Iranian Biomedical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Quality by Design in Downstream Process Development of Romiplostim","authors":"Saeedeh Pouri,&nbsp;Fatemeh Torkashvand,&nbsp;Hooman Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi,&nbsp;Pezhman Fard-Esfahani,&nbsp;Majid Golkar,&nbsp;Behrouz Vaziri","doi":"10.52547/ibj.3790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/ibj.3790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Background: Downstream processing of therapeutic recombinant proteins expressed as the inclusion bodies (IBs) in E. coli is quite challenging. This study aimed to use the quality by design approach for developing the multi-step downstream process of a structurally complex therapeutic Fc-Peptide fusion protein, romiplostim.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Methods: For development of a successful downstream process, risk analysis and experimental designs were used to characterize the most critical quality attributes (CQAs) and effects of process parameters on these quality attributes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results: The solubilization of IBs was optimized by design of experiment on three parameters with a focus on solubility yield, which resulted in >75% increase of the target protein solubilization. The pH of sample was identified as CQA in anion exchange chromatography that might have an impact on achieving >85% host cell proteins removal and >90% host cell DNA reduction. In the refolding step, process parameters were screened. Cystine/cysteine ratio, pH, and incubation time identified as CPPs were further optimized using Box-Behnken analysis, which >85% of the target protein was refolded. The design space for further purification step by HIC was mapped with a focus on high molecular weight impurities. After polishing by gel filtration, the final product's biological activity showed no statistically significant differences among the groups received romiplostim and Nplate®, as the reference product.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Conclusion: This research presents a precise and exhaustive model for mapping the design space in order to describe and anticipate the link between the yield and quality of romiplostim and its downstream process parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9841220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10583486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteogenic Differentiation Effect of BMP-9 with Phenamil and Simvastatin on Intact Human Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cells","authors":"Armin Ahmadi,&nbsp;Seyed Shayan Ebadi,&nbsp;Tahereh Tayebi,&nbsp;Seyed Alireza Ebadi,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahdi Sarzaeem,&nbsp;Hassan Niknejad","doi":"10.52547/ibj.3748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/ibj.3748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Background: Bone tissue engineering has shown to be a promising strategy for repairing bone defects without causing harmful side effects to the patient. Three main building blocks of tissue engineering, including seeding cells, scaffold, and signaling molecules, are required for adequate bone regeneration. The human amniotic membrane (hAM) is the innermost of the placental membranes. In addition to providing a source of stem cells and growth factors, hAM has several features that make it an appropriate scaffold containing stem cells for use in tissue engineering purposes. The present investigation aimed to assess the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) combined with phenamil and simvastatin on osteogenic induction of hAM with its human amniotic membrane epithelial cells (hAECs).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Methods: Using six different osteogenic medium (OMs), we cultured hAM for 14 days. The basic OMs were chosen as the first group and other media were made by adding BMP-9, phenamil, simvastatin, BMP-9 alongside phenamil, and BMP-9 alongside simvastatin to the basic OMs. Finally, viability assay, tissue mineralization, calcium and phosphate content determination, and measurement of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results: Among all study groups, groups containing simvastatin showed a significantly lower level of viability. Although all media could induce osteogenic features, the hAECs cultured in media containing BMP-9 and phenamil demonstrated a wider area of mineralization and a significantly higher level of calcium and phosphate content, LDH, and ALP activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusion: Our findings indicated that the use of phenamil together with BMP-9 could synergistically show in situ osteogenic induction in hAECs, which could be a new insight into translational medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9841223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10608643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Recombinant CP2 and CP23 Antigens of Cryptosporidium parvum for Serodiagnosis of Human Cryptosporidiosis","authors":"Gholamreza Barzegar,&nbsp;Ehsan Ahmadpour,&nbsp;Bahador Shahriari,&nbsp;Rahmat Solgi,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Motazedian","doi":"10.52547/ibj. 3801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/ibj. 3801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cryptosporidium parvum is an important coccidian parasite infecting many mammals, including human. This parasite can manifest as chronic severe diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with AIDS. The present study reports the recombinant production of recombinant (r)P2 and rP23 antigens of C. parvum as antigens for detecting human cryptosporidiosis using indirect ELISA tests.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The coding sequences of rP2 and rP23 proteins were codon-optimized, commercially synthesized and sub-cloned in the pET28a expression vector. The expressed proteins were purified by Ni-NTA column chromatography and confirmed by Western blotting. The efficacy of rP2/rP23 proteins for serodiagnosis was evaluated by positive (n = 20) and negative (n = 20) human sera, confirmed by the Ziehl-Neelsen staining as the gold standard test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In ELISA test, the sera from C. parvum-infected patients reacted strongly to rP2/rP23. The sensitivity and specificity related to the diagnostic potential of rP2/rP23 in the ELISA assay were 100%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results showed that combination of rP23 and rP2 antigens in ELISA significantly increases the performance of C. parvum serodiagnosis in human cryptosporidiosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9763877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10448538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antitumorigenic Effect of Cannabidiol in Lung Cancer: What Do We Know So Far?