Italian Journal of Pediatrics最新文献

{"title":"Availability of diagnostic tools and stewardship protocols for managing infectious diseases in Italian paediatric emergency departments: a nationwide survey.","authors":"Marco Denina, Giulia Mazzetti, Emanuele Castagno, Stefania Zampogna, Claudia Bondone","doi":"10.1186/s13052-026-02197-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-026-02197-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases are a leading cause of Paediatric Emergency Department (PED) visits worldwide, characterised by significant clinical variability in both presentation and severity. Literature highlights that infection biomarkers and rapid etiological tests, when integrated into standardised clinical protocols, are essential for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, reducing misdiagnosis and antibiotic misuse. However, these tools are not consistently available in Italian PEDs. The objective of this survey is to assess the availability of diagnostic tools and current diagnostic practices in Italian PEDs, focusing on infection biomarkers, Point-of-Care (PoC) technologies, and the presence of disease-specific antimicrobial stewardship protocols. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey, in collaboration with the Italian Society of Paediatric Emergency Medicine (SIMEUP), was conducted among clinicians working in PEDs across Italy. An online questionnaire was submitted at one referent for each centre, collecting data about each hospital activity, availability of diagnostic biomarkers, the use of PoC technologies, microbiological test reporting times, and availability of disease-specific protocols. RESULTS: Data were collected from 55 PEDs representing almost all Italian regions, with a predominance of first- and second-level centres. Venous blood sampling was the primary method for investigating febrile children (80%), while only 20% of centres used capillary sampling as the initial diagnostic method. Limited access to PoC technologies for capillary samples (blood count and C-reactive protein available in 27.3%) contributed to this preference. Except for the SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab (85% of PEDs), other PoC microbiological tests were less frequently available, making rapid etiological diagnosis more difficult. Laboratory-based microbiological tests were widely available (blood cultures, 93%; culture testing on specific samples, 84%; nasal swabs for influenza, 84%), but they often had reporting times exceeding 48 hours, which delays clinical decisions. Only 3.6% of centres had formal antibiotic prescription and de-escalation protocols, possibly leading to variability in clinical practice and overuse of antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the fragmentation of diagnostic resources and practices in Italian PEDs, particularly in first-level centres. There is a clear need to expand access to PoC technologies, reduce test reporting times, and implement standardised protocols to improve diagnostic accuracy and enhance antibiotic stewardship. </p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13134176/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploratory study of plasma GFAP and GAD65-Ab levels in children with ADHD.","authors":"Rui-Liang Li, Yu-Dong Shan, Peng Lu, Ting-Ting Liu, Zhi-Fang Yu, Ge-Ge Lv, Na-Na Liu, Wei Zhang, Jing-Yu Zhang, Wei-Juan Gao, Li-Min Zhang, Hui-Tao Miao","doi":"10.1186/s13052-026-02248-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-026-02248-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in children of school age. In mice with ADHD, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels were significantly higher, whereas glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) levels were lower. The goal of this study is to look at the potential function of GFAP and GAD65 antibodies (GAD65-Ab) in mice and children with ADHD by assessing GFAP and GAD65-Ab levels in the blood. METHODS: An ADHD model was established in pregnant mice with 15 mg/kg of S-ketamine administration using intraperitoneal injection for 5 days from G14 to G18. Children were enrolled if they met in ADHD Rating Scale (ARS) in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria for ADHD based on clinical interviews. Venous blood was obtained from children and mice under aseptic conditions and the serum was centrifuged and preserved. Clear supernatants from mice and children were processed simultaneously in duplicate, side by side, for ELISA assay with the calibrators supplied in the GFAP and GAD65-Ab kit. RESULTS: In mice with ADHD-like behaviors, there was a strong positive connection between serum GFAP levels and open-arm times in the elevated plus maze, which corresponded with the association between serum GFAP levels and hyperactivity-impulsivity ratings (r [Spearman] = 0.496, P = 0.004). The optimal cut-off value of serum GFAP levels as an indicator for auxiliary diagnosis of ADHD was projected to be 28.8 ng/ml based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, yielding a sensitivity of 28.6% and a specificity of 100%; the area under the curve was 0.7221 (95% CI, 0.5553–0.8889; P = 0.0214). Additionally, we discovered that in mice exhibiting ADHD-like behaviors, a reduction in context-related freezing time was connected to an increase in blood GAD65-Ab levels. With an ideal cut-off value of 9.2 ng/ml (sensitivity, 77.3%; specificity, 88.4%; Area Under the Curve (AUC), 0.7044; 95%CI, 0.5336–0.8752; P = 0.0342), there was a striking link between inattention scores and serum GAD65-Ab levels (P = 0.0336; r [Pearson] = 0.486, P = 0.048). CONCLUSION: The data support the theory that elevated blood levels of GFAP and GAD65-Ab may be involved in the pathophysiology of ADHD in children and that these levels may be correlated with the severity of ADHD in children. