Italian Journal of Pediatrics最新文献

{"title":"The clinical analysis and indications for exchange transfusion in 158 children with pertussis characterized by marked leukocytosis.","authors":"Gaihuan Zheng, Qing Liu, Chuan Gan","doi":"10.1186/s13052-025-02077-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-025-02077-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hyperleukocytosis (WBC ≥ 30 × 10⁹/L) strongly associated with fatal outcomes; evidence-based thresholds for initiating exchange transfusion (ET) remain undefined. This study aims to investigate the association between leukocyte elevation and disease severity, and define evidence-based thresholds for initiating exchange transfusion, to assist clinical doctors in determining evidence-based medical indications for ET therapy in pediatric patients with pertussis exhibiting marked leukocytosis (WBC ≥ 30 × 10⁹/L).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 158 children diagnosed with pertussis, who were stratified into three groups based on peak WBC levels: Group A (30-50 × 10⁹/L), Group B (50-70 × 10⁹/L), and Group C (≥ 70 × 10⁹/L). Clinical parameters, including cardiorespiratory indices, complications, and treatment outcomes, were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and ROC curve analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences were observed across the WBC strata in clinical severity markers: cyanosis (45% vs. 58.2% vs. 78.3%, P = 0.015), fever (41.3% vs. 60% vs. 91.3%, P < 0.001), peak respiratory rate (53.9 ± 11.46 vs. 59.4 ± 12.33 vs. 69.04 ± 14.08 breaths/min, P < 0.001), and peak heart rate (144 vs. 157 vs. 187.5 bpm, P < 0.001). Mortality rates escalated with leukocytosis (0% vs. 3.6% vs. 43.5%, P < 0.001).ROC analysis identified optimal thresholds for predicting the need for ET: WBC > 55.38 × 10⁹/L (AUC = 0.899, 95% CI 0.834-0.963; sensitivity 88.2%, specificity 23.4%),Respiratory rate ≥ 59 breaths/min (AUC = 0.795; 95%CI 0.699 ~ 0.891, sensitivity 94.1%, specificity 36.7%),Heart rate ≥ 159 bpm (AUC = 0.813; 95%CI 0.731 ~ 0.895,sensitivity 100%, specificity 38.1%). Patients who met these thresholds required prolonged ICU stays (median 16 vs. 9 days, P = 0.011) and exhibited higher rates of mechanical ventilation (82.6% vs. 7.7%, P < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Leukocyte levels are strongly correlated with the severity of pertussis, risks of complications, and mortality. We propose initiating ET when WBC exceeds 55 × 10⁹/L, particularly in conjunction with tachypnea (> 60 breaths/min) or tachycardia (> 160 bpm), to mitigate the risk of life-threatening outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":"51 1","pages":"224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Left ventricular myocardial functions in pediatric patients with primary nephrotic syndrome: a comprehensive evaluation using conventional echocardiography, two-dimensional speckle tracking, and three-dimensional echocardiography.","authors":"Amira Hussein, Shaimaa Rakha, Ayman Hammad, Mona Hafez, Mai S Korkor","doi":"10.1186/s13052-025-02086-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-025-02086-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nephrotic syndrome (NS) has been linked to cardiac morbidity and mortality. However, early cardiac implications in NS were studied on a limited scale using basic echocardiography (ECHO). Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate subclinical Left ventricle (LV) functional alterations using conventional and advanced ECHO modalities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective observational study was conducted from January 2022 to August 2024 on 40 primary NS patients and 40 controls. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. ECHO was performed, including LV functional assessment using conventional ECHO, tissue Doppler, two-dimensional (2D) speckle tracking, and three-dimensional (3D) ECHO.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NS patients, whose mean age was 10.93 ± 2.78 years, were subclassified into steroid-sensitive NS (SSNS) 15(37.5%) and steroid-resistant NS (SRNS) 25 (62.5%). Compared with controls, there was no significant difference regarding conventional ejection fraction (EF) or E/A ratio. However, E/E' ratio and tissue Doppler Tie index were significantly higher in NS ( p = 0.001, p= < 0.001, respectively), particularly SRNS. Average global longitudinal strain (GLS) was significantly lower in NS (p = < 0.001), especially SRNS, while 3D ECHO-measured EF significantly declined in NS (p = < 0.001). Tei index and E/E' were moderately correlated with current cholesterol level, while E/E' and GLS correlated with initial serum albumin. On regression analysis, current cholesterol and initial serum albumin were significant predictors for E/E';  p= 0.019 (ß: 0.014, 95% CI: 0.003-0.26) and  p= 0.003 (ß:-1.41, 95% CI: -2.28- -0.53), respectively. No significant factors predicted GLS or 3D EF.