Investigative and Clinical Urology最新文献

{"title":"Correlation between urine cytology results on the day after overnight continuous saline irrigation following transurethral resection of bladder tumor and bladder tumor recurrence.","authors":"Dae Hyun Kim, Min Sung Choi, Jae Hwi Choi, Chunwoo Lee, Seong Uk Jeh, Sung Chul Kam, Jeong Seok Hwa, Jae Seog Hyun, See Min Choi","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230284","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the relationship between urine cytology results after overnight continuous saline irrigation (OCSI) following transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and bladder tumor recurrence in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted on patients diagnosed with NMIBC between 2016 and 2020 after undergoing TURBT at our hospital. All patients received OCSI following TURBT and had urine cytology test at postoperative 1 day. Urine cytology was classified into three groups: Negative, low-grade urothelial neoplasm (LGUN)+atypical urothelial cells (AUC), and suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC)+high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). Recurrence-free survival (RFS) in each group was compared using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate independent prognostic factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 172 patients were included in this study. Based on urine cytology group (after OCSI), RFS did not reach the median value in the Negative group. In the LGUN+AUC group, the median RFS was 615.00 days. In the SHGUC+HGUC group, the median RFS was 377.00 days. In survival analysis, the Negative group had a longer RFS than the SHGUC+HGUC group (p=0.013). However, Cox regression analysis showed that SHGUC+HGUC was not an independent prognostic factor for recurrence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Urine cytology results after OCSI following TURBT in NMIBC were associated with bladder tumor recurrence. Specifically, SHGUC or HGUC in urine cytology after OCSI showed earlier recurrence than negative cases. However, further research is needed to accurately determine whether it is an independent prognostic factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 3","pages":"279-285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pudendal nerve neurolysis outcomes for urogenital and rectal disorders in patients suffering from pudendal nerve entrapment: A systematic review.","authors":"Carlo Giulioni, Lucia Pitoni, Demetra Fuligni, Mattia Beltrami, Valeria Passarella, Vanessa Palantrani, Virgilio De Stefano, Daniele Castellani, Andrea Benedetto Galosi","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230402","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Pudendal neuropathy is an uncommon condition that exhibits several symptoms depending on the site of nerve entrapment. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of pudendal nerve neurolysis (PNN) in improving lower urinary tract symptoms, anal and/or urinary incontinence, and sexual dysfunctions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was performed on 20 May 2023 using Scopus, PubMed, and Embase. Only English and adult papers were included. Meeting abstracts and preclinical studies were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-one papers were accepted, revealing significant findings in the field. The study identified four primary sites of pudendal nerve entrapment (PNE), with the most prevalent location likely being at the level of the Alcock canal. Voiding symptoms are commonly exhibited in patients with PNE. PNN improved both urgency and voiding symptoms, and urinary and anal incontinence but is less effective in cases of long-standing entrapment. Regarding sexual function, the recovery of the somatic afferent pathway results in an improvement in erectile function early after neurolysis. Complete relief of persistent genital arousal disorder occurs in women, although bilateral PNN is necessary to achieve the efficacy. PNN is associated with low-grade complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PNN emerges as a viable option for addressing urinary symptoms, fecal incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and female sexual arousal in patients suffering from PNE with minimal postoperative morbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 3","pages":"230-239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammation indexes and machine-learning algorithm in predicting urethroplasty success.","authors":"Emre Tokuc, Mithat Eksi, Ridvan Kayar, Samet Demir, Ramazan Topaktas, Yavuz Bastug, Mehmet Akyuz, Metin Ozturk","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230302","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the predictive capability of hematological inflammatory markers for urethral stricture recurrence after primary urethroplasty and to compare traditional statistical methods with a machine-learning-based artificial intelligence algorithm.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Two hundred eighty-seven patients who underwent primary urethroplasty were scanned. Ages, smoking status, comorbidities, hematological inflammatory parameters (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratios, platelet-lymphocyte ratios [PLR], systemic immune-inflammation indexes [SII], and pan-immune-inflammation values [PIV]), stricture characteristics, history of previous direct-visual internal urethrotomy, urethroplasty techniques, and grafts/flaps placements were collected. Patients were followed up for one year for recurrence and grouped accordingly. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to create a predictive model. Additionally, a machine-learning-based logistic regression analysis was implemented to compare predictive performances. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comparative analysis between the groups revealed statistically significant differences in stricture length (p=0.003), localization (p=0.027), lymphocyte counts (p=0.008), PLR (p=0.003), SII (p=0.003), and PIV (p=0.001). In multivariate analysis, stricture length (odds ratio [OR] 1.230, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.142-1.539, p<0.0001) and PIV (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.000-1.003, p=0.039) were identified as significant predictors of recurrence. Classical logistic regression model exhibited a sensitivity of 0.76, specificity of 0.43 with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.65. However, the machine-learning algorithm outperformed traditional methods achieving a sensitivity of 0.80, specificity of 0.76 with a higher AUC of 0.82.