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Name of the registry: The study of the accuracy and specificity of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) combined with glutamate decarboxylase autoantibody GAD-Ab in the diagnosis of Attention Hyperactivity Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Trial registration number: ChiCTR2300068366. Date of registration: 02/16/2023. URL of trial registry record: https://www.chictr.org.cn/index.html . </p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13130535/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Italian version of the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) in a sample of adolescents.","authors":"Luisa Almerico, Anna Pezzella, Carmela Bravaccio, Raffaella Iuliano, Gennaro Catone, Simone Pisano, Vincenzo Paolo Senese","doi":"10.1186/s13052-026-02240-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-026-02240-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression is a prevalent and often persistent mental disorder, with onset frequently occurring during adolescence and associated with serious long-term consequences. Consequently, the availability of valid, age-appropriate, and easily administered screening instruments is essential. The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) is a widely used tool, available in multiple languages, for the screening of depressive symptoms in young people. Although an Italian version of the SMFQ has already been used in previous studies, it has not yet undergone formal validation. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Italian SMFQ, assess measurement invariance (MI) across sex and age, and provide preliminary normative data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of 580 adolescents (317 males, 263 females), aged 14-20 years, completed the Italian SMFQ along with additional instruments to assess validity: the Personality Assessment Questionnaire and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for convergent validity, and the Weinstein's Noise Sensitivity Scale for divergent validity. Analyses focused on dimensionality, measurement invariance, reliability, and validity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As regards dimensionality, both one- and two-factor models showed adequate fit, with the two-factor model showing better fit. MI analyses supported full invariance across age for the 13-item version and partial invariance across sex. The 12-item version (excluding item 6) achieved full invariance across both sex and age. The scale showed good internal consistency and good convergent and divergent validity. Finally, given the significant effects of sex and age, normative data were computed as a function of both factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Italian SMFQ demonstrated excellent psychometric properties for assessing depressive symptoms in adolescents. However, its use for clinical diagnostic purposes requires further validation through clinical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13130510/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidisciplinary Delphi Consensus on management of children with moderate-severe atopic dermatitis.","authors":"Gian Luigi Marseglia, Maria Angela Tosca, Michele Miraglia Del Giudice, Anna Belloni Fortina, Domenico Bonamonte, Iria Neri, Diego G Peroni, Antonio D'Avino, Pasquale Comberiati, Cesare Filippeschi, Sara Manti, Elena Galli, Francesca Mori, Carlo Caffarelli, Amelia Licari, Giorgio Ciprandi","doi":"10.1186/s13052-026-02212-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-026-02212-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atopic dermatitis is a compelling challenge in daily practice. Type 2 inflammation is the most common endotype in children and adolescents with AD. As a result, anti-inflammatory drugs, mainly corticosteroids (CS) and immunomodulatory agents, represent the first-line treatment to dampen type 2 inflammation. However, biologics, particularly dupilumab, dramatically changed the natural history of AD patients. A steering committee composed by expert pediatricians and dermatologists promoted a multidisciplinary Delphi Consensus to improve the knowledge about this topic. Experts in this field participated in the Consensus of three groups of statements concerning definition, diagnosis, and management. There was agreement for all proposed statements. The outcomes of the present multidisciplinary Delphi Consensus propose shared, evidence-based recommendations that may be fruitful in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13005313/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The quality and reliability of Kawasaki disease-related short videos on TikTok and Bilibili: a cross-platform content analysis using GQS, mDISCERN, and JAMA benchmarks.","authors":"Qiwei Wang, Weiting Jiang, Junwen Wang","doi":"10.1186/s13052-026-02247-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-026-02247-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease (KD) represents the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children, with timely diagnosis and treatment being crucial to prevent severe coronary complications. The widespread use of short-video platforms such as TikTok and Bilibili has made them increasingly important sources of health information for the public. However, the quality and reliability of KD-related content on these platforms remain largely unassessed. This study aimed to evaluate the educational quality and informational reliability of short videos about KD on TikTok and Bilibili, two of the most popular social media platforms in China. