Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research最新文献

{"title":"Lightweight 2D-Convolutional Neural Network for Drug-Kinase Binding Affinity Prediction with Minimal Encoded Representations.","authors":"Hassan Zohrevand, Saeid Afshar, Mohsen Ahmadi","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-172781","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijpr-172781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Drug-kinase binding affinity (DKBA) prediction plays a crucial role in prioritizing compounds and reducing the time and financial resources required for drug discovery. However, many existing deep learning models rely on complex molecular representations, such as molecular graphs or pretrained embeddings, which may increase computational complexity and limit scalability.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study developed a lightweight two-dimensional convolutional neural network (2D-CNN)-based model to predict DKBA, providing an efficient, low-cost framework for early-stage virtual screening of kinase inhibitors using label-encoded sequences. The primary objective was to determine whether a relatively simple CNN architecture could achieve useful predictive performance without complex molecular representations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Drug SMILES strings and protein amino acid sequences were label-encoded and reshaped into two-dimensional matrix formats (10 × 10 for drugs and 40 × 25 for proteins) without using graph-based representations or pretrained embeddings. The proposed 2D-CNN model was trained on the KIBA dataset containing 118,254 drug-protein interactions and evaluated using mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and the concordance index (CI). Dropout, regularization, and early stopping were applied during training.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proposed model achieved acceptable predictive performance on the KIBA test set, with an MSE of 0.184, RMSE of 0.429, and CI of 0.870. The model comprised 179,649 trainable parameters and achieved an inference throughput of approximately 1,674 samples per second on the evaluation hardware. The model showed numerically better performance than the literature-reported results for SimBoost and KronRLS, and performance comparable to that reported for DeepDTA and WideDTA. However, these benchmark values were obtained from the original publications rather than reproduced under identical data-splitting and preprocessing conditions and, therefore, do not constitute strictly controlled head-to-head comparisons.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed framework demonstrates that a lightweight 2D-CNN can provide useful DKBA predictions using simple label-encoded ligand and protein sequences. This approach may serve as a foundation for computational DKBA prediction; however, further validation using independent and disease-specific datasets, improved sequence representations, and more stringent validation strategies is needed to assess its generalizability and practical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":14595,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"e172781"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13647229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149136490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Effects of Corporate Governance on the Competitiveness of Pharmaceutical Companies Through Improved Total Factor Productivity.","authors":"Mohammad Hossein Motevalli, Farzad Peiravian, Mohammad Peikanpour, Mohammad Moien Mansouri, Seyyed Ahmad Askari","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-169077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-169077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Corporate governance, productivity, and competitiveness are widely recognized as key determinants of firm performance and long-term sustainability. Although each construct has been extensively studied individually, their interrelationships, particularly within the pharmaceutical industry of developing economies, remain insufficiently understood. This gap is especially relevant given the strategic and economic importance of the pharmaceutical sector.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to assess the relationships among corporate governance, competitiveness, and productivity in Iranian pharmaceutical companies and to develop a model that better explains the interactions among these determinants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted in three phases among Iranian pharmaceutical manufacturing companies. First, context-specific, validated questionnaires were developed to assess corporate governance, productivity, and competitiveness. Second, these instruments were administered to senior executives (Chief Executive Officers [CEOs], board members, Chief Financial Officers [CFOs], and Chief Commercial Officers [CCOs]) at 44 randomly selected companies. Finally, statistical analyses, including Pearson and partial correlations, independent t-tests, and bootstrapped mediation analysis, were performed to evaluate the relationships among the study variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 151 completed questionnaires were analyzed (response rate: 85.8%). Productivity showed a strong positive correlation with competitiveness (r = 0.780, P < 0.001) and a moderate positive correlation with corporate governance (r = 0.419, P = 0.005). By contrast, no significant direct correlation was observed between corporate governance and competitiveness. Mediation analysis indicated that productivity mediated the relationship between corporate governance and competitiveness, indicating a substantial indirect effect. In addition, companies producing biological medicines had significantly higher productivity and competitiveness scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggest a partially interdependent model in which corporate governance enhances competitiveness primarily through its positive effect on productivity rather than through a direct pathway. Strengthening governance structures to improve