration in the liver, spleen, and lung compared to the oral treatment. In addition, it produced a substantial immunomodulatory effect on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immune cell infiltrates confirmed by histopathology.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Overall, results suggest a synergistic effect of the encapsulated drug and the immunomodulatory effect contributing to infection control, preventing their dissemination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14824,"journal":{"name":"Journal de mycologie medicale","volume":"34 3","pages":"Article 101494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1156523324000350/pdfft?md5=241e970230a8807799ba4dc0e3213e33&pid=1-s2.0-S1156523324000350-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141412520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Sikora , Jeffrey Johnson , Ana Velez , John Greene
{"title":"Invasive phaeohyphomycosis co-infection with Alternaria spp. and Curvularia spp. in a neutropenic host","authors":"Anna Sikora , Jeffrey Johnson , Ana Velez , John Greene","doi":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Phaeohyphomycoses are infections caused by dark-walled dematiaceous fungi. <em>Alternaria</em> and <em>Curvularia</em> are two genera of dematiaceous molds known to cause invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Co-infection with two dematiaceous fungi is rarely reported in the literature. This report describes a case of biopsy proven invasive fungal rhinosinusitis with <em>Alternaria</em> spp. and <em>Curvularia</em> spp. co-infection in a neutropenic host. The infection characteristics, microbiologic findings, and treatment are described.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14824,"journal":{"name":"Journal de mycologie medicale","volume":"34 3","pages":"Article 101497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141582782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antônio Mauro Barros Almeida Júnior , Lisandra Serra Damasceno , Antônio Alberto Bastos Mota Filho , Brayon Freire Blanquett Vidal , José Olivan Soares de Almeida Júnior , Pedro Henrique Barbosa Sales , Terezinha do Menino Jesus Silva Leitão
{"title":"The impact of immune recovery and treatment duration on disseminated histoplasmosis consolidation therapy in AIDS patients","authors":"Antônio Mauro Barros Almeida Júnior , Lisandra Serra Damasceno , Antônio Alberto Bastos Mota Filho , Brayon Freire Blanquett Vidal , José Olivan Soares de Almeida Júnior , Pedro Henrique Barbosa Sales , Terezinha do Menino Jesus Silva Leitão","doi":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The present study investigated the impact of immune recovery and the duration of antifungal adherence in the consolidation phase of disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients living in a hyperendemic area in northeastern Brazil.</p></div><div><h3>Material and Methods</h3><p>Sixty-nine patients with DH/AIDS, admitted to the São José Hospital between 2010 and 2015, who continued histoplasmosis consolidation therapy at the outpatient clinic were studied. The follow-up duration was at least 24 months.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Sixty-eight patients used itraconazole 200–400 mg/day or amphotericin B deoxycholate weekly during the consolidation phase, and six patients relapsed during follow-up. The overall median duration of consolidation antifungal use was 250 days [IQR 101 - 372]. Antifungal withdrawal by medical decision occurred in 41 patients (70.7 %) after a median of 293 days [IQR 128 - 372] of use; 16 patients discontinued by their own decision, with a median of 106 days [IQR 37 - 244] of therapy; three patients had no information available, and nine continued on AF therapy. The median CD4+ <em>T</em>-cell count in the group without relapse was 248 cells/µL [IQR 115–355] within 6 months after admission; conversely, in the relapse group, the median cell count remained below 100 cells/µL. Irregular adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was the leading risk factor associated with relapse and death (<em>p</em> <em><</em> 0.01).</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>The regular use of HAART, combined with immune recovery, proved to be highly effective in preventing relapses in DH/AIDS patients, suggesting that long-term antifungal therapy may not be necessary.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14824,"journal":{"name":"Journal de mycologie medicale","volume":"34 3","pages":"Article 101503"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142021088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Priscila Guerino Vilela Alves , Ralciane de Paula Menezes , Nagela Bernadelli Sousa Silva , Gabriel de Oliveira Faria , Meliza Arantes de Souza Bessa , Lúcio Borges de Araújo , Paula Augusta Dias Fogaça Aguiar , Mário Paulo Amante Penatti , Reginaldo dos Santos Pedroso , Denise von Dolinger de Brito Röder