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the top 100 videos retrieved for KD on each platform. A total of 186 videos were assessed using the Global Quality Scale (GQS), modified DISCERN (mDISCERN), and JAMA benchmark criteria. Uploaders were categorized as professionals or non-professionals. Video characteristics, engagement metrics, and content coverage were analyzed. RESULTS: Overall quality was suboptimal (median scores: GQS = 2, mDISCERN = 2, JAMA = 2). Videos from professionals scored significantly higher than those from non-professionals (p < 0.001). TikTok videos were shorter but had higher engagement and GQS scores than Bilibili videos (p < 0.001). Content coverage was skewed: clinical manifestations were discussed in > 80% of videos, while prognosis and prevention were covered in < 25%. Engagement metrics showed negligible correlation with quality scores. CONCLUSIONS: KD-related short videos on popular Chinese platforms exhibit notable quality deficiencies and content gaps. Incomplete or low-quality online information may delay caregiver recognition and timely medical evaluation, potentially increasing the risk of coronary complications in children with KD. Although professional involvement is associated with better quality, overall reliability remains limited. These findings highlight the need for improved content governance and tailored strategies for accurate health communication on social media. </p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13126903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of sleep disorders of children with severe medical complexity on their caregivers' sleep: a perspective from two pediatric palliative care centers.","authors":"Filippo Pigani, Francesca Burlo, Francesca Peri, Marco Bolognani, Francesca Uez, Egidio Barbi, Lucia De Zen","doi":"10.1186/s13052-026-02231-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-026-02231-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate sleep patterns in children with severe medical complexity (CMC) eligible for pediatric palliative care (PPC) and to evaluate the specific impact of these patterns on their caregivers’ sleep quality and quantity. METHODS: A multicenter descriptive and exploratory study was conducted across two PPC services in Italy, enrolling 15 children with high-complexity needs and 26 caregivers. Participants completed a dedicated questionnaire and a seven-day sleep diary to record data on sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, medication use, and the caregivers’ estimated sleep loss. The relationship between the child’s sleep variables and the caregiver’s lost sleep hours was analyzed using Spearman rank-order correlation. RESULTS: Children reported a median nocturnal sleep duration of eight hours, yet 86.6% experienced nocturnal awakenings. Conversely, caregivers reported a median sleep duration of six hours, estimating a median loss of two hours of rest per night. Statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation between the child’s total sleep duration and the caregiver’s sleep loss. However, a strong, statistically significant correlation was found between the number of the child’s nocturnal awakenings and the caregiver’s hours of sleep lost. CONCLUSION: Caregivers of CMC experience significant sleep deprivation, which is primarily driven by sleep fragmentation due to the child’s need for nocturnal assistance rather than the child’s total sleep duration. Even when children achieve a normal quantity of sleep, the frequent interruptions required for care severely compromise the parents’ ability to rest, highlighting the need for targeted support interventions. </p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13127004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bowel preparation for colonoscopy in children: a survey of the Italian society of pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition.","authors":"Elvira Difrancisca, Antonio Corsello, Martina Genduso, Luca Maria Antoniello, Mara Cananzi, Sara Renzo, Paola De Angelis, Francesca Cavataio, Claudio Romano","doi":"10.1186/s13052-026-02227-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-026-02227-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Adequate bowel preparation is critical for the success of pediatric colonoscopy. International guidelines recommend standardized low-volume regimens, although several studies also support individualized, patient-tailored approaches. Despite this, real-world pediatric practices remain highly heterogeneous. This national survey aimed to investigate current bowel preparation practices for pediatric colonoscopy in Italy and compare them with international recommendations. METHODS: A nationwide electronic survey was conducted among centers affiliated with the Italian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP). The questionnaire explored bowel preparation protocols, adherence to international guidelines, and the occurrence of adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 39 centers participated in the survey. Sodium picosulfate and polyethylene glycol with electrolytes were the most commonly used preparation agents, although high-volume solutions are often poorly tolerated. Only 43.6% of centers adhered to international guidelines recommending low-volume regimens, whereas 12 centers (30.8%) adopted multiple preparation strategies tailored to clinical indications and patient-specific characteristics. Preparation setting (home vs. hospital), agent selection, and use of enemas or laxatives varied significantly. Adverse events were uncommon, and most centers considered bowel preparation stressful for children. The Boston Bowel Preparation Scale was the most commonly used tool for assessing bowel cleanliness. Nearly all clinicians expressed a strong need for national pediatric guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: This survey, conducted by SIGENP, reveals substantial variability in bowel preparation practices for pediatric colonoscopy across Italian centers, reflecting a trend also observed in other countries. Our results underscore the urgency of developing and implementing pediatric bowel preparation guidelines to ensure safety, improve tolerability, and reduce heterogeneity of practice. Further research is needed to assess whether such variability may offer benefits through individualized approaches tailored to the specific needs of each child. </p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13122899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147485994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in childhood vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective study based on data from Turkey.","authors":"Seda Özmen Sever, Saliha Büşra Aksu, Güzin Zeren Öztürk","doi":"10.1186/s13052-026-02226-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-026-02226-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Vaccine refusal is a growing public health concern, threatening herd immunity and the control of vaccine-preventable diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced healthcare delivery and vaccine refusal behavior as a proxy for vaccine hesitancy. This study aimed to assess changes in childhood vaccine refusal behavior during the pandemic in Turkey. