Investigative and Clinical Urology最新文献

{"title":"Letter to the editor: The association between the severity of erectile dysfunction and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with and without cardiovascular disease.","authors":"Hyun Jun Park","doi":"10.4111/icu.20240025","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20240025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 2","pages":"196-197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological and morphological development of the prepuce from birth to prepubertal age.","authors":"Erim Erdem, Mustafa Kaplan Caliskan, Meryem Ilkay Karagul, Erdem Akbay, Banu Coskun Yilmaz, Yuksel Cem Aygun","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230034","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To study the histological changes of the preputial tissue from birth to prepubertal age in order to define unnoticed morphological changes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Prepuce samples were obtained from 79 healthy boys who underwent routine ritual circumcision. Specimens were divided into six groups according to the boys' age: newborn, 0-1 year of age, 2-3 years of age, 4-5 years of age, 6-7 years of age, and 8-9 years of age. Histologic analysis of the specimens was performed by H&amp;E, Masson's trichrome, Verhoeff-Von Gieson, immunohistochemical staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Microscopic examinations showed that average epithelial thickness increased after the neonatal period (p=0.001). When collagen fiber density was evaluated, no significant differences between groups were found (p=0.083). When the elastic fibers in the dermis were evaluated, it was determined that the number and thickness of elastic fibers increased with age. Immunohistochemical examinations showed that the number of peripheral nerves marked with S100 was lower in the neonatal period than at other ages (p=0.048). When the vessels marked with CD105 antibody were counted, there was no significant difference between the groups (p=0.078).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first study to examine the age-related structure of connective tissue elements in the foreskin. Our results showed that the prepuce's prepubertal maturation process is continuous, and the first 2 years of life are appropriate not only in relation to the physiological effects of age but also the optimum structural changes for wound healing, such as vessel diameter, epithelium thickness, peripheral nerve count.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 2","pages":"180-188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating the labyrinth: A comprehensive approach to managing renal masses in young patients.","authors":"Diego Moreira Capibaribe, José Ignacio Nolazco, Steven Lee Chang, Leonardo O Reis","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230401","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230401","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 2","pages":"105-107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925734/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric obesity and development of the penis and testis.","authors":"Danbee Lee, Jae Min Chung, Sang Don Lee","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230287","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Pediatric obesity is increasing in many countries as socioeconomic status improves and the consumption of high calorie food increases. Thus, effect of obesity on genital development is an important topic. This study aimed to determine relationships of body mass index (BMI) with penile parameters and testicular volume in pediatric patients without penile or testicular abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Data from 1,499 male pediatric patients from our center were analyzed. Patients with penile or testicular abnormalities were excluded. Their age ranged from 2 to 18 years. These patients were divided into two groups based on their BMI: normal BMI (5th-85th percentile) and high BMI (≥85th percentile). Factors used in analysis included age, anthropometric indicators, baseline penile length (BPL), stretched penile length (SPL), penile circumference (PC), and mean testicular volume. These same parameters were analyzed for different age groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pediatric patients with normal BMI showed longer BPL and SPL than patients with high BMI (p<0.05). However, PC and mean testicular volumes showed no significant difference between the two groups. BPL was significantly longer in the normal BMI group starting at ten years of age. SPL was significantly longer in the normal BMI group starting at eleven years of age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study confirms that having a higher BMI during childhood has a negative effect on penile length. However, there was no significant relationship between BMI and PC or testicular volume.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 2","pages":"189-195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925733/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical outcome and safety of holmium laser prostate enucleation after transrectal prostate biopsies for benign prostatic hyperplasia.","authors":"See Min Choi, Chang Seok Kang, Dae Hyun Kim, Jae Hwi Choi, Chunwoo Lee, Seong Uk Jeh, Sung Chul Kam, Jeong Seok Hwa, Jae Seog Hyun","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230276","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to assess the clinical outcome and safety of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TR biopsy) in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed data from 556 patients who underwent HoLEP between 2014 and 2021. The patients were categorized into six groups: Group 1-A (n=45) underwent HoLEP within four months post TR biopsy. Group 1-B (n=94) underwent HoLEP more than four months post TR biopsy. Group 1-C (n=120) underwent HoLEP after a single TR biopsy. Group 1-D (n=19) underwent HoLEP after two or more TR biopsies. Group 1-total (n=139, group 1-A+group 1-B or group 1-C+group 1-D) underwent HoLEP post TR biopsy. Group 2 (control group, n=417) underwent HoLEP without prior TR biopsy. We examined perioperative parameters, safety, and functional outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The age, body mass index, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), uroflowmetry, and comorbid diseases between group 1-total and group 2 were comparable. However, group 1-total exhibited significantly elevated prostate-specific antigen levels and larger prostate volumes (p<0.01). Perioperative factors like enucleation time, enucleation weight, and catheterization duration were notably higher in group 1-total (p<0.01). All groups showed significant improvements in IPSS, postvoid residual urine, and maximum flow rate during the 1-year postoperative period (p<0.05). The rates of postoperative complications were similar between group 1-total and group 2.