Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Radiomics-Driven Machine Learning Models for Diagnosis of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.","authors":"Amin Talebi, Jamal Akhavan Moghadam, Mojtaba Sepandi, Taha Chatab Mohammadi, Ali Rahmatizadeh, Zeinab Shankayi","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.105971.4207","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.105971.4207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive and lethal cancers, with a poor prognosis primarily due to late-stage diagnosis. Improving the accuracy of pancreatic cancer diagnosis is crucial for enhancing survival outcomes, yet the sensitivity of conventional diagnostic methods remains a significant challenge. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of radiomics features extracted from Computed Tomography (CT) imaging, combined with machine learning models, for the detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective dataset from Baqiyatallah Hospital, Tehran, Iran (2024) of 100 participants (50 with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (primarily stages II-III) and 50 healthy controls) was used. CT images were acquired with a three-phase protocol, and radiomics features were extracted using 3D Slicer software. Three classifiers-Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), and Random Forest (RF)-were employed, with feature selection methods including Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), Mutual Information (MI), and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO). Model performance was assessed using accuracy, precision, sensitivity, F1 score, and area under the curve (AUC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The SVM classifier with LASSO feature selection achieved the highest performance, with an accuracy of 0.83 and an AUC of 0.89. LR and RF also demonstrated strong results, with LASSO providing the best feature selection for both classifiers. SHAP analysis revealed that textural features such as gray-level-non-uniformity and run-length-non-uniformity were the most important drivers for distinguishing pancreatic cancer from normal tissue.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Radiomics-based machine learning models show promise for improving the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The combination of LASSO and powerful classifiers such as SVM, LR, and RF offers a robust framework for non-invasive, accurate diagnostic tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"51 3","pages":"175-185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach to Health and Care: Improving Transcendental Health through Reframing Thoughts using Cognitive Patterns of Reframing Thoughts in the Holy Qur'an.","authors":"Seyed Ziaeddin Tabei, Mohsen Varzandeh","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.108217.4304","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.108217.4304","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"51 3","pages":"220-223"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Resistance of Filamentous Bacteria in the Oral Cavity of HIV-Positive Patients in Tehran, Iran.","authors":"Omid Narimani, Golshid Javdani Shahedin, Iradj Ashrafi Tamai, Ali Akbar Bakhtiari, Ramin Mazaheri Nezhad Fard","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.106890.4138","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.106890.4138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In general, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) weakens the immune system, making patients prone to oral infections such as gum and dental diseases. Filamentous bacteria (actinomycetes) can multiply in these patients, leading to treatment-resistant infections. Routine antimicrobial drugs such as penicillin G, amoxicillin, and tetracycline are widely used for treatment. However, antibiotic resistance is rapidly increasing worldwide. Therefore, the major target of the present study was to assess the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of filamentous bacteria in the oral cavity of HIV-positive patients in Tehran, Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, oral swabs were collected from 205 HIV-positive patients in an academic behavioral disease clinic, Tehran, Iran, and immediately transported to the laboratory under cold chain conditions. Bacterial cultures were prepared on differentiate media, and primary identification was carried out using biochemical and microscopic assays. Furthermore, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction was carried out for molecular identification of the bacterial isolates using 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was assessed using the disk diffusion method for selected antimicrobials.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In general, filamentous bacteria were identified in 5.3% of HIV-positive patients, including <i>Nocardia</i> (2.9%) and <i>Streptomyces</i> (2.4%) species. Molecular identification and biochemical assessments verified these findings. The highest prevalence rate of the bacteria was observed in males (74.1%) and individuals aged 41-60 years. Phylogenetic analysis revealed significant genetic similarities in the identified strains. These bacteria were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole but resistant to other antimicrobials.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, filamentous bacteria such as <i>Nocardia</i> and <i>Streptomyces</i> species show high prevalence rates in HIV-positive patients. Accurate identification using molecular techniques and antimicrobial susceptibility assessments can improve infection management, thereby bringing patients' relief. This study highlights the importance of early detection and suggests further studies on the prevalence and resistance patterns of filamentous bacteria in HIV-positive patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"51 3","pages":"209-217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distant Origins of Local Pathologies: Rethinking the Systemic Roots of Alzheimer's Disease and Beyond.","authors":"Younes Ghasemi","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2026.51601","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2026.51601","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"51 3","pages":"157-159"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Challenging Reality of Post-Craniectomy Stroke Survival: A Letter to the