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study including 2,786 children born between 2017 and 2022 who reached 24 months of age and had complete vaccination records from primary healthcare. Children were categorized as pre-pandemic or post-pandemic based on birthdate. Data on vaccine refusal type, timing, and frequency were collected. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Overall, 3.7% (n = 102) of children had at least one vaccine refusal. Refusal rates were 3.9% before and 3.4% after the pandemic onset, with no significant difference (p = 0.474). However, the median age of first refusal shifted from 12 months pre-pandemic to 1 month post-pandemic. Vaccines given after one year (e.g., MMR, varicella, Hepatitis A) were more frequently refused pre-pandemic, whereas those scheduled in infancy were more often refused post-pandemic. Live vaccines and later doses in multi-dose schedules had the highest refusal rates. Early-onset refusals were strongly associated with multiple vaccine refusals (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: While overall refusal rates remained stable, the timing of hesitancy shifted to earlier infancy during the pandemic. These findings emphasize the need for targeted parental education and early communication strategies to sustain vaccine coverage and prevent resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases. </p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13123205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147485942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional study of peripheral blood CD8 + T cells in Epstein-Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis.","authors":"Meng Cao, Mengli Xu, Yuewen Su, Jun Xu, Zhenghua Ji, Qinghui Chen, Yuqin Li, Weifang Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s13052-026-02229-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-026-02229-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the function and clinical significance of peripheral blood CD8 + T cells in EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM). METHODS: From June 2022 to May 2024, blood samples of 48 IM children and 24 healthy controls were collected. ELISA detected IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β1 levels, and RT-PCR measured perforin and granzyme B mRNA levels. RESULTS: results showed higher white blood cell, lymphocyte counts, etc. in the case group. Also, more CD3+, CD3 + CD8+ and NK cells, lower CD4+/CD8 + ratio were found in cases. IFN-γ, IL-10, perforin, granzyme B were higher, while TGF-β1 was lower in cases. Some negative and positive correlations were found among cytokines and cell counts. CONCLUSION: CD8 + T cells and their related cytokines IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β1, perforin and granzyme B are involved in the immune process of infectious mononucleosis related to EBV. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable. </p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13104447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147468075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-cultural adaptation of the Italian version of the \"Child and Youth Mental Health Instrument for Developmental Disabilities\" (I-ChYMH-DD).","authors":"Elisabetta Sforza, Chiara Leoni, Elena De Rosa, Jacopo Bellani, Germana Viscogliosi, Antonella Di Paola, Marta Zampino, Rita Fischetto, Marika Pane, Donato Rigante, Serenella Servidei, Guido Primiano, Roberta Onesimo, Angelo Carfì, Zampino Giuseppe","doi":"10.1186/s13052-026-02224-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13052-026-02224-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: The Child and Youth Mental Health and Developmental Disability ChYMH-DD is a psychometrically rigorous tool for care planning for children with developmental disabilities. It allows paediatricians and other healthcare professionals to perform a comprehensive assessment of children functional status and family burden. AIM: The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and preliminarily assess the Italian version of the ChYMH-DD for use in clinical settings involving pediatric patients with developmental disabilities. METHODS: The original version of the ChYMH-DD was translated and cross-culturally adapted through five stages: (1) initial translation, (2) synthesis of the translations, (3) back translation, (4) expert committee, and (5) test of the pre-final version. RESULTS: In the present study we successfully translated and adapted the ChYMH-DD into the Italian language. Translation of the questionnaire was performed without significant difficulties. During the third stage, no gross inconsistencies and conceptual errors as compared to the original version were highlighted. CONCLUSION: The Italian version of ChYMH-DD increase access to a valid and homogeneous assessment for children of Italian-speaking families and can support clinical decision-making. The Italian ChYMH-DD has potential to improve patients’ quality of life and quality of the care received for children with developmental disabilities. </p>","PeriodicalId":14511,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13107837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147457516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}