IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES最新文献_第9页

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF LEAD CHLORIDE ON KIDNEY OF GAMBUSIA AFFINIS 氯化铅对甘蔗肾脏的生理和组织病理学影响

IF 0.6

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1858

Amal A. Al-Kshab

{"title":"PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF LEAD CHLORIDE ON KIDNEY OF GAMBUSIA AFFINIS","authors":"Amal A. Al-Kshab","doi":"10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1858","url":null,"abstract":"This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of lead chloride on physiological and histopathological studies in Gambusia affinis . A total of 500 fish were collected from the bank of the river east of Mosul city. The fish in the aquarium were divided into five groups (control, acute exposure(20,25mg/l) and chronic exposure(5,10mg/l)). The bioaccumulation of lead in acute and chronic periods of exposure showed a significant difference in values between control and treatment. The greatest level was seen in the kidney of fish treated with lead dichloride at 10 mg/l for 30 days. The level of antioxidant Glutathione has a significant decrease in different kidneys of fish treated with pbcl2 exposed to acute and chronic concentrations. The lowest decrease was seen in kidneys of fish treated with Pbcl2 at 10 mg/l for a month. At the same time, a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) level was seen in all kidney treated with PbCl2. Histological study of the kidney showed varying degrees of pathological lesions. The glomeruli in the kidney shrank, and degeneration of Bowman's capsule. The Pb accumulation increases with increasing concentration and period of exposure. Both acute and chronic effects caused a change in the level of antioxidants and histopathological changes in kidney of the fish. Histopathological study may be a useful indicator for determining the extent of aquatic contamination. It could be concluded that the kidney changes caused by lead exposures in fish may serve as a biomarker for the contamination of sub-lethal levels of heavy metals and other anthropogenic contaminants.","PeriodicalId":14562,"journal":{"name":"IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139142421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

EFFECT OF GLYCEROL ON MILK YIELD, ITS QUALITY AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF HOLSTEIN COWS 甘油对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量、牛奶质量和血液参数的影响

IF 0.6

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1851

W.A. Khalid, N.N. Al-Anbari

{"title":"EFFECT OF GLYCEROL ON MILK YIELD, ITS QUALITY AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF HOLSTEIN COWS","authors":"W.A. Khalid, N.N. Al-Anbari","doi":"10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1851","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding glycerol at different levels (T1 = control treatment without glycerol, T2 = 75 ml and T3 = 150 ml glycerol) on daily milk yield, milk components and some blood parameters of Holstein cows during the period of 60 days. Milk yield increased significantly (P≤0.05) at 15th day of the experiment, and highly significant (P≤0.01) at 30th and 60th days of the experiment in T3 group. Percentage of milk protein and lactose increased (P≤0.01) in T2 and T3 groups and the percentage of milk fat in the T3 group decreased at day 60 of the experiment. The blood glucose concentration increased (P≤0.01) in T2 and T3 groups at 30 and 60 days of the experiment. Triglyceride concentration increased (P≤0.01) in the blood of T2 and T3 treated cows at day 60. The concentration of cholesterol, NEFA and BHBA decreased (P≤0.01) in T3 treated cows at day 60 of the experiment. The concentration of phosphorous and magnesium were also affected as a result of glycerol treatment. It can be concluded that the addition of dietary glycerol 150 ml / day enhanced milk yield, protein and lactose percentage, and improved blood parameters by increasing blood glucose and reducing NEFA and BHBA concentrations of Holstein cows.","PeriodicalId":14562,"journal":{"name":"IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139146349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC WITH GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANO PARTICLES AGIANST UROPATHOGENIC E.COLI BIOFILM 抗生素与绿色合成纳米银颗粒对尿路致病性大肠杆菌生物膜的协同作用