{"title":"Virulence factors, antifungal susceptibility and molecular profile in candida species isolated from the hands of health professionals before and after cleaning with 70% ethyl alcohol-based gel","authors":"Priscila Guerino Vilela Alves , Ralciane de Paula Menezes , Nagela Bernadelli Sousa Silva , Gabriel de Oliveira Faria , Meliza Arantes de Souza Bessa , Lúcio Borges de Araújo , Paula Augusta Dias Fogaça Aguiar , Mário Paulo Amante Penatti , Reginaldo dos Santos Pedroso , Denise von Dolinger de Brito Röder","doi":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fungal infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) are mainly related to <em>Candida</em> species, with high mortality rates. They are predominantly of endogenous origin, however, cross-infection transmitted by healthcare professionals' hands has occurred. The aim of this study was to identify <em>Candida</em> species isolated from the hands of healthcare professionals in a NICU before and after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel and evaluate virulence factors DNase, phospholipase, proteinase, hemolysin, biofilm biomass production, and metabolic activity. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing and similarity by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were also performed. <em>C. parapsilosis</em> complex was the most frequent species (57.1%); all isolates presented at least one virulence factor; three isolates (<em>Candida parapsilosis</em> complex) were resistant to amphotericin B, two (<em>Candida famata</em> [currently <em>Debaryomyces hansenii</em>] and <em>Candida guilliermondii</em> [currently <em>Meyerozyma guilliermondii</em>]) was resistant to micafungin, and six (<em>Candida parapsilosis</em> complex, <em>Candida guilliermondii</em> [=<em>Meyerozyma guilliermondii</em>], <em>Candida viswanathi, Candida catenulata</em> [currently <em>Diutina catenulata</em>] and <em>Candida lusitaniae</em> [currently <em>Clavispora lusitaniae</em>]) were resistant to fluconazole. Molecular analysis by RAPD revealed two clusters of identical strains that were in the hands of distinct professionals. <em>Candida</em> spp. were isolated even after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel, highlighting the importance of stricter basic measures for hospital infection control to prevent nosocomial transmission.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14824,"journal":{"name":"Journal de mycologie medicale","volume":"34 2","pages":"Article 101482"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141047763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yamara V Sousa , Marie G Santiago , Bianca M de Souza , Kelly M Keller , Camila S F Oliveira , Leonel Mendoza , Raquel V R Vilela , Gisele A C Goulart
{"title":"Itraconazole in human medicine and veterinary practice","authors":"Yamara V Sousa , Marie G Santiago , Bianca M de Souza , Kelly M Keller , Camila S F Oliveira , Leonel Mendoza , Raquel V R Vilela , Gisele A C Goulart","doi":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diagnosis and management of fungal infections are challenging in both animals and humans, especially in immunologically weakened hosts. Due to its broad spectrum and safety profile when compared to other antifungals, itraconazole (ITZ) has been widely used in the treatment and prophylaxis of fungal infections, both in human and veterinary medicine. The dose and duration of management depend on factors such as the type of fungal pathogen, the site of infection, sensitivity to ITZ, chronic stages of the disease, the health status of the hosts, pharmacological interactions with other medications and the therapeutic protocol used. In veterinary practice, ITZ doses generally vary between 3 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, once or twice a day. In humans, doses usually vary between 100 and 400 mg/day. As human and veterinary fungal infections are increasingly associated, and ITZ is one of the main medications used, this review addresses relevant aspects related to the use of this drug in both clinics, including case reports and different clinical aspects available in the literature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14824,"journal":{"name":"Journal de mycologie medicale","volume":"34 2","pages":"Article 101473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140124978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}