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In addition to diastolic subclinical LV dysfunction in children with primary NS detected using Tissue Doppler, systolic alterations could be detected using 2D speckle tracking or 3D ECHO. Some of the resultant subtle LV-impaired parameters could be correlated to NS-related biochemical changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":"51 1","pages":"234"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Results of orthodontic procedure in a patient with classic infantile Pompe disease.","authors":"Carla Maria Grimaldi, Daniela D'Alessandro, Martha Caterina Faraguna, Andrea Boggio, Giulia Caldara, Silvia Barzaghi, Roberta Pretese, Viola Crescitelli, Serena Gasperini","doi":"10.1186/s13052-025-02023-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-025-02023-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pompe Disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder. Although enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has significantly extended the lifespan and improved motor function in these patients, residual orofacial muscle weakness remains as a considerable burden by affecting speech and swallowing.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 7-year-old girl with classic infantile Pompe disease presented with speech and swallowing difficulties. Hypernasality made intelligibility difficult. Orthodontic evaluation revealed mild anterior open bite, atypical swallowing patterns, and maxillary transverse deficiency. Radiographic assessments confirmed a Skeletal Class I relationship and the absence of all third molars. Rapid maxillary expansion was performed to correct this condition. Post-treatment, the patient showed significant improvements in speech and swallowing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While developing a standardized technique may not be feasible at present due to the variations in orofacial characteristics among children with Pompe Disease, incorporating orthodontic care early in its management can significantly improve functional and quality-of-life outcomes for these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":"51 1","pages":"231"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261780/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical value of combined detection of serum ferritin and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in the assessment of Kawasaki disease in children over 1 year of age.","authors":"Zhen-Qing Liu, Wan-Yu Jia, Peng Li, Chun-Lan Song","doi":"10.1186/s13052-025-02076-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-025-02076-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To compare the expression levels of serum ferritin and plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in children over 1 year with Kawasaki disease (KD) and explore the early predictive value of the combined detection of these two indicators for the occurrence of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance and coronary artery lesions (CALs) in KD patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 320 children over 1 year of age with KD were retrospectively studied. All participants had peripheral blood samples collected at specific times to test laboratory indicators such as serum ferritin and NT-proBNP. The patients were divided into an IVIG-resistant group and an IVIG-responsive group on the basis of the initial IVIG treatment effect. According to the results of cardiac ultrasound, the patients were divided into a CAL group and a non-CAL group. SPSS 25.0 software was used for data analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the early diagnostic efficacy of various indicators for IVIG resistance and CALs in KD patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Logistic regression analysis revealed that the neutrophil percentage and duration of fever before initial IVIG were independent influencing factors of IVIG resistance in KD patients. IVIG resistance, duration of fever before initial IVIG, and serum albumin level were found to be independent influencing factors of CALs. ROC curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) of NT-proBNP for identifying IVIG resistance in KD patients was 0.698. When the cutoff value of NT-proBNP was 419.6 pg/mL, the diagnostic efficacy for IVIG resistance in KD patients was the highest, with a sensitivity of 81.3% and a specificity of 53.0%. The ROC curve analysis revealed that the AUC of NT-proBNP combined with serum ferritin for identifying CALs in KD patients was 0.666, and the diagnostic efficiency of CALs was the highest.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In children over 1 year of age with KD, the level of NT-proBNP could be used as an early predictor of IVIG resistance and CALs, and the serum ferritin level could be used as an early predictor of CALs. The diagnostic efficacy of CALs can be further improved when NT-proBNP and serum ferritin are jointly detected.</p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":"51 1","pages":"229"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From vulnerability to resilience: unraveling the role of oxidative stress in preterm brain injury.","authors":"Qianqian Jiang, Jialin Wen, Yingxue Ding, Hong Cui","doi":"10.1186/s13052-025-02079-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-025-02079-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":"51 1","pages":"232"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261812/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent mutations in RNU4ATAC, PLEC, and CD96 in a child with severe short stature and skeletal dysplasia: a case report.","authors":"Hui Wang, Jinhui Wang, Darong Chen","doi":"10.1186/s13052-025-02054-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-025-02054-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Polygenic mutations play a significant role in the etiology of various growth-related disorders and bone deformities, influencing multiple physiological processes. Understanding the impact of polygenic mutations is crucial for the diagnosis, genetic counseling, and management of these complex conditions.