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PIV and machine-learning algorithms shows promise on predicting urethroplasty outcomes, potentially leading to develop possible nomograms. Evolving machine-learning algorithms will contribute to more personalized and accurate approaches in managing urethral stricture.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 3","pages":"240-247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in predicting the prognosis of antenatal hydronephrosis.","authors":"Kwanjin Park, Kyeong Kim, Young Jae Im","doi":"10.4111/icu.20240091","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20240091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Urinary biomarkers are known to be able to diagnose renal damage caused by obstruction at an early stage. We evaluated the usefulness of urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) to determine the prognosis of antenatal hydronephrosis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>From January 2019 to December 2021, a retrospective study was performed on patients with grade 3 or 4 hydronephrosis. We analyzed the ultrasonographic findings and the urinary NAG/Cr ratio between the laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP) group and active surveillance (AS) group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 21 children underwent LP for ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction and 14 children underwent AS. The mean age at the time of examination was 3.7 months (1.7-7.5 months) in the LP and 5.2 months (0.5-21.5 months) in the AS (p=0.564). The mean anteroposterior pelvic diameter was 30.0 mm (15.0-49.0 mm) in the LP and 16.7 mm (9.0-31.3 mm) in the AS (p=0.003). The mean renal parenchymal thickness was 2.6 mm (1.2-3.7 mm) in the LP and 3.8 mm (2.9-5.5 mm) in the AS (p=0.017). The urinary NAG/Cr ratio was 26.1 IU/g (9.8-47.4 IU/g) in the LP and 11.1 IU/g (2.6-18.1 IU/g) in the AS (p=0.003). After LP, the urinary NAG/Cr ratio was significantly reduced to 10.4 IU/g (3.4-14.2 IU/g) (p=0.023).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The urinary NAG/Cr ratio, one of the biomarkers of acute renal injury, is closely related to the degree of hydronephrosis. Therefore, it may be useful to determine whether to perform surgery on the UPJ obstruction and to predict the prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 3","pages":"293-299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Four trocar configurations for robot-assisted radical prostatectomy for da Vinci SP devices: Comparison of pros and cons and pricing.","authors":"Young Hwii Ko, Byung Hoon Kim, Sung Gu Kang, Kwang Hyun Kim, Jongsoo Lee, Sung-Hoo Hong","doi":"10.4111/icu.20240001","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20240001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 3","pages":"311-314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for failing to complete gemcitabine-cisplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy in muscle invasive bladder cancer patients.","authors":"Homin Kang, Jungyo Suh, Dalsan You, In Gab Jeong, Bumsik Hong, Jun Hyuk Hong, Hanjong Ahn, Bumjin Lim","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230389","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We evaluated the risk factors associated with failure to complete gemcitabine-cisplatin (GP) neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In total, 231 patients with MIBC treated with NAC before undergoing radical cystectomy between 2013 and 2022 participated in this study. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the likelihood of incomplete NAC and clinical and demographic variables, including age, sex, hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), prechemotherapy glomerular filtration rate, clinical T stage, clinical N stage, and body mass index (BMI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 231 patients, 209 (90.5%) and 22 (9.5%) completed and discontinued the NAC course, respectively. The mean age was 66.13±9.15, 65.63±9.07, and 70.86±8.66 years for the total sample, continuation, and discontinuation groups, respectively (p=0.010). No significant inter-group differences in sex, HTN, height, weight, BMI, pre-chemotherapy glomerular filtration rate, clinical T stage, or clinical N stage were observed. According to the results of the multivariable analysis, age (odds ratio [OR] 1.076, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.013-1.143, p=0.018) and the presence of DM (OR 2.541, 95% CI 1.028-6.281, p=0.043) were significantly associated with NAC discontinuation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Thus, older age and presence of DM are potential risk factors for GP NAC discontinuation in patients with MIBC. Further studies are required to validate our findings and develop strategies to minimize the rate of GP NAC discontinuation in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 3","pages":"256-262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prostate cancer therapy using immune checkpoint molecules to target recombinant dendritic cells.","authors":"Se Young Choi, Yunlim Kim, Bumjin Lim, Chung Beum Wee, In Ho Chang, Choung-Soo Kim","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230348","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We developed immune checkpoint molecules to target recombinant dendritic cells (DCs) and verified their anti-tumor efficacy and immune response against prostate cancer.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>DCs were generated from mononuclear cells in the tibia and femur bone marrow of mice. We knocked down the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on monocyte-derived DCs through siRNA PD-L1. Cell surface antigens were immune fluorescently stained through flow cytometry to analyze cultured cell phenotypes. Furthermore, we evaluated the efficacy of monocyte-derived DCs and recombinant DCs in a prostate cancer mouse model with subcutaneous TRAMP-C1 cells. Lastly, DC-induced mixed lymphocyte and lymphocyte-only proliferations were compared to determine cultured DCs' function.