IF 0.6

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1862

N. S. Alshaikhly, M. H. M. A. Researcher, Assist. Prof Assist

{"title":"SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC WITH GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANO PARTICLES AGIANST UROPATHOGENIC E.COLI BIOFILM","authors":"N. S. Alshaikhly, M. H. M. A. Researcher, Assist. Prof Assist","doi":"10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1862","url":null,"abstract":"The bacterial ability to form biofilm had been complicated the infection healing process, due to antibiotic resistance. Urinary tract infection is an optimal example of such infections that caused by bacterial biofilms. So the current study aimed to find an alternative method to inhibit the uropathogenic bacteria using nanotechnology. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) was isolated from 110 clinical samples. These bacterial isolated were tested for their ability to form biofilm by two methods: Microtiter plate and congo red agar. Antibiotic susceptibility was detected to determine the multidrug-resistant isolates. An ecofriendly green method was depended for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using alcoholic extract of Lepidium meyenii yellow root. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by several techniques, and it was detected with a diameter of 44.89 nm. Anti-biofilm activity of AgNPs alone and with antibiotic was detected and the Scanning electron microscopy observations clearly indicated that 7.1825 mg/ml AgNPs prevented the biofilm formation. This is the first worldwide evidence-based research study about the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from alcoholic yellow root extract of plant Lepidium meyenii and use it against UPEC biofilm.","PeriodicalId":14562,"journal":{"name":"IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139146758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE MAIN STEM AND BRANCHES OF THE APPROVED CULTIVAR KM5180 TO THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS BY THE EFFECT OF THE NUMBER OF SEEDS PER SQUARE METER 通过每平方米种子数量的影响，分析经批准的栽培品种 km5180 的主茎和分枝对生长特性的贡献

IF 0.6

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1878

Al-Hassan Mahmood, M. F. H. Al-Hassan, J. W. Mahmood, Assist. Prof Assist, Lecturer Dept, Field Crops, Coll, Agric, Engn, Sci.

{"title":"THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE MAIN STEM AND BRANCHES OF THE APPROVED CULTIVAR KM5180 TO THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS BY THE EFFECT OF THE NUMBER OF SEEDS PER SQUARE METER","authors":"Al-Hassan Mahmood, M. F. H. Al-Hassan, J. W. Mahmood, Assist. Prof Assist, Lecturer Dept, Field Crops, Coll, Agric, Engn, Sci.","doi":"10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1878","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment conduct during winter season 2022-2023. This study was aimed to investigate effect number of seeds.m2 to two wheat varieties. The results showed the superiority of V1 in most main stem growth traits (biological yield, number of ears .In square meters, plant height, spike length, spikelets number / ear and chlorophyll content ( 1.87 t. ha, 20.0 seed. m2 , 113.90 cm , 18.40 cm, 26.37 spikelets/ ear and 75.92 (SPAD ) respectively. V1 also excelled in all the traits of branch growth ( biological yield, number of peduncles /m2, plant height, spike length and spikelets number / ear, (16.71 tons .Ha-1, 259.17 ear /m2 ,104.57 cm, 16.83 cm and 23.63 spikelets / ear ) respectively . comparative to V2 . for the seeding rates per square meter; S2 produced the highest main stem growth traits of biological yield, plant height and chlorophyll content, (16.71 ton. ha-1 , 103.63 cm and 83.99 SPAD) respectively .in compare to (S1 and S3 seeding rates), even more; S2 produced the highest biological yield in tillers No. (14.56 ton .ha-1) which was significantly higher than seeding rates ((S1 and S3) ], while S3 produced the highest ears number. (265.00 ear.m2) compared to other seeding rates.","PeriodicalId":14562,"journal":{"name":"IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF IRAQI LOCAL COWS AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH IMPORTED COWS USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS 利用微卫星标记对伊拉克本地奶牛的遗传多样性及其与进口奶牛的比较

IF 0.6

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1852

S. M. Al-Jubori, Riyadh Hamad Senkal, R. Prof

引用次数: 0

EFFECT OF THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER ON RADIOSONDE FLIGHT PATH OVER BAGHDAD AIRPORT STATION (CASE STUDY) 对流边界层对巴格达机场站上空无线电探空仪飞行路径的影响（案例研究）