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Enucleation time and catheterization duration were significantly longer in the TR biopsy group. However, postoperative complications were not significantly different between TR biopsy and non-TR biopsy groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 2","pages":"148-156"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mid-term results of ReMEEX sling system in female stress urinary incontinence with various indications and feasibility of readjustment.","authors":"Hwanik Kim, Jin Hyuck Kim, Seong Jin Jeong","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230283","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine efficacy and safety of ReMEEX implantation in patients with female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) associated with detrusor underactivity (DU), recurrence, or intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Retrospective cohort study included 303 females who underwent ReMEEX system (March 2008 to May 2021). Patients were stratified into three groups by purpose of surgery (SUI with DU, reoperation, and SUI with ISD) and evaluated with following criteria: cure (absence of subjective complaint of leakage and objective leakage in the stress test), improvement (rare leakage subjectively, but satisfaction regardless of stress test), and failure. Primary outcome was success rate of surgery assessed through patient interviews and a stress test. Surgical outcomes and complications were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean follow-up was 34.4 months (range, 6.0-145.0 months). At the final follow-up visit, 42.9% and 49.2% of patients were cured and improved. Twenty-one point five percent required tension readjustment (mean number, 1.2). The total complication rate was 19.5% (none for grade ≥4). Preoperative Qmax was significantly higher in the ISD group (p<0.001) and preoperative total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) score was significantly higher in the DU group (p=0.044). Moreover, at postoperative 1 year, both total IPSS score and IPSS quality of life score were significantly higher in the DU group (both p=0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The success rate of ReMEEX system was 92.1% at mean follow-up of 34.4 months in female SUI with DU, reoperation, or ISD. It also enabled postoperative readjustment of sling tension, as needed, up to 130 months after surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 2","pages":"157-164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propensity score-matched analysis comparing perioperative, functional, and safety outcomes between thulium fiber laser and bipolar enucleation of the prostate performed by a single surgeon with two years of follow-up.","authors":"Armais Albertovich Kamalov, Nikolay Ivanovich Sorokin, Vitaly Kazichanovich Dzitiev, Andrey Alekseevich Strigunov, Olga Yurevna Nesterova, Ilya Vladimirovich Bondar","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230270","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare perioperative, functional, and safety outcomes between thulium fiber laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuFLEP) and bipolar enucleation of the prostate performed by a single surgeon with use of propensity score (PS)-matched analysis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Data were from 675 patients, 422 of whom underwent ThuFLEP and bipolar enucleation by a single highly experienced surgeon. ThuFLEP was performed with Fiberlase U1 (IRE Polus Ltd.). Perioperative parameters, safety, and functional outcomes, such as International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), postvoid residual volume (PVR), and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) were assessed. To control for selection bias, a 1:1 PS-matched analysis was carried out using the following variables as covariates: total prostate volume, preoperative IPSS and early sphincter release.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 422 patients, 370 (87.7%) underwent ThuFLEP and 52 (12.3%) underwent bipolar enucleation. Operation, enucleation, and morcellation time were comparable between groups before and after PS-matched analysis (p=0.954, p=0.474, p=0.362, respectively). Functional parameters (IPSS, QoL, PVR, Qmax) were also comparable between groups at every time point before and after PS matching. Significant improvements in IPSS, QoL score, Qmax, and PVR were observed during the 24-month follow-up period for both ThuFLEP and bipolar enucleation without any significant differences between groups. Early and late postoperative complications before and after PS-matched analysis were similar.