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A boy first evaluated at 9 years and 10 months for short stature was diagnosed with compound heterozygous mutations in PLEC, CD96, and RNU4ATAC genes, with comorbid congenital multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and growth hormone deficiency. These mutations collectively contributed to severe short stature, skeletal deformities, and delayed neurodevelopment. Orthopedic surgeries were performed at 9 years and 10 months (first intervention), 11 years and 6 months (second intervention), and 12 years and 9 months (third intervention), while growth hormone therapy (GHT) was initiated at 11 years and 10 months. Over 25 months of GHT, his height increased by 18 cm, bone age advanced by five years, and gait improved. Final clinical evaluation at 13 years and 11 months confirmed sustained improvements in height (137 cm) and motor function.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case involves a child with short stature caused by rare mutations of PLEC, CD96, and RNU4ATAC. This is the first case report documenting the concurrent presence of all three rare mutations. Orthopedic surgery and GHT were employed to improve the patient's development and quality of life. We propose that early identification of high-risk factors, genetic screening, and comprehensive treatment can enhance therapeutic effectiveness and improve the patient's quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":"51 1","pages":"226"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postpartum depression and the moderating role of empathy on child physiological reactivity.","authors":"Elisa Cainelli, Barbara Carretti, Sara Puddu, Filippo Zemin, Paola Veronese, Damiano Menin, Marco Dondi, Agnese Suppiej","doi":"10.1186/s13052-025-02063-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-025-02063-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":"51 1","pages":"223"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261772/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic study of emergency strategies for skin healing after pediatric burns: a comprehensive review and a multidisciplinary perspective.","authors":"Luigi Coppola, Alessandra Cianflone, Pasquale Primo, Alessandra Macrì, Fiorenza Mastrodonato, Angela Iannicelli, Rosanna Parasole, Francesca Zamparelli, Marcello Zamparelli, Peppino Mirabelli","doi":"10.1186/s13052-025-02066-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-025-02066-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Burn injuries are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric populations. Our study aims to provide an in-depth overview of the current emergency treatment strategies for dermal injuries in children. While advances in burn care have led to improved outcomes for patients with dermal injuries, there remains considerable variability in treatment approaches, and numerous opportunities exist to enhance patient care through the adoption of novel therapies and more effective management of healthcare resources. Children with severe burns often experience profound physiological changes that can result in a range of complications, including infections, fluid and metabolism imbalance due to increased catabolism and protein requirements. Our systematic review focuses on emergency treatment approaches that have demonstrated direct application in pediatric burn care. To this aim, we consulted the scientific databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, selecting n = 6 studies that outline the emergency therapeutic approach used in the pediatric setting after a burn, highlighting the most widely adopted techniques and their clinical applications. Study selection was guided by defined eligibility criteria; only original articles published in English that investigated emergency interventions in pediatric populations (0 to 17 years) were considered. Studies were excluded if they involved subjects over 17 years of age, focused on conditions unrelated to burns, employed in vitro or in vivo models, or were review articles. Through a comprehensive examination of these approaches, our study aims to identify areas for improvement and potential advancements in pediatric burn management, suggesting possible future approaches based on Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) storage approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":"51 1","pages":"233"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic inequality and determinants of low birth weight in Kenya: a multilevel analysis using 2022 demographic and health survey.","authors":"Gizachew Ambaw Kassie, Amanuel Yosef Gebrekidan, Getachew Asmare Adella, Beshada Zerfu Woldegeorgis, Kirubel Eshetu Haile, Alemu Workineh, Yordanos Sisay