IF 0.6

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1861

A. F. Hassoon, T. O. Roomi

{"title":"EFFECT OF THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER ON RADIOSONDE FLIGHT PATH OVER BAGHDAD AIRPORT STATION (CASE STUDY)","authors":"A. F. Hassoon, T. O. Roomi","doi":"10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1861","url":null,"abstract":"This research was aimed to investigate effect of the convection conditions resulted from surface heating at different weather condition on movement track of radiosonde. Data used in this study divided to surface local weather from Baghdad airport station and reanalysis weather surface data from European center medium weather forecast (ECMWF) that contain also advance parameter parameters such as sensible heat flux and boundary layer height and other, all have large accurate spatial distribution inside and outside Baghdad province. Third type data from radiosonde used to observed atmospheric upper layer through selected days from winter season (January month) and summer season (July month) all at time 12AM. Software installed in radiosonde used to recoded wind speed, temperature and other parameter such as global position system (GPS) all plotted and represented by ArcGISpro. Results show different in the radiosone path at convection and nonconventional conditions. Convection constraint movement of radiosonde path (wind speed profiles very low don’t reach to 30m/s in upper layer, this is opposite to nonconventional case, it reach to more than 65m/s) because turbulent and random in different directions, this case is opposite to the nonconventional condition there is large free movement, where balloon reach to large and upper distance in nonconventional (Jan. cases).","PeriodicalId":14562,"journal":{"name":"IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139147130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN LOCAL AND IMPORTED IRAQI COWS USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS 利用微卫星标记研究伊拉克本地奶牛和进口奶牛的遗传多样性和生产性能

IF 0.6

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1854

S. M. Al-Jub, Riyadh Hamad Senkal

{"title":"GENETIC DIVERSITY AND PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN LOCAL AND IMPORTED IRAQI COWS USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS","authors":"S. M. Al-Jub, Riyadh Hamad Senkal","doi":"10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1854","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted us to identify the genetic features of the microsatellite markers CSSM66 and ETH10 and ILSTS34 and their relationship to genetic diversity and productive performance this study was carried out using 100 cows of five breeds presented in Iraq ; Restaki (n=10) , Janoubi (n=10) , Sharabi (n=10) , (local), Holstein (n=50) and male Brahman (n=20) (imported).The results showed the presence of a very high diversity and a highly significant difference in a sample of studied cows in the allele distribution ratios for the three markers, the results showed a significant effect (P≤0.05) superiority of the genotype LY within the ETH10 marker in the least number of inseminatons required for fertilization of Restaki cows, namely 1.16 insemination, and the genotype GP and AB within ETH10 and CSSM66 markers, respectively, recorded the highest total average milk yield with a significant value (P≤0.05) for Holstein cows, reached 1.44 . The CC genotype within markers CSSM66 had the highest mean total weight with an average of 502.75 among Brahman bulls. Therefore, microsatellites markers contributed to the mapping of quantitative traits in the studied cows","PeriodicalId":14562,"journal":{"name":"IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139142552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

RESPONSE OF YIELD AND QUALITY OF BROCCOLI TO TYPE OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION UNDER HYDROPONIC SYSTEM WITH MODIFIED NFT TECHNOLOGY 西兰花产量和质量对改良 NFT 技术水培系统营养液类型的影响

