Iranian Biomedical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Whole-Exome Sequencing Identified a Novel Mutation in an Iranian Patient with Epidermolysis Bullosa.","authors":"Reza Mirfakhraie, Solmaz Hassani Fard Katiraei, Mina Mirnezami, Sahar Bayat, Mohsen Soosanabadi, Ali Kookhaei, Milad Gholami","doi":"10.61882/ibj.5232","DOIUrl":"10.61882/ibj.5232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare, genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by skin fragility. EB is categorized into four types: simplex, junctional, dystrophic, and Kindler syndromes. The condition is caused by mutations in several genes that are important for skin integrity and dermal-epidermal adhesion. In the present study, we recruited a patient with EB from an Iranian pedigree for genetic evaluation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and bioinformatics analysis were performed using genomic DNA from the patient with EB. The potential variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified a novel likely pathogenic variant in exon 3 of the COL17A1 gene: c.82dup (p.Thr28Asnfs15). The patient's parents were heterozygous carriers of this mutation. In silico structural prediction suggested that this variant could cause premature termination of COL17A1. This variant is associated with intermediate junctional EB-4 (JEB4).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights that WES enhances our understanding of genetic diagnosis, and it contributes to the expanded mutational spectrum of the COL17A1 gene associated with JEB.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":" ","pages":"188-92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148411791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Perspectives on Rabies Prevention and Control: A Decade of World Rabies Day Themes and Progress toward Elimination (2016–2025)","authors":"Ashkan Alamdary, Mehdi Ajorloo, Alireza Gholami","doi":"10.22034/IBJ.30.3.125","DOIUrl":"10.22034/IBJ.30.3.125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease, responsible for approximately 59,000 human deaths annually; the majority occur in developing regions of Asia and Africa. This review explores worldwide efforts to prevent and control rabies during 2016-2025, using the evolving themes of World Rabies Day (WRD) as a framework. The research objective is to assess epidemiological trends, intervention strategies, challenges, and innovations related to the World Health Organization's target of zero human rabies deaths by 2030. The findings highlight a significant reduction in global rabies occurrence, with mass vaccination campaigns for dogs achieving 70% coverage in Guinea and a 95% decrease in human cases in Latin America. However, gaps in surveillance, vaccine shortages, and poor public education persist. Low-cost intradermal prophylaxis, monoclonal antibodies, and AI-driven surveillance systems are promising approaches but remain constrained by socioeconomic inequalities and insufficient investment. Achieving \"Zero by 30\" requires stronger collaboration, equitable resource distribution, and sustained community mobilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":" ","pages":"125-31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148446810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antidepressant Effects of L-Arginine and Its Role in Brain Energy Metabolism","authors":"T Mantashashvili, L Nakaidze, M Shengelia, N Koshoridze","doi":"10.22034/IBJ.30.3.141","DOIUrl":"10.22034/IBJ.30.3.141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired cellular energy metabolism are increasingly recognized as key contributing factors in depression. This study evaluated the amino acid L-arginine as a potential agent for behavioral rescue and bioenergetic restoration using a corticosterone-induced rat model of depression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10): control (DMSO intraperitoneally [i.p.] + water oral gavage), corticosterone-induced depression (20 mg/kg, i.p. for 14 days), L-arginine treatment (150 mg/kg, oral gavage for 14 days), and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, oral gavage for 14 days). To ensure handling equivalence, all oral administrations were performed via gavage (1.0 mL/100 g). Behavioral rescue was assessed via open field, forced swim (FST), and tail suspension (TST) tests. Hippocampal energy metabolism and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>L-arginine significantly improved the hippocampal bioenergetic profile, demonstrating efficacy comparable to the positive control fluoxetine. It led to a significant reduction in immobility time during FST and TST, alongside restoring glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and mitochondrial respiratory chain activities. Concurrently, L-arginine enhanced the activation state of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway (phosphorylated Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR ratios) and improved the functional state of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. These metabolic and signaling improvements strongly correlated with the rescue of depressive-like behaviors.</p><p><strong>Concludion: </strong>Our findings demonstrate that L-arginine possesses potent antidepressant-like potential, mediated through bioenergetic restoration and signaling pathway modulation. By activating key metabolic processes in the hippocampus, L-arginine effectively restores impaired cellular energy homeostasis, suggesting its promise as a metabolic modulator for alleviating neurobiological disturbances associated with depressive conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":" ","pages":"141-52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148446777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clonal Diversity and Genetic Landscape of mecC-Positive S. aureus in Human Samples from Iran: First Report of CC/ST423/t742","authors":"Mehdi Goudarzi, Sima Sadat Seyedjavadi, Mozhgan Raigani, Zahra Salehi, Masoud Dadashi, Mohammad Javad Nasiri","doi":"10.22034/IBJ.30.3.174","DOIUrl":"10.22034/IBJ.30.3.174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The emergence of mecC-carrying Staphylococcus aureus strains is a serious concern in public health. Our study investigated the clonal diversity, genetic characteristics, antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants, biofilm-forming ability, and molecular epidemiology of mecC-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from hospitalized patients in Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed 45 mecC-carrying S. aureus strains isolated from 1,590 S. aureus samples collected from different clinical sources. The characterization included antimicrobial susceptibility tests, assessment of biofilm formation, spa typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and PCR analysis to detect resistance, biofilm-related, and virulence genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results showed that 17.8%, 17.8%, and 64.4% of the isolates were classified as weak, intermediate, and strong biofilm producers, respectively. The prevalence of the ant(4΄)-Ia and tet(M) was found in 80% and 73.3% of the isolates, respectively. MLST revealed that the 45 isolates belonged to four clonal complexes: CC8 (44.4%), CC130 (24.5%), CC121 (17.8%), and CC425 (13.3%). The majority of S. aureus isolates belonged to the CC8/ST239 lineage (44.4%). Also, tst-positive strains belonged to CC121/ST599/t5930 (17.8%) and CC8/ST239/t037 (11.1%), while eta-positive isolates belonged to CC/ST130/t843 (15.6%). Fusidic acid-resistant S. aureus isolates primarily belonged to CC8/ST239/t037 lineage (11.1%), followed by CC8/ST239/t7688 (6.7%), both carrying the fusB gene. Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus strains were classified into CC/ST599/t5930 (6.7%) and CC/ST130/t843 (4.4%) clones.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the need for close and continuous monitoring of the genetic diversity and characteristics of the mecC-carrying S. aureus strains. Besides, urgent measures are required to prevent the transmission of these strains and to effectively treat associated infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":"30 2 & 3","pages":"174-87"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148497593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant Histamine-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Fermented Prosopis africana Seeds (okpee) in Nigeria","authors":"Adonu Cyril, Urama Sunday, Abugu Felix, Eze Victor, Ujam Treasure, Okpara Gospel, Okorie Hannah, Imanyikwa Eucharia","doi":"10.22034/IBJ.30.3.153","DOIUrl":"10.22034/IBJ.30.3.153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fermented Prosopis africana seeds (okpee) are naturally protein-rich but exude odors that attract houseflies. These flies can carry contaminants, including pathogens and histamine-producing bacteria. Bacterial histamine in food can cause illnesses and pseudo-hypersensitivity reactions. This study investigated multidrug-resistant, histamine-producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolated from okpee sold in Enugu Ezike, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Histamine content of the mesquite seed samples was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Bacteriological isolates from randomly sampled okpee were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk agar diffusion method. The isolates were also screened for resistant plasmids and virulence genes (Stx2 and toxA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Histamine levels of the fermented samples averaged 1.0 × 10-4-6.2 × 10-1 mg/kg. Of 240 samples of okpee screened, 25 (10.5%) were contaminated with histamine-producing GNB, including Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, E. fergusonii, and Shigella flexneri. All the isolated histamine-producing bacteria were resistant to amoxicillin, erythromycin, ampicillin, and cefuroxime, with more than 50% exhibiting resistance to the other antibiotics tested. The test isolates were found to harbor multiple resistant plasmids (size: 0.5 kbp-10 kbp) and virulence factor genes Stx2 and toxA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study observed a high prevalence of bacterial contaminants capable of producing histamine in okpee sold in Enugu Ezike, Nigeria. The isolates were multidrug-resistant and harbored virulent genes, posing a serious public health risk. Therefore, strengthening hygiene practices during the production and handling of okpee is necessary to prevent contamination and ensure product safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":" ","pages":"153-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148430172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biotechnological Approaches to Probiotics and Postbiotics through the Gut-Brain Axis Modulation.","authors":"Maryam Firoozi, Ali Mahdavinezhad, Mahdieh Shirzad, Elahe Motevaseli, Razieh Dalirfardouei, Mohammad Hossein Modarressi, Rezvan Najafi","doi":"10.22034/IBJ.30.4.193","DOIUrl":"10.22034/IBJ.30.4.193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiome and gut-brain axis are central to systemic homeostasis, with dysbiosis implicated in neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's) disorders and gastrointestinal conditions (inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and fibromyalgia). These conditions are marked by a reduction in beneficial taxa (e.g., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium) and an increase in harmful ones (e.g., Escherichia coli and Clostridium scindens). Probiotic, prebiotic, postbiotic, and symbiotic interventions show therapeutic promise, but results can vary. Biotechnological advances, including CRISPR-Cas9 and genetic kill-switch systems, enable precision-engineered probiotics and postbiotics, though concerns about safety, genetic stability, gene transfer, and immune compatibility persist. Encapsulation and nanoencapsulation strategies improve microbial viability and site-specific delivery; i.e., microencapsulating Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis in alginate-pectin matrices enhances survival during freeze-drying, storage, and gastrointestinal transit. Advancing clinical translation requires integrating multi-omics and machine learning with bioengineering approaches. This review examines the microbial-neural interface and surveys emerging biotechnological strategies for improving microbial-based therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":"30 4","pages":"193-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13648284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149074784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Human Health: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends.","authors":"Farzaneh Hasanian-Langroudi, Mehdi Hedayati, Farzad Esmaeili, Maryam Tohidi, Seyed Davar Siadat","doi":"10.22034/IBJ.30.1.36","DOIUrl":"10.22034/IBJ.30.1.36","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a highly abundant Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and modulating intestinal diseases. A bibliometric study was conducted to examine global publication trends on B. thetaiotaomicron, using the Scopus database and scientific metrics software over the period 1965-2024. The study investigated variables such as publication year, reference numbers, article type, country, language, and author affiliation. Among the 2,510 articles reviewed on B. thetaiotaomicron, findings indicated that inflammatory bowel disease was the most frequently studied condition. The journal \"Anaerobe\" published the highest number of articles (n = 68). The United States ranked as the leading country, contributing 969 publications. A total of 14 languages were used in the publications, with 96% written in English. Given the increasing prevalence of digestive diseases and the need for more effective treatments than conventional therapies, B. thetaiotaomicron could be considered a promising therapeutic candidate.