decision-making and resource utilization may therefore be an effective strategy for increasing productivity and, ultimately, competitiveness in the pharmaceutical industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":14595,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"e169077"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13659821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yishen Xiaoke Formula Delays Renal Fibrosis in Rats with Diabetic Nephropathy by Suppressing the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1/Notch Signalling Pathway.","authors":"Shanshan Chang, Xuan Zheng, Qiang Chen, Xuan Liu, Jianhong Zhang","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-171242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-171242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Yishen Xiaoke Formula (YSXKF), derived from the classical prescription Yuquan San, has been used clinically to treat diabetic nephropathy (DN) in patients with qi-yin deficiency syndrome.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study investigated whether YSXKF delays renal fibrosis progression in DN rats by regulating the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)/Notch signalling pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventy-five male Sprague Dawley rats were included and randomly assigned to a control cohort (15 rats) or a model cohort (60 rats). DN was induced by unilateral nephrectomy, a high-fat/high-sucrose diet, and streptozotocin injection. DN rats were treated with YSXKF, irbesartan, or YSXKF combined with TGF-β1 activation for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of intervention, 24-h urinary total protein (24-h UTP), circulating TGF-β1 levels, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and serum creatinine (Scr) were evaluated. Masson staining was performed to assess renal pathological changes, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were conducted to assess the levels of TGF-β1, Jagged1, and Hes1 in renal tissue.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with DN rats, YSXKF treatment significantly reduced 24-h UTP excretion, circulating TGF-β1 levels, FBG, and Scr. Histological analysis revealed attenuated glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. YSXKF decreased renal mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β1, Jagged1, and Hes1. Activation of TGF-β1 markedly reversed these protective effects and restored Notch pathway activation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>YSXKF delays renal fibrosis progression in DN rats by downregulating TGF-β1 expression and inhibiting Jagged1/Hes1 activation in the Notch signaling pathway, thereby reducing extracellular matrix deposition.</p>","PeriodicalId":14595,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"e171242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13659822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149181854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Ameliorative Effect of <i>Zosima absinthifolia</i> on Diminished Ovarian Reserve in Rats.","authors":"Leila Safarian, Homa Hajimehdipoor, Mojgan Tansaz","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-172634","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijpr-172634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), a leading cause of female infertility, has been increasing worldwide and currently lacks an effective and specific treatment. <i>Zosima absinthifolia</i> has traditionally been used in Persian medicine to treat menstrual disorders and enhance libido.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the protective effects of <i>Z. absinthifolia</i> extract against cyclophosphamide-induced DOR in a rat model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>Zosima absinthifolia</i> was extracted with 80% methanol and dried. Thirty female rats were randomly allocated to five groups: sham, DOR, and three extract-treated groups (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg). DOR was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (45 mg/kg). Fourteen days later, the rats received the extract orally for 28 days. In an initial exploratory dose-screening phase, serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were used to identify the most biologically active dose. Based on these findings, an optimal dose was selected for subsequent hormonal and histopathological evaluations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cyclophosphamide significantly decreased serum AMH and estradiol (E₂) levels and increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels compared with those in the sham group. Treatment with <i>Z. absinthifolia</i> (12.5 mg/kg) significantly increased AMH and E₂ levels and reduced FSH levels compared with those in the DOR group. Although treatment increased the numbers of primordial, primary, and antral follicles, these differences were not statistically significant. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in the numbers of Graafian follicles, cystic follicles, or corpora lutea among the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings provide preliminary evidence that <i>Z. absinthifolia</i> extract may exert protective effects in a rat model of cyclophosphamide-induced DOR. However, further studies evaluating toxicity, reproductive safety, dose-response relationships, and conducting controlled clinical trials are required before its potential clinical application can be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":14595,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"e172634"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13647227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149136539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vorinostat (Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid, SAHA) Coordinately Modulates Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes and Intrinsic and Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway Genes to Induce Apoptosis in Human Glioblastoma, Medulloblastoma, and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells.","authors":"Fraidoon