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the control group, siRNA PD-L1 therapeutic DC-treated mice exhibited significantly inhibited tumor volume and increased tumor cell apoptosis. Remarkably, this treatment substantially augmented interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 production by stimulating T-cells in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Moreover, we demonstrated that PD-L1 gene silencing improved cell proliferation and cytokine production.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We developed monocyte-derived DCs transfected with PD-L1 siRNA from mouse bone marrow. Our study highlights that PD-L1 inhibition in DCs increases antigen-specific immune responses, corroborating previous immunotherapy methodology findings regarding castration-resistant prostate cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 3","pages":"300-310"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of recurrence rates between intravesical gemcitabine and bacillus Calmette-Guérin induction therapy following transurethral resection of bladder tumors in patients with intermediate- and high-risk bladder cancer: A retrospective multicenter study.","authors":"Joongwon Choi, Kyung Hwan Kim, Hyung Suk Kim, Hyun Sik Yoon, Jung Hoon Kim, Jin Wook Kim, Yong Seong Lee, Se Young Choi, In Ho Chang, Young Hwii Ko, Wan Song, Byong Chang Jeong, Jong Kil Nam","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230313","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the efficacy of intravesical gemcitabine as an alternative to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Data were retrospectively collected across seven institutions from February 1999 to May 2023. Inclusion criteria included patients with intermediate- or high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) and received at least four sessions of intravesical gemcitabine or BCG induction therapy. Patient characteristics, complete remission (CR), occurrence, and progression rates were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 149 patients were included in this study (gemcitabine, 63; BCG, 86). No differences were apparent between the two groups in baseline characteristics, except for the follow-up period (gemcitabine, 9.2±5.9 months vs. BCG, 43.9±41.4 months, p<0.001). There were no consistent significant differences observed between the two groups in the 3-month (gemcitabine, 98.4% vs. BCG, 95.3%; p=0.848), 6-month (94.9% vs. 90.0%, respectively; p=0.793) and 1-year CR rates (84.2% vs. 83.3%, respectively; p=0.950). Also, there was no significant statistical difference in progression-free survival between the two groups (p=0.953). The occurrence rates of adverse events were similar between the groups (22.2% vs. 22.1%; p=0.989); however, the rate of Clavien-Dindo grade 2 or higher was significantly higher in the BCG group (1.6% vs. 16.3%, respectively; p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intravesical gemcitabine demonstrated efficacy comparable to BCG therapy for the first year in patients with intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC. However, long-term follow-up studies are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 3","pages":"248-255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rise of generative artificial intelligence and the threat of fake news and disinformation online: Perspectives from sexual medicine.","authors":"Hyun Jun Park","doi":"10.4111/icu.20240015","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20240015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 3","pages":"199-201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11076802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of trend in the role of national and regional hubs in prostatectomy after prostate cancer diagnosis in the past 5 years: A nationwide population-based study.","authors":"Seong Cheol Kim, Seungbong Han, Ji Hyung Yoon, Sungchan Park, Kyung Hyun Moon, Sang Hyeon Cheon, Gyung-Min Park, Taekmin Kwon","doi":"10.4111/icu.20230333","DOIUrl":"10.4111/icu.20230333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The regions where patients diagnosed with prostate cancer by biopsy receive prostatectomy are divided into national hub and regional hubs, and to confirm the change in the role of regional hubs compared to national hub.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Data from July 2013 to June 2017 encompassing 218,155 patients aged ≥18 years diagnosed with prostate cancer were analyzed using the Health Insurance Review &amp; Assessment Service database. The degree of patient outflow was assessed by dividing the regional diagnosis-to-surgery ratio with the national ratio for each year. Based on this ratio, national and regional hubs were determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seoul consistently maintained a patient influx with a ratio above 1.6. Busan and Gyeonggi consistently exceeded 0.9, while Ulsan and Daegu steadily increased, exceeding 1.0 between 2015 and 2016. Jeonnam province also consistently maintained the ratio above 0.7. Jeju, Daejeon, Gangwon, and Incheon remained below 0.5, indicative of substantial patient outflows, whereas Gwangju and Gyeongbuk had the highest patient outflows with ratios below 0.15. Therefore, Seoul was designated as a national hub, whereas Busan, Gyeonggi, Ulsan, Daegu, and Jeonnam were classified as regional hubs. Jeju, Daejeon, Gangwon, and Incheon were the dominant outflow areas, while Gwangju and Gyeongbuk were the highest outflow areas.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Seoul, as the national hub for prostate cancer surgery, operated on 1.76 times more patients than any other region during 2013-2017. Busan, Gyeonggi, Ulsan, Daegu, and Jeonnam functioned as regional hubs, but approximately 10%-20% of patients sought treatment at national hubs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14522,"journal":{"name":"Investigative and Clinical Urology","volume":"65 2","pages":"124-131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10925729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140059289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}