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ThuFLEP was comparable to bipolar enucleation in perioperative characteristics, improvement in voiding parameters, and complication rates. Both procedures were shown to be effective and safe in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 2","pages":"139-147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progression-directed therapy in patients with oligoprogressive castration-resistant prostate cancer.","authors":"Jun Nyung Lee, Mi Young Kim, Jae Hoon Kang, Jun-Koo Kang, Jae-Wook Chung, Yun-Sok Ha, Seock Hwan Choi, Bum Soo Kim, Hyun Tae Kim, Tae-Hwan Kim, Eun Sang Yoo, See Hyung Kim, Tae Gyun Kwon","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230337","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Oligoprogressive lesions are observed in a subset of patients who progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), while other lesions remain controlled by systemic therapy. This study evaluates the impact of progression-directed therapy (PDT) on these oligoprogressive lesions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 40 patients diagnosed with oligoprogressive CRPC. PDT was performed for treating all progressive sites using radiotherapy. Fifteen patients received PDT using radiotherapy for all progressive sites (PDT group) while 25 had additional first-line systemic treatments (non-PDT group). In PDT group, 7 patients underwent PDT and unchanged systemic therapy (PDT-A group) and 8 patients underwent PDT with additional new line of systemic therapy on CRPC (PDT-B group). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prostate specific antigen (PSA) nadir was significantly lower in PDT group compare to non-PDT group (p=0.007). A 50% PSA decline and complete PSA decline were observed in 13 patients (86.7%) and 10 patients (66.7%) of PDT group and in 18 patients (72.0%) and 11 patients (44.0%) of non-PDT group, respectively. The PSA-progression free survival of PDT-B group was significantly longer than non-PDT group. The median time to failure of first-line systemic therapy on CRPC was 30.2 months in patients in PDT group and 14.9 months in non-PDT group (p=0.014). PDT-B group showed a significantly longer time to progression than non-PDT group (p=0.025). Minimal PDT-related adverse events were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PDT can delay progression of disease and enhance treatment efficacy with acceptable tolerability in oligoprogressive CRPC.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 2","pages":"132-138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925732/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association of reproductive hormones, thyroid function, and vitamin levels with premature ejaculation: A prospective case-control study.","authors":"Yasar Pazır, Haydar Guler, Taha Burak Bulut, Emre Ari, Semih Aktas, Mustafa Kadıhasanoglu","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230213","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate whether serum hormone (testosterone, prolactin, gonadotropins, and thyroid hormones) and vitamin (vitamin B₁₂, folic acid, and vitamin D) levels are associated with premature ejaculation (PE).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This prospective case-control study included 126 patients with PE (lifelong PE [LPE] in 94 and acquired PE [APE] in 32) who presented to the urology outpatient clinic between April 2016 and January 2023 and 92 healthy men as a control group. The diagnosis of PE was based on the criteria defined by the International Society for Sexual Medicine. Serum total testosterone (TT), free and bioavailable testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, thyroxine (fT₄), vitamin B₁₂, folic acid, and vitamin D levels were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum TT, fT₄, and vitamin D levels were significantly higher in patients with PE than in the control group (p=0.022, p=0.002, and p=0.044, respectively). However, the serum vitamin B₁₂ level was significantly lower in the PE group (p=0.021). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, only vitamin B₁₂ was found to be an independent risk factor for PE, with an estimated odds ratio of 0.997 (95% confidence interval 0.994-0.999, p=0.036).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated that lower vitamin B₁₂ levels are associated with the presence of PE. Therefore, we believe that it would be beneficial to consider vitamin B₁₂ levels in the evaluation of patients with PE.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 2","pages":"173-179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2023 Korean sexually transmitted infections guidelines by the Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation: Human papillomavirus vaccination.","authors":"Chang Il Choi, Seung-Ju Lee, Jin Bong Choi, Tae-Hyoung Kim, Jeong Woo Lee, Jun Mo Kim, Sangrak Bae","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230385","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation (KAUTII) and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency updated the guidelines for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine against sexually transmitted HPV infections in Korea to respond to changing epidemiologic trends, evolving scientific evidence, and advances in laboratory diagnostics and research. Main purpose and recommendation of vaccination against HPV are as follows: (1) the purpose of HPV vaccine is to reduce the risk of genital warts and HPV-related cancers including cervical and vulvar cancer, head and neck cancer, anal cancer, and penile cancer; (2) in Korea, bivalent (16, 18) vaccines, quadrivalent vaccines (6, 11, 16, 18), and 9-valent vaccines (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58) are used depending on the type of HPV; (3) bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines are national immunizations targeting girls aged 11-12 years and low-income young females aged 18-26 years (age and range of inoculation: routinely administered at 11 or 12 years of age, 2 doses at 0 and 6 months for 12-14 years of age; for females aged 15-26 years, 3 doses depending on the type of vaccine; vaccination can be given to those aged up to 45 years through consultation with a clinician); (4) in the case of administering 2 doses, at least 5 months apart; in the case of administering 3 doses, it is recommended to keep 4 weeks between the 1st and 2nd doses, 12 weeks between the 2nd and 3rd doses, and 5 months between the 1st and 3rd doses; (5) immunocompromised patients such as those with HIV, malignant neoplasms, and autoimmune diseases, and those undergoing transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy should receive 3 doses. HPV vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 2","pages":"108-114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925737/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}