{"title":"Ceramide turnover in GtoPdb v.2023.1","authors":"Anthony H. Futerman","doi":"10.2218/gtopdb/f767/2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/f767/2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"Ceramides are a family of sphingophospholipids synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, which mediate cell stress responses, including apoptosis, autophagy and senescence, Serine palmitoyltransferase generates 3-ketosphinganine, which is reduced to dihydrosphingosine. N-Acylation allows the formation of dihydroceramides, which are subsequently reduced to form ceramides. Once synthesized, ceramides are trafficked from the ER to the Golgi bound to the ceramide transfer protein, CERT (COL4A3BP, Q9Y5P4). Ceramide can be metabolized via multiple routes, ensuring tight regulation of its cellular levels. Addition of phosphocholine generates sphingomyelin while carbohydrate is added to form glucosyl- or galactosylceramides. Ceramidase re-forms sphingosine or sphinganine from ceramide or dihydroceramide. Phosphorylation of ceramide generates ceramide phosphate. The determination of accurate kinetic parameters for many of the enzymes in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway is complicated by the lipophilic nature of the substrates.","PeriodicalId":14617,"journal":{"name":"IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135018168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nigel J. M. Birdsall, Sophie Bradley, David A. Brown, Noel J. Buckley, R.A. John Challiss, Arthur Christopoulos, Richard M. Eglen, Frederick Ehlert, Christian C. Felder, Rudolf Hammer, Heinz J. Kilbinger, Günter Lambrecht, Chris Langmead, Fred Mitchelson, Ernst Mutschler, Neil M. Nathanson, Roy D. Schwarz, David Thal, Andrew B. Tobin, Celine Valant, Jurgen Wess
{"title":"Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic) in GtoPdb v.2023.1","authors":"Nigel J. M. Birdsall, Sophie Bradley, David A. Brown, Noel J. Buckley, R.A. John Challiss, Arthur Christopoulos, Richard M. Eglen, Frederick Ehlert, Christian C. Felder, Rudolf Hammer, Heinz J. Kilbinger, Günter Lambrecht, Chris Langmead, Fred Mitchelson, Ernst Mutschler, Neil M. Nathanson, Roy D. Schwarz, David Thal, Andrew B. Tobin, Celine Valant, Jurgen Wess","doi":"10.2218/gtopdb/f2/2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/f2/2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors [53]) are activated by the endogenous agonist acetylcholine. All five (M1-M5) mAChRs are ubiquitously expressed in the human body and are therefore attractive targets for many disorders. Functionally, M1, M3, and M5 mAChRs preferentially couple to Gq/11 proteins, whilst M2 and M4 mAChRs predominantly couple to Gi/o proteins. Both agonists and antagonists of mAChRs are clinically approved drugs, including pilocarpine for the treatment of elevated intra-ocular pressure and glaucoma, and atropine for the treatment of bradycardia and poisoning by muscarinic agents such as organophosphates. Of note, it has been observed that mAChRs dimerise reversibly [134] and that dimerisation/oligomerisation can be affected by ligands [183, 196].","PeriodicalId":14617,"journal":{"name":"IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135018436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SLC66 Lysosomal amino acid transporters in GtoPdb v.2023.1","authors":"Gergely Gyimesi, Matthias A. Hediger","doi":"10.2218/gtopdb/f1048/2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/f1048/2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"This is a family of 5 evolutionarily related proteins. Their structural similarities suggest that they are transporters. Biochemical evidence supports transporter activity for SLC66A1 (LAAT1) and SLC66A4 (CTNS; Cystinosin), primarily exporting amino acids from the lysosome to the cytoplasm. The functions of the 3 remaining members of the family are undetermined.","PeriodicalId":14617,"journal":{"name":"IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135018440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blood coagulation components in GtoPdb v.2023.1","authors":"Szu S. Wong","doi":"10.2218/gtopdb/f853/2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/f853/2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"Coagulation as a process is interpreted as a mechanism for reducing excessive blood loss through the generation of a gel-like clot local to the site of injury. The process involves the activation, adhesion (see Integrins), degranulation and aggregation of platelets, as well as proteins circulating in the plasma. The coagulation cascade involves multiple proteins being converted to more active forms from less active precursors (for example, prothrombin [Factor II] is converted to thrombin [Factor IIa]), typically through proteolysis (see Proteases). Listed here are the components of the coagulation cascade targeted by agents in current clinical usage or at an advanced level of development.","PeriodicalId":14617,"journal":{"name":"IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135018441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate turnover in GtoPdb v.2023.1","authors":"N. Pyne, S. Pyne","doi":"10.2218/gtopdb/f776/2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/f776/2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"S1P (sphingosine 1-phosphate) is a bioactive lipid which, after release from cells via certain transporters, acts as a ligand for a family of five S1P-specific G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-5). However, it also has a number of intracellular targets. S1P is formed by the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of sphingosine, catalysed by two isoforms of sphingosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.91). It can be dephosphorylated back to sphingosine by sphingosine 1-phosphate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3) or cleaved into phosphoethanolamine