Kavoosi, Masumeh Sanaei","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-173974","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijpr-173974","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cell cycle progression is regulated by coordinated interplay among cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), cyclins, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs). In many human cancers, CKIs are epigenetically silenced through promoter hypermethylation and histone deacetylation, contributing to uncontrolled cell proliferation and impaired apoptosis. Restoration of histone acetylation by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) promotes the re-expression of epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes, thereby modulating cell cycle control and apoptotic pathways. Building on our previous findings with trichostatin A (TSA), the present study evaluated vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) in three human cancer cell lines.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the effects of SAHA on the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, and to assess its ability to induce apoptosis in glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values for SAHA were determined by treating glioblastoma (SF-763), medulloblastoma (D458-Med), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BALL-1) cells with a range of drug concentrations, followed by an MTT assay. Cells treated with the corresponding IC₅₀ concentrations were subsequently analyzed for apoptosis by flow cytometry and for the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes and genes involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SAHA significantly modulated the expression of most cell cycle regulatory genes and genes involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. These molecular alterations were accompanied by a significant increase in apoptosis across all three cancer cell lines.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SAHA promotes apoptosis by modulating the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes and activating both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, highlighting its potential as an epigenetic therapeutic agent for glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":14595,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"e173974"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13647230/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149136481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Progress in PET and SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: From Radiopharmaceuticals to Imaging Innovations.","authors":"Elham Sattarzadeh Khameneh, Saeed Kakaei, Yashar Noshadi, Behrouz Alirezapour, Fariba Johari Daha","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-171684","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijpr-171684","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Context: &lt;/strong&gt;Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, underscoring the need for accurate, noninvasive diagnostic methods to support clinical decision-making and treatment planning. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) plays a key role in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia and coronary artery disease. This review provides a comparative overview of PET and SPECT MPI, with particular emphasis on radiopharmaceuticals, technical advances, clinical applications, and the limitations of each modality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Evidence acquisition: &lt;/strong&gt;A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 1990 and July 2026. Search terms included myocardial perfusion imaging, PET radiotracers, SPECT radiotracers, rubidium-82, nitrogen-13 ammonia, technetium-99m sestamibi, flurpiridaz, and relevant combinations of these terms using Boolean operators. Original research articles, clinical trials, and review articles addressing radiopharmaceutical development, image reconstruction techniques, quantitative imaging, and hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT technologies were included. Non-English publications, case reports, and studies lacking relevant original or comparative data were excluded. The reference lists of eligible articles were also manually reviewed. Radiotracers were compared with respect to pharmacokinetics, myocardial extraction fraction, target-to-background ratio, image quality, radiation dosimetry, and clinical utility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;SPECT MPI, particularly with &lt;sup&gt;99&lt;/sup&gt;mTc-sestamibi and &lt;sup&gt;99&lt;/sup&gt;mTc-tetrofosmin, remains widely used because of its established clinical infrastructure, relatively low equipment costs, broad availability, and ability to assess both myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function using gated imaging. Its principal limitations include lower spatial resolution, susceptibility to photon attenuation artifacts, and a limited capacity for absolute quantification of myocardial blood flow. PET MPI offers superior spatial and temporal resolution, routine attenuation correction, and quantitative measurement of myocardial blood flow and myocardial flow reserve. Established PET tracers, including &lt;sup&gt;82&lt;/sup&gt;Rb and &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;N-ammonia, generally provide higher diagnostic accuracy than conventional SPECT; however, their short physical half-lives require generator-based or on-site cyclotron production and may limit the feasibility of exercise stress protocols. Emerging &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-labeled tracers, particularly flurpiridaz, offer several advantages, including a longer half-life suitable for centralized production and distribution, improved image contrast, exercise stress imaging, rapid extracardiac clearance, and a more linear relationship between myocardial tracer