–A Mini Review","authors":"Vasileio Issaris,&nbsp;Gerasimos Panagiotis Milas,&nbsp;Nicholas Zareifopoulos","doi":"10.52547/ibj.3732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/ibj.3732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer remains a major factor contributing to morbidity and mortality worldwide. cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol could serve as a specific treatment for lung cancer, owing to their essential role in lung cancer cell apoptosis. This review evaluated the antitumorigenic mechanisms of CBD in lung cancer cells. We searched the databases MEDLINE, clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar using specific terms. Of 246 studies screened, nine were included and assessed using the ToxRTool. All the selected studies were conducted in vitro, and four of which also had an in vivo content. The most common cell line used in all the studies was A549; however, some studies contained other cell lines, including H460 and H358. Our findings suggested that CBD has direct antineoplastic effects on lung cancer cells through various mechanisms mediated by cannabinoid receptors or independent of these receptors. All studies were referred to an in vitro model; hence, further research in animals is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9841221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10658037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reporting Two Novel Mutations in Two Iranian Families with Cystic Fibrosis, Molecular and Bioinformatic Analysis","authors":"Amin Hosseini Nami,&nbsp;Mahboubeh Kabiri,&nbsp;Sirous Zeinali","doi":"10.52547/ibj. 3713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/ibj. 3713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common heredity disease among the Caucasian population. More than 350 known pathogenic variations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene (NM_000492.4) cause CF. Herein, we report the outcome of our investigation in two unrelated Iranian families with CF patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted phenotypic examination, segregation, linkage analysis, and CFTR gene sequencing to define causative mutations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found two novel mutations in the present study. The first one was a deletion causing frameshift, c.299delT p.(Leu100Profs*7), and the second one was a missense mutation, c.1857G>T, at nucleotide binding domain 1 of the CFTR protein. Haplotype segregation data supported our new mutation findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings of this study expand the spectrum of CFTR pathogenic variations and can improve prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling for CF.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9763878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10792494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Intravesical BCG as a Therapeutic Vaccine for Treatment of Bladder Carcinoma","authors":"Delaram Doroud, Hamidreza Hozouri","doi":"10.52547/ibj.3676","DOIUrl":"10.52547/ibj.3676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial products have attracted much attention as potential antitumor agents, with the ability to provide direct tumoricidal effects, leading to the inhibition of tumor growth. Treatment of superficial bladder cancer with intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has a more reduction potential than surgery in tumor recurrence rate. BCG, the gold standard for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, is manufactured from different strains and produced commercially with varied strengths. There are a few countries known as the manufacturer of this strategic biopharmaceutical product, and Iran as a member of the Eastern Mediterranean Region plays a vital role in supplying this vaccine. Studies have failed to uncover the exact mechanism of action of the intravesical; however, evidence points toward an immunogenic mechanism that proficiently modifies a biologic response and provokes the immune cells in order to kill and suppress tumors. Among various underlying mechanisms, BCG bacillus attachment to fibronectin through its fibronectin attachment protein is a pivotal mechanism for BCG tumoricidal activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9763876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10504953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Streptococcus equisimilis Group G Mutant Strains with Ability to Produce Low Polydisperse and Low-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid","authors":"Bahareh Jafari,&nbsp;Malihe Keramati,&nbsp;Reza Ahangari Cohan,&nbsp;Seyed Mohammad Atyabi,&nbsp;Sara Ali Hosseinzadeh","doi":"10.52547/ibj.3789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/ibj.3789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural polymer with wide applications in biomedicine and cosmetics, is mainly produced by Streptococcal fermentation at industrial scale. In the present study, chemical random mutagenesis was used for development of Streptococcus equisimilis group G mutant strains with high HA productivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Methods: The optimum of the pH of culture condition and cultivation time for HA production by wild strain group G were assessed. At first, two rounds of mutation at different concentrations of NTG was used for mutagenesis. Then, the nonhemolytic and hyaluronidase-negative mutants were screened on the blood and HA agar. HA productivity and molecular weight were determined by carbazole assay, agarose gel electrophoresis and specific staining. Moreover, stability of the high producer mutants was evaluated within 10 generations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results: The results showed that the wild-type strain produced 1241 ± 2.1 µg/ml of HA at pH 5.5 and 4 hours of cultivation, while the screened mutants showed a 16.1-45.5% increase in HA production. Two mutant strains, named Gm2-120-21-3 (2470 ± 8.1 µg/ml) and Gm2-120-21-4 (2856 ± 4.2 µg/ml), indicated the highest titer and a consistent production. The molecular weight (Mw) of HA for the mutants was less than 160 kDa, considering as a low Mw HA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusion: The mutant strains producing a low polydisperse, as well as low Mw of HA with high titer might be regarded as potential industrial strains for HA production after further safety investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9841222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10608642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-Admission Anemia and Survival Rate in COVID-19 Patients","authors":"Reza Asadzadeh,&nbsp;Aliashraf Mozafari,&nbsp;Elham Shafiei,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Kaffashian,&nbsp;Iraj Ahmadi,&nbsp;Mohammadzaman Darvish,&nbsp;Saiyad Bastaminejad","doi":"10.52547/ibj.3703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/ibj.3703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anemia often worsens the severity of respiratory illnesses, and few studies have so far elucidated the impact of anemia on COVID-19 infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of anemia at admission on the overall survival of COVID-19 patients using accelerated failure time (AFT) models.