Editor.","authors":"Haewon Byeon","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.108052.4274","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.108052.4274","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"51 3","pages":"218-219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association between Serum Biochemical Markers and Early Amniocentesis in Diagnosing Chromosomal Anomalies: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Iran, 2021-2022.","authors":"Maryam Kasraeian, Mehdi Dianatpour, Marzie Zare, Marjan Zare, Azam Faraji, Homeira Vafaei, Nasrin Asadi, Khadije Bazrafshan","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.107579.4208","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.107579.4208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Efforts to improve prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome have been made, with amniocentesis representing an invasive procedure, and maternal serum biochemical markers are among the non-invasive options. This study aimed to examine the association between serum biochemical marker values and amniocentesis results in the prenatal diagnostics of Down syndrome in early pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a cross-sectional study, data from pregnant women in the first trimester undergoing amniocentesis test for the diagnosis of fetal genetic diseases were collected during 2021-2022. Maternal weight, maternal age, gestational age at nuchal translucency (NT) scan, nasal bone (NB) status, and serum chemical biomarkers-including pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), and beta-human chorionic gonadotropins (β-hCG) were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 1,987 amniocentesis cases, 96.5% were normal, and 3.5% were abnormal. Down syndrome was present in approximately 3% of cases. Maternal weight was significantly lower in the abnormal amniocentesis group than in the normal group. After adjusting for maternal weight, maternal age, NT, and β-hCG were significantly higher in the abnormal amniocentesis group, whereas PAPP-A was lower. The NB status did not differ between groups. A PAPP-A level of <0.42 multiple of median (MoM) (sensitivity=90%, specificity=68%) and a β-hCG level of ≥1.52 MoM (sensitivity=76%, specificity=70%) acceptably predicted Down syndrome in abnormal amniocentesis cases. Among the 69 abnormal amniocentesis cases, 49 cases had Down syndrome; of these, 75.5% had a Down syndrome risk of ≤1:100.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both β-hCG and PAPP-A had independent diagnostic value in predicting Down syndrome in early pregnancy. It is recommended that a Down syndrome risk of up to 1:100 warrant direct amniocentesis, while cases with a risk greater than 1:100 should be offered non-invasive alternatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"51 3","pages":"186-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and Safety of Combined Carbazochrome Sodium Sulfonate and Tranexamic Acid for Blood Loss Control in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Mohamed Wahb, Mohamed Elghouneimy, Miqdad Qandeel, Abdullah Elrefae, Mohamed H Khater, Mirna Morad Mashhour, Ali Mohamed Seif, Mohammad Amgad Seddek, Omar Ahmed Abdelwahab","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.106924.4124","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.106924.4124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Total hip arthroplasty (THA) relieves pain and restores function in severe hip arthritis and other painful hip disorders. THA is successful; however, it involves significant perioperative blood loss, which can lead to complications and economic burden. Tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces blood loss. However, its impact on hidden blood loss (HBL) is uncertain. The hemostatic effect of TXA may be enhanced by carbazochrome sodium sulphate (CSS). This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combined CSS and TXA in reducing blood loss in THA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook and PRISMA guidelines. We included randomized controlled trials comparing CSS+TXA versus TXA alone in patients undergoing primary THA. Four electronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched from inception to 22 May 2024 without language restrictions. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane ROB2 tool. Data were synthesized using mean difference (MD) or relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals. Fixed- or random-effects models were applied based on the level of heterogeneity. Outcomes assessed included total (TBL), hidden (HBL), and intraoperative blood loss (IBL); mean hemoglobin (Hb) reduction; inflammatory markers; visual analogue scale (VAS) pain levels; hospital stay; transfusion rates; and complications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This analysis included 450 participants from three studies. The meta-analysis revealed that the CSS+TXA group had significantly lower TBL (MD=-270.23 mL; P<0.001) and HBL (MD=-269.09 mL; P<0.001) than the TXA+Placebo group. However, there was no significant difference in IBL (MD=-82 mL; P=0.61). The CSS+TXA group had a lower transfusion rate (RR=0.10; P=0.006). Mean Hb reduction, hospital stay, and operation time were not significantly different. CSS+TXA also significantly reduced postoperative VAS pain and inflammatory markers. There was no increase in thromboembolic events or other complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination of CSS and TXA reduces postoperative blood loss, pain, and inflammation in patients undergoing THA, without increasing complications. Further research is required to validate these findings in larger, more diverse populations, and to determine optimal dosing and long-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"51 3","pages":"160-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of Biomarkers Related to Colorectal Cancer by Systematic Proteomics Analysis and Experimental Procedures.","authors":"Noosha Zia Jahromi, Amin Mahmoudi Mandani, Nahid Sadeghi Moghadam Kaji, Hadis Abbasi Teshnizi, Farnaz Nourmohammadian Dehkordi, Maryam Yousefi, Hossein Sazegar","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.107064.4143","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.107064.4143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in gene expression regulation and have emerged as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of two lncRNAs, LINC00943 and SLC9A3-AS1, as candidate biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis and therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Initially, we investigated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in CRC through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and constructed a multi-layer regulatory network to understand the complex interactions. Subsequently, tissue samples were collected from CRC patients at Milad Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, between June and December 2021. The expression levels of LINC00943 and SLC9A3-AS1 were evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism version 9. Expression differences between tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues were evaluated using paired Student's <i>t</i> test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to evaluate diagnostic performance. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>LINC00943</i> expression was significantly upregulated in tumor tissues compared to adjacent controls (P<0.0001), with strong diagnostic performance (AUC=0.8078, sensitivity=83.3%, specificity=76.7%). <i>SLC9A3-AS1</i> also showed increased expression (P=0.0299), but with limited diagnostic value (AUC=0.6124). Network analysis identified SERBP1, KHSRP, and HNRNPA1 as central hub proteins, while <i>miR-15b-5p</i> and <i>NEAT1</i> emerged as key regulatory elements.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that <i>LINC00943</i> could serve as a valuable biomarker for CRC diagnosis and treatment, providing insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying CRC pathogenesis. This manuscript has been released as a preprint at the Unraveling Candidate Biomarkers and Involved Biomedical Phenomena in Colorectal Cancer by Systematic Proteomics Analysis and Experimental Procedures. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1974798/v1.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"51 3","pages":"196-208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovating Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure: Preclinical Evaluation of the First Iranian-Developed Nitinol Occluder in a Sheep Model.","authors":"Hamid Amoozgar, Hossein Hosseini, Hamid Mohammadi, Behrooz Fereidoonnezhad, Mehdi Eynbeygui, Jamal Arghavani, Afshin Zare, Nima Mehdizadegan, Mohammad Reza Edraki, Amir Naghshzan, Elham Abedi, Mohammadhossein Khorraminejad-Shirazi","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.107171.4151","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.107171.4151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital defect characterized by abnormal blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery. Existing closure devices, such as the Amplatzer Duct Occluder (ADO), face challenges with affordability, biocompatibility, and anatomical adaptability. This study evaluates the safety and feasibility of a novel nitinol-based PDA occluder, the first developed sample in Iran, designed to enhance biocompatibility, reduce thrombogenicity, and improve durability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This preclinical study was conducted in 2024 at the Large Animal Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. The occluder was fabricated from custom-made nitinol wires braided into a 72-wire conical mesh, ensuring flexibility and durability. Deployment was tested in a sheep model via femoral and pulmonary artery access. Post-procedure evaluations included angiography, clinical monitoring, and histopathological analyses to assess tissue integration, thrombogenicity, and biocompatibility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The device was successfully deployed in two target sites with stable positioning and no procedural complications. Angiographic imaging confirmed vessel patency, even in an artery with a size mismatch. The animal exhibited no adverse outcomes, maintaining normal pulses and activity over a three-month follow-up. Post-mortem analysis revealed secure device placement without migration, perforation, or aneurysm. Histopathological findings demonstrated mild inflammation, neointimal formation, and re-endothelialization, with no significant thrombus or granuloma, indicating excellent biocompatibility.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the feasibility, safety, and biocompatibility of the Iranian-developed PDA occluder. These findings suggest the device may serve as a viable, cost-effective alternative for PDA closure, addressing device shortages and advancing regional medical technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"51 2","pages":"118-125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12929902/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147305493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking Neonatal Vaccination Policies: A Neuroimmune Perspective.","authors":"Zeinab Paymani, Mostafa Nazari, Kayvan Mirnia, Razieh Sangsari, Marzieh Ebrahimi, Fatemeh Haghighi","doi":"10.30476/ijms.2025.106591.4083","DOIUrl":"10.30476/ijms.2025.106591.4083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neonatal vaccination is a cornerstone of early-life infectious disease prevention. However, the timing and safety of these interventions require careful consideration. This review explored the neuroimmune implications of early immunization, with a specific focus on the interplay between the developing immune and nervous systems. We examined potential mechanisms through which vaccine-induced immune activation might influence brain development, through epigenetic modifications and sustained cytokine responses, particularly involving interleukin-6 (IL-6). The discussion addressed concerns related to immune overstimulation, regulatory T-cell suppression, and microbiome disruption, considering their potential links to autoimmune and neurodevelopmental disorders. In light of the identified evidence gaps, we advocate for a cautious, individualized vaccination approach guided by the \"As Low and Late As Reasonably Achievable\" (ALLARA) principle. This strategy aimed to balance robust protection against infectious diseases with the imperative of safeguarding lifelong neurological and immunological health.</p>","PeriodicalId":14510,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"51 2","pages":"84-103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12929905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147305946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}