u","PeriodicalId":14595,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"e171684"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13617456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baicalein Attenuates Early Molecular and Proliferative Changes in MASH-Driven Hepatocarcinogenesis by Inhibiting the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Pyroptosis Pathway.","authors":"Jing Xu, Amirabas Bostani, Hongwei Qu","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-171126","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijpr-171126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and pyroptosis are key drivers of inflammation and tumorigenesis. Baicalein (BAI), a flavonoid derived from <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i>, has anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of BAI on early molecular and proliferative changes in a MASH-driven hepatocarcinogenesis model, using validated surrogate markers of preneoplastic progression (Ki-67 and glutathione S-transferase pi 1 [GSTP1]) rather than direct histopathological tumor quantification.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An M-HCC rat model was established using a hepatopathogenic diet, carbon tetrachloride, and diethylnitrosamine. Rats received BAI (50 mg/kg/day) orally for 16 weeks. Biochemical, oxidative stress, and fibrosis parameters were measured, and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components, inflammatory cytokines, and proliferation markers was assessed. The findings were validated in lipotoxic HepG2 cells treated with BAI, with or without the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BAI significantly reduced serum liver enzyme levels, oxidative stress, and fibrosis markers in M-HCC rats. BAI treatment was associated with reduced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis marker levels, as evidenced by decreased levels of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), caspase-1, the N-terminal fragment of gasdermin D (GSDMD-N), IL-1β, and IL-18, together with reduced steatosis and proliferation markers. In lipotoxic HepG2 cells, BAI dose-dependently suppressed NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis; cotreatment with MCC950 did not further enhance these effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BAI treatment was associated with suppression of components of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis pathways, as well as reductions in inflammatory, fibrotic, and proliferative markers. These findings support further investigation of BAI as a candidate for modulating early hepatocarcinogenic events. However, direct anti-HCC efficacy remains to be established in future studies incorporating histological tumor endpoints.</p>","PeriodicalId":14595,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"e171126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13647231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149136407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Non-chemotherapeutic Extravasation: A Multidisciplinary Delphi-driven Consensus Study.","authors":"Sima Mollaeian, Behzad Azimi, Ghader Mohammadnezhad, Seyydeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Behnam Molavi, Pariya Kalani, Hadi Esmaily","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-171391","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijpr-171391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Extravasation, the unintended leakage of an intravenous drug into surrounding tissue, is a serious complication of parenteral therapy that can cause skin necrosis, functional impairment, or limb loss. Most existing guidelines focus on chemotherapeutic agents; however, serious injury also occurs with non-chemotherapeutic drugs, and comprehensive guidance for these agents is lacking.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To develop a structured, evidence-based guideline to support the prevention, early recognition, and management of nonchemotherapy drug extravasation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The initial draft was informed by a systematic review of studies published between 2000 and September 2024, conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and by an analysis of existing protocols. The subsequent three-round Delphi consensus process was conducted in accordance with the Conducting and REporting of DElphi Studies guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The panel comprised six pharmacists, three vascular surgeons, and four expert nurses. Consensus (≥ 70%) was reached on 20 final items. The guideline addresses the mechanisms of tissue injury, major complications, and preventive strategies. It also addresses previously underexplored areas, including drug risk stratification, early detection technologies, appropriate catheter selection for prevention, and emerging therapeutic approaches that require further evaluation. This guideline is intended to equip frontline clinicians (nurses, pharmacists, and surgeons) to support patient safety and standardize care for vulnerable populations receiving intravenous therapy; its effects on injury incidence and severity should be confirmed in future implementation studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This structured, consensus-based guideline incorporates novel domains and updates prior protocols. It may help standardize the recognition and management of non-chemotherapeutic drug extravasation; however, its clinical impact should be evaluated in future implementation studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14595,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"e171391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13620988/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149080902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-osteoporotic Effect of <i>Solanum xanthocarpum</i> Leaf Extract on Retinoic Acid-induced Osteoporosis in Rats via Alleviating Osteoclastic Activity.","authors":"Shuaishuai Wei, Jiayin Wang, Yi Liu, Chuang Xu, Juncheng Zheng, Periyannan Velu, Annamalai Vijayalakshmi, Dapeng Han","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-169247","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijpr-169247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Osteoporosis (OP) is a metabolic bone disorder that predominantly affects postmenopausal women. <i>Solanum xanthocarpum</i> (SX), a wild herb in the Solanaceae family, has traditionally been used to manage postmenopausal symptoms and articular cartilage injury.