</p><p><p>This registry-based, single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted in a university hospital in Ilam, the southwest of Iran, between March 2020 and September 2021. AFT models were applied to set the data of 2,441 COVID-19 patients. Performance of AFT models was assessed using Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and Cox-Snell residual. On-admission anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) concentration <120 g/l in men, <110 g/l in women, and <100 g/l in pregnant women.</p><p><p>The median in-hospital survival times for anemic and non-anemic patients were 27 and 31 days, respectively. Based on the AIC and Cox-Snell residual graph, the Weibull model had the lowest AIC and it was the best fitted model to the data set among AFT models. In the adjusted model, the results of the Weibull model suggested that the anemia (adjusted time ratio: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.08; p = 0.03) was the accelerated factor for progression to death in COVID-19 patients. Each unit of increase in hemoglobin in COVID-19 patients enhanced the survival rate by 4%.</p><p><p>Anemia is an independent risk factor associated with the risk of mortality from COVID-19 infection. Therefore, healthcare professionals should be more sensitive to the Hb level of COVID-19 patients upon admission.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9763880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10448082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INPP5A/HLA-G1/IL-10/MMP-21 Axis in Progression of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","authors":"Sima Ardalan Khales,&nbsp;Azadeh Aarabi,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Abbaszadegan,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahdi Forghanifard","doi":"10.52547/ibj.3716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/ibj.3716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Background: Type I inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase A (INPP5A) is involved in different cellular events, including cell proliferation. Since INPP5A, HLAG1, IL-10, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-21 genes play fundamental roles in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumorigenesis, we aimed in this study to clarify the possible interplay of these genes and explore the potential of these chemistries as a predictor marker for diagnosis in ESCC disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Methods: Gene expression analysis of INPP5A, HLAG-1, IL-10, and MMP-21 was performed using relative comparative real-time PCR in 56 ESCCs compared to their margin normal tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was accomplished for INPP5A in ESCCs. Analysis of ROC curves and the AUC were applied to evaluate the diagnostic capability of the candidate genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results: High levels of HLA-G1, MMP-21, and IL-10 were detected in nearly 23.2%, 62.5%, and 53.5% of ESCCs compared to the normal tissues, respectively, whereas INPP5A underexpression was detected in 19.6% of ESCCs, which all tested genes indicated significant correlations with each other. The protein expression level of INPP5A in ESCC tissues was significantly lower than that of the non-tumor esophageal tissues (p = 0.001). Interestingly, the concomitant expression of the INPP5A/HLA-G1, INPP5A/MMP-21, INPP5A/IL-10, HLA-G1/MMP-21, HLA-G1/IL-10, and MMP-21/IL-10 was significantly correlated with several clinicopathological variables. INPP5A, HLA-G1, MMP-21, and IL-10 showed to be the most appropriate candidates to discriminate tumor/non-tumor groups due to the total AUCs of all combinations (>60%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusion: Our results represent a new regulatory axis containing INPP5A/HLAG-1/IL-10/MMP-21 markers in ESCC development and may provide novel insight into the mechanism of immune evasion mediated \u0000by the INPP5A/HLAG-1/IL-10/MMP-21 regulatory network in the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9841225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10608644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune-Related Gene Profile in HIV-Infected Patients with Discordant Immune Response","authors":"Yeganeh Hamidi,&nbsp;Elaheh Aliasgari,&nbsp;Paria Basimi,&nbsp;Mansour Sajadipour,&nbsp;Kazem Baesi","doi":"10.52547/ibj.3750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/ibj.3750","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Background: In spite of many reports on persistent low CD4 T cell counts and change in immune-related gene expression level in patients with HIV infection, there is still uncertainty about significant association between gene expression level and HIV infection in patients with and without discordant immune response (DIR). The aim of this study was to compare the expression level of CD4, CCL5, IFN-γ, STAT1, APOBEC3G, CD45, and ICAM-1 genes in HIV-1-positive patients with and without DIR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Methods: In this study, 30 HIV-1-positive patients (15 patients with and 15 patients without DIR [control group]) were included. PBMCs of the patients were collected through density radient centrifugation with Ficoll-Hypaque. RNeasy Plus Mini kit was used to extract RNA. Relative expression levels of CD4, CCL5, IFN-γ, STAT1, APOBEC3G, CD45, and ICAM-1 genes were evaluated by real-time PCR. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results: CD4 T cell counts were significantly lower in DIR patients than the control group (p < 0.01). While there was no significant difference in the relative expression levels of CD4, CCL5, IFN-γ, STAT1, CD45, and ICAM-1 between patients with DIR and control group, APOBEC3G expression level was significantly higher in the patients with DIR as compare to the control group (p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusion: Our findings suggest a significantly higher APOBEC3G expression level in patients with DIR, suggesting the potential role of APOBEC3G in patients with immunological discordance besides its suppressing role in HIV-1 infection. Confirmation of this hypothesis requires further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9841224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10608107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}