IF 0.6

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1867

A. D. Salman, I. J. A. Rasool, Researcher Prof, Land. Gard, Coll. Agric, Eng, Sci

{"title":"RESPONSE OF YIELD AND QUALITY OF BROCCOLI TO TYPE OF NUTRIENT SOLUTION UNDER HYDROPONIC SYSTEM WITH MODIFIED NFT TECHNOLOGY","authors":"A. D. Salman, I. J. A. Rasool, Researcher Prof, Land. Gard, Coll. Agric, Eng, Sci","doi":"10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1867","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out at the Dept. Hortic. and Land.Gard., Coll. Agric. Eng.Sci., University of Baghdad during fall season of 2019-2020, in order to evaluate the effect of nutrient solution type under hydroponic system (NFT) on growth, yield and quality of broccoli Brassica oleracea var.italica. Two experiments were carried out which were the standard solution experiment (Cooper) and the alternative solution experiment (ABEER) prepared from fertilizers. Results revealed that the type of solution used in the hydroponics system had non significant effect on the leaves content of N,K, Mg, Fe, Cu, B, Chlorophyll, leaves number, root length, weight of the main heads, number of side heads were not significantly affected. 13nt, reflected on the productivity under the nutrient solution (45.87 and 44.78 ton ha-1 for the standard and alternative solutions, respectively), While the effect of the alternative solution was recorded a significant increment for each of the leaves percent of phosphorous, manganese and zinc concentration, Number of days until harvest 50% of the plants (0.65%, 23.84,59.56 mg kg-1, 94.74 day respectively ),compared to the standard solution, which recorded a significant increment in the calcium percent in the leaves, plant height, leaves area, shoots dry weight, roots dry weight, shoots: roots dry weight, diameter of the main heads and weight of the side heads. As for the yield quality parameters, Results revealed the type of nutrient solution non significant effect on quality of broccoli. The results could be recommend the alternative solution (ABEER) as a promising nutrient solution in hydroponics system.","PeriodicalId":14562,"journal":{"name":"IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139144188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

GENETIC EVALUATION OF MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS IN LOCAL GOAT 当地山羊产奶性状的遗传评估

IF 0.6

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1855

Y. Al-Barzinji, Fahad K. Zainal, Assist. Prof Researcher

{"title":"GENETIC EVALUATION OF MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS IN LOCAL GOAT","authors":"Y. Al-Barzinji, Fahad K. Zainal, Assist. Prof Researcher","doi":"10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1855","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted on 67 local doe goat, aged from 2-5 years old. The overall mean of TMY, DMY and lactation length of 1st and 2nd flocks were (130.541 ± 7.403 kg, 0.716 ± 0.033kg, and 182.432 ± 4.112 day) and (164.043 ± 8.788 kg, 0.832 ± 0.043 kg, 197.027 ± 2.650 day), respectively. The flock, age of doe, doe coat color, month of kidding and type of birth have significant effect on TMY and DMY, doe in 2nd flock production 33.502 and 0.116 kg milk/doe, respectively more than doe in 1st flock. Doe of five years old yielded (181.878 ± 10.171 kg /doe) and (0.892 ± 0.044 kg /doe/day) more milk than young doe. Doe kidding in Januarys were consistently produced high significantly (p≤0.001) more TMY (158.354 ± 7.076 kg /doe) and DMY (0.828 ± 0.033 kg /doe/day) in comparison with other groups. Doe with brown coat color produced significantly (p≤0.05) more TMY (165.205 ± 20.558 kg /doe) and DMY (0.835 ± 0.095 kg /doe/day) in comparison with other coat colors. Doe kidding twin’s kids were significantly (p≤0.05) yielded more TMY and DMY than single kids. The flock and age of doe significantly affected the lactation length, 2nd flock have higher length with 197.027 ± 2.650 day and higher lactation length recorded of doe with 5 years old with 200 ± 3.779 day. BLUP values for TMY of doe ranged from -130.65 to 224.77 kg/doe. The repeatability of DMY, fat%, protein% and lactose% in present study arrived 0.286, 0.319, 0.067 and 0.015 respectively. The MPPA value of TMY in this study ranged from 80.988 to 329.749. These results indicated the good genetic make-up of local goat for milk traits and the selection programs can play major role to increase production ability of local goat.","PeriodicalId":14562,"journal":{"name":"IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139145501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF RED ONIONS SKIN 红洋葱皮酚类化合物含量及抗氧化、抗菌和抗真菌活性

IF 0.6

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.36103/ijas.v54i4.1794

ALBANDARY N. A.

引用次数: 0