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the anti-osteoporotic activity of <i>Solanum xanthocarpum</i> leaf extract (SXLE) in a rat model of retinoic acid (RA)-induced osteoporosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to six experimental groups (n = 6 per group): group I, control; group II, RA alone (75 mg/kg body weight/day); group III, RA + alendronate (5 mg/kg body weight); group IV, RA + SXLE (25 mg/kg body weight); group V, RA + SXLE (50 mg/kg body weight); and group VI, RA + SXLE (100 mg/kg body weight). Bone mineral density (BMD), bone length, bone mineral content, serum estradiol levels, osteocalcin (OCN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity were measured. The mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, TP53 (tumor protein p53), NOX1 (NADPH oxidase 1), NOX2 (NADPH oxidase 2), SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1), and SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2) were evaluated by RT-qPCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SXLE treatment significantly increased body weight, bone mineral content, bone length, relative bone density, serum estradiol, osteocalcin, and BMD in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, SXLE dose-dependently reduced ALP and TRAP activities and decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and TP53. SXLE improved tibial and femoral coefficients and lengths, increased trabecular relative bone density, and enhanced the cortical bone area ratio. The therapeutic effects of SXLE at 100 mg/kg body weight were comparable to those of alendronate (5 mg/kg body weight). Furthermore, SXLE downregulated the expression of NOX1 and NOX2 while upregulating the expression of SOD1 and SOD2.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SXLE enhances osteoblastic/osteogenic activity while suppressing osteoclastic activity, indicating significant anti-osteoporotic potential in rats with RA-induced osteoporosis. This is the first report to link SXLE to modulation of the NOX1/NOX2-SOD1/SOD2 oxidative stress pathway in bone, providing a potential molecular mechanism for its bone-protective effects. In addition, SXLE at 100 mg/kg demonstrated therapeutic efficacy comparable to that of alendronate, supporting its potential as a plant-based alternative to bisphosphonates for osteoporosis management.</p>","PeriodicalId":14595,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"e169247"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13617455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nrf2/BAX/Bcl2 Signaling Crosstalk and Histopathological Correlates of Renoprotection by Black Soldier Fly Larval Oil Against Aflatoxin B1-Induced Oxidative and Inflammatory Kidney Injury in Rats.","authors":"Yalda Arast, Fateme Heidari","doi":"10.5812/ijpr-173736","DOIUrl":"10.5812/ijpr-173736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a highly hazardous mycotoxin commonly detected in contaminated food supplies and poses serious health risks to both humans and animals. Although its hepatotoxic effects are well established, the kidney, a principal organ for toxin elimination, remains highly susceptible to AFB1-induced injury through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and apoptotic cell death. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) oil, characterized by a high content of medium-chain fatty acids and other bioactive lipids, represents a sustainable and promising source of naturally derived antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the renoprotective potential of the n-hexane BSFL extract against AFB1-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat model, with particular emphasis on elucidating the involvement of Nrf2-driven antioxidant pathways and BAX/Bcl2-regulated apoptotic signaling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-five male Wistar rats were allocated to five experimental groups: control, AFB1 (75 µg/kg), BSFL (360 mg/kg), AFB1 + BSFL180, and AFB1 + BSFL360. After a 28-day treatment period, renal function indicators (BUN, creatinine, uric acid), oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB), and apoptosis-related proteins (Nrf2, BAX, Bcl2) were evaluated. Histopathological assessments were also performed to examine tubular necrosis, glomerular damage, and inflammatory infiltration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AFB1 exposure resulted in marked increases in BUN, creatinine, uric acid, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB, and BAX levels, along with significant decreases in SOD, CAT, GSH, Nrf2, and Bcl2 (P < 0.001). Co-administration of BSFL extract, particularly at the higher dose (360 mg/kg), effectively reversed these alterations and restored the BAX/Bcl2 ratio toward normal values. Histological examination corroborated these biochemical improvements by showing reduced tubular necrosis, glomerular injury, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the extract-treated groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that BSFL extract confers substantial renoprotection against AFB1-induced kidney injury through the coordinated regulation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense and BAX/Bcl2-dependent apoptotic pathways. The absence of intrinsic toxicity, together with the sustainable and eco-friendly production of BSFL oil, underscores its potential as a promising natural therapeutic candidate for mitigating mycotoxin-associated nephrotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14595,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"e173736"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13589419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149008425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}