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"36-46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13535865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146258028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Mode of Action of a New Synthetic Antibacterial Peptide against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.","authors":"Armineh Azadian, Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini, Seyed Ali Mirhosseini, Soghra Khani, Jafar Amani","doi":"10.22034/IBJ.30.1.81","DOIUrl":"10.22034/IBJ.30.1.81","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Research into antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and other novel antimicrobial strategies continues to be a focus of the scientific community to address the growing challenges posed by antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was the specific bioinformatic design of a novel hybrid AMP that combines the potent antibacterial properties of Temporins and Brevinin while minimizing its cytotoxic effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The N-terminal of Brevinin peptides and the C-terminal of Temporin peptide were selected. To optimize the peptide, we replaced the amino acids at positions 1, 3, and 7 with glycine, lysine, and lysine, respectively. Various approaches were used to assess physicochemical characteristics, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), cytotoxicity, apoptosis, hemolytic activity, and reactive oxygen species generation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The novel peptide had 57% hydrophobicity and four positive electric charges due to its lysine amino acid composition. The synthesized peptide exhibited MIC and MBC values of 80 µM against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to the MTT assay, the peptide showed neither cytotoxic nor hemolytic effects on human cells. The results of electron microscopy showed that this peptide can disrupt the integrity of P. aeruginosa membrane cells and induce morphological changes in their surface structure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This research suggests that the synthetic peptide could serve as a promising potential therapeutic agent to combat antibiotic-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"81-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13535866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147972526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of HIF-1α and LDHA Blockade on Gene Expression of Tumor Immune Evasion in Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines.","authors":"Tamana Eskandari, Mehrshad Shams, Ali Khanari, Amir Kahrizi, Hossein Asgarian-Omran, Reza Valadan, Mohsen Tehrani, Saeid Taghiloo","doi":"10.22034/IBJ.30.1.90","DOIUrl":"10.22034/IBJ.30.1.90","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tumor cells utilize metabolic reprogramming to obtain the energy required for rapid proliferation. In this study, we blocked two key factors, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA), in the metabolic pathway in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines to evaluate their effect on the expression of genes involved in tumor evasion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Silibinin and sodium oxamate, as HIF-1α and LDHA blockers, respectively, were used to treat K-562 and HL-60 cells. The MTT assay was used to assess cell viability, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of PD-L1, CD47, and CD155.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both K-562 and HL-60 cells showed a significant decrease in CD47 expression. Additionally, HL-60 cells indicated a significant suppression of CD155 expression. In contrast, PD-L1 expression remained unchanged after treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that blocking signaling pathways involved in metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells could be a promising approach for modulating the expression of certain immune checkpoint ligands, warranting further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"90-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13535869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147972565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adenoviral Vectors in Gene Therapy: A Detailed Overview.","authors":"Hamidreza Saber, Zahra Mousavipour","doi":"10.22034/IBJ.30.1.16","DOIUrl":"10.22034/IBJ.30.1.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adenoviral vectors (AdVs) represent one of the most extensively researched platforms in the realm of gene therapy, providing advantages such as high transduction efficiency, large transgene capacity, and broad tropism. This review provides a detailed and structured overview of AdVs, highlighting their biology, gene delivery mechanisms, clinical applications, and challenges limiting their broader therapeutic applicability. The study also explores recent progress in vector engineering, such as rare serotypes, capsid modifications, third-generation vectors, as well as strategies for immune modulation and toxicity reduction. AdVs are used in therapies for genetic disorders, oncology, and vaccinology, alongside innovations such as CRISPR-Cas9, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence design. Nevertheless, persistent hurdles, including vector immunogenicity, hepatotoxicity, scalability, and the lack of durable expression, prevent widespread clinical use. This review consolidates current knowledge and presents a future perspective on how AdVs may evolve as powerful, adaptable, and precise tools in modern gene therapy. By contextualizing strengths and unresolved challenges, this work aims to give researchers and clinicians a balanced foundation for evaluating their future roles in translational medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":14500,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Biomedical Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"16-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13535870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147972529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}