Asgedom","doi":"10.1186/s13052-025-02074-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-025-02074-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Socioeconomic inequality remains a critical determinant of health outcomes worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Kenya, one of the most pressing maternal and child health challenges is the high prevalence of low birth weight (LBW), which is a key indicator of infant health and a strong predictor of neonatal and child morbidity and mortality. Therefore, exploring socioeconomic inequality and the determinants of LBW in Kenya is essential for developing effective policies and interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the 2022 Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey. A weighted total sample of 4717 live births in the two years prior to the survey was included in the study. The concentration index and concentration curve were used to investigate socioeconomic inequality in LBW among newborns. In addition, a multilevel regression model was used to identify the determinants, and the adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to determine statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of low birth weight among live births in Kenya was 8.71%. It was inequitably distributed across socioeconomic groups, with a concentration index of (-0.0295), with a higher concentration of LBW infants among mothers living in the lowest socioeconomic quintile. Mothers without formal education, poor wealth index, female sex, multiple births, and antenatal care visits were all significant predictors of LBW.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights that LBW remains a significant issue in Kenya, disproportionately concentrated in households in the lowest socioeconomic quintile. Factors such as lack of maternal education, poverty, being female, being a twin, and inadequate antenatal care visits were significant predictors. To address these issues, it is important to improve maternal education, economic prosperity, healthcare accessibility, gender-sensitive approaches, and specialized care for multiple pregnancies, and encourage regular antenatal care visits for better birth outcomes and to reduce LBW prevalence. Hence, Kenyan governments and non-governmental organizations should address the complex factors to improve birth outcomes and reduce LBW.</p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":"51 1","pages":"222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261555/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression analysis of the IL-23/Th17 pathway in children with rhinovirus infection.","authors":"Shu Teng, Mengfei Yu, Zhenghong Qi, Shiyong Zhao, Huaping Wang","doi":"10.1186/s13052-025-02068-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-025-02068-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The inflammatory response is critical in Human Rhinovirus (HRV) infection-related acute asthma attacks, but its biological mechanisms remain unclear. The interleukin-23 (IL-23)/T helper 17 (Th17) pathway is a key inflammatory pathway that regulates abnormal inflammatory responses. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of the IL-23/Th17 pathway in the pathogenesis of wheezing in children with HRV infection by examining the expression of signaling molecules within this pathway.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Seventy-five pediatric patients hospitalized with HRV infection and 21 healthy children (as a control group) were randomly enrolled from Hangzhou Children's Hospital between July 2022 and November 2023. HRV-infected patients were stratified into wheezing (n = 42) and non-wheezing (n = 33) groups based on wheezing symptoms. Nasopharyngeal swabs and peripheral venous blood samples were collected on admission. An additional set of peripheral venous blood samples was collected from 22 children in the wheezing group during their recovery phase (day 7 after symptom onset). Th17 cell percentages in peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined using flow cytometry. ELISA was utilized to measure the serum levels of IL-23 and IL-17 and the expression of IL-23R, JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, and p-STAT3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Comparisons of expression levels were made among the wheezing, non-wheezing, and control groups, as well as between the acute and recovery phases in the wheezing group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children with wheezing due to HRV infection exhibited significantly higher levels of IL-23 and IL-17 compared to the non-wheezing and control groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the expression of other molecules in the IL-23/Th17 pathway across the groups (p > 0.05). During the recovery phase, the levels of IL-23 and IL-17 significantly decreased compared to the acute phase (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>IL-23 and IL-17 significantly contribute to the development of HRV-associated wheezing in children. However, the IL-23/Th17 pathway may not be the primary mechanism behind HRV-related wheezing illnesses.</p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":"51 1","pages":"230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12261574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}