and hexadecenal by sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase (EC 4.1.2.27). Recessive mutations in the S1P lyase (SPL) gene underlie a recently identified sphingolipidosis: SPL Insufficiency Syndrome (SPLIS). In general, S1P promotes cell survival, proliferation, migration, adhesion and inhibition of apoptosis. Intracellular S1P affects epigenetic regulation, endosomal processing, mitochondrial function and cell proliferation/senescence. S1P has myriad physiological functions, including vascular development, lymphocyte trafficking and neurogenesis. However, S1P is also involved in a number of diseases such as cancer, inflammation and fibrosis. Therefore, its GPCRs and enzymes of synthesis and degradation are a major focus for drug discovery.","PeriodicalId":14617,"journal":{"name":"IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE","volume":"54 12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78524111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1","authors":"A. Davenport, M. Gershengorn, R. Hills","doi":"10.2218/gtopdb/f63/2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/f63/2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors (provisional nomenclature as recommended by NC-IUPHAR [14]) are activated by the endogenous tripeptide TRH (pGlu-His-ProNH2). TRH and TRH analogues fail to distinguish TRH1 and TRH2 receptors [29]. [3H]TRH (human, mouse, rat) is able to label both TRH1 and TRH2 receptors with Kd values of 13 and 9 nM respectively. Synthesis and biology of ring-modified L-Histidine containing TRH analogues has been reported [23].","PeriodicalId":14617,"journal":{"name":"IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79731827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Davenport, J. Maguire, E. J. Mead, Adam J. Pawson
{"title":"Kisspeptin receptor in GtoPdb v.2023.1","authors":"A. Davenport, J. Maguire, E. J. Mead, Adam J. Pawson","doi":"10.2218/gtopdb/f34/2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/f34/2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"The kisspeptin receptor (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on the kisspeptin receptor [11]), like neuropeptide FF (NPFF), prolactin-releasing peptide (PrP) and QRFP receptors (provisional nomenclature) responds to endogenous peptides with an arginine-phenylalanine-amide (RFamide) motif. kisspeptin-54 (KP54, originally named metastin), kisspeptin-13 (KP13) and kisspeptin-10 (KP10) are biologically-active peptides cleaved from the KISS1 (Q15726) gene product. Kisspeptins have roles in, for example, cancer metastasis, fertility/puberty regulation and glucose homeostasis.","PeriodicalId":14617,"journal":{"name":"IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84097934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Delta subfamily in GtoPdb v.2023.1","authors":"Mohib Uddin","doi":"10.2218/gtopdb/f533/2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/f533/2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"PKCδ and PKCθ are PKC isoforms that are activated by diacylglycerol and may be inhibited by calphostin C, Gö 6983 and chelerythrine.","PeriodicalId":14617,"journal":{"name":"IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80836967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Barrett, B. Canning, Joseph Coulson, Erin Dombrowsky, S. Douglas, T. Fong, C. Heyward, S. Leeman, Pranela Remeshwar
{"title":"Tachykinin receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1","authors":"J. Barrett, B. Canning, Joseph Coulson, Erin Dombrowsky, S. Douglas, T. Fong, C. Heyward, S. Leeman, Pranela Remeshwar","doi":"10.2218/gtopdb/f62/2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/f62/2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"Tachykinin receptors (provisional nomenclature as recommended by NC-IUPHAR [91]) are activated by the endogenous peptides substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA; previously known as substance K, neurokinin α, neuromedin L), neurokinin B (NKB; previously known as neurokinin β, neuromedin K), neuropeptide K and neuropeptide γ (N-terminally extended forms of neurokinin A). The neurokinins (A and B) are mammalian members of the tachykinin family, which includes peptides of mammalian and nonmammalian origin containing the consensus sequence: Phe-x-Gly-Leu-Met. Marked species differences in in vitro pharmacology exist for all three receptors, in the context of nonpeptide ligands. Antagonists such as aprepitant and fosaprepitant were approved by FDA and EMA, in combination with other antiemetic agents, for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.","PeriodicalId":14617,"journal":{"name":"IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89463747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catherine Mollereau-Manaute, L. Moulédous, M. Roumy, K. Tsutsui, T. Ubuka, J. Zajac
{"title":"Neuropeptide FF/neuropeptide AF receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1","authors":"Catherine Mollereau-Manaute, L. Moulédous, M. Roumy, K. Tsutsui, T. Ubuka, J. Zajac","doi":"10.2218/gtopdb/f43/2023.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2218/gtopdb/f43/2023.1","url":null,"abstract":"The Neuropeptide FF receptor family contains two subtypes, NPFF1 and NPFF2 (provisional nomenclature [12]), which exhibit high affinities for neuropeptide FF (NPFF, O15130) and RFamide related peptides (RFRP: precursor gene symbol NPVF, Q9HCQ7). NPFF1 is broadly distributed in the central nervous system with the highest levels found in the limbic system and the hypothalamus. NPFF2 is present in high density in the superficial layers of the mammalian spinal cord where it is involved in nociception and modulation of opioid functions.","PeriodicalId